RU2562336C2 - Systems and methods ensuring sustainable economic development by means of integrated development of renewable full spectrum energy - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: power industry.

SUBSTANCE: in one alternative of the invention implementation the method of power supply by means of a source of renewable energy is offered, which includes the following: providing the first source of renewable energy, while this first source of renewable energy is non-permanent or doesn't provide enough energy; power supply from the first source of renewable energy to the electrolyser for the purpose of formation of the energy carrier by means of electrolysis; selective reversal of the electrolyser allowing to use it as a fuel element; and supply of the energy carrier to the electrolyser for energy generation, and the first source of renewable energy, the electrolyser or the energy carrier receives additional heat from the first heat source; and the first heat source is selected from the group consisting of geothermal and solar heat source.

EFFECT: improvement of method efficiency.

41 cl, 26 dwg

Description

Cross reference to related applications

[0001] This application claims the priority and benefits of provisional application US No. 61/304403 with a filing date of February 13, 2010, entitled "FULL SPECTRUM ENERGY AND RAW MATERIAL INDEPENDENCE"; US patent application No. 12/707651 with a filing date of February 17, 2010, entitled "ELECTROLYTIC ELEMENT AND METHOD FOR ITS USE"; PCT Patent Application No. PCT / US10 / 24497, filed February 17, 2010, entitled "ELECTROLYTIC ELEMENT AND METHOD FOR ITS USE"; US patent application No. 12/707653 with a filing date of February 17, 2010, entitled "INSTALLATION AND METHOD FOR MANAGING NUCLEATION IN THE COURSE OF ELECTROLYSIS"; PCT Patent Application No. PCT / US10 / 24498, filed February 17, 2010, entitled "INSTALLATION AND METHOD OF NUCLEATION MANAGEMENT DURING ELECTROLYSIS"; US patent application No. 12/707656 with a filing date of February 17, 2010, entitled "INSTALLATION AND METHOD OF GAS RECOVERY IN THE COURSE OF ELECTROLYSIS"; PCT Patent Application No. PCT / US10 / 24499, filed February 17, 2010, entitled "INSTALLATION AND METHOD OF NUCLEATION MANAGEMENT DURING ELECTROLYSIS"; and provisional patent application US No. 61/237476 with a filing date of August 27, 2009, entitled "ELECTROLYZER AND ENERGY INDEPENDENCE TECHNOLOGIES". Each of the above applications is fully incorporated into this application by reference.

State of the art

[0002] Renewable energy sources are often intermittent. Solar energy is available only during the day, and the potential concentration of daily solar energy varies with the time of year. Wind power is also very variable. Precipitation varies with the season and is subject to prolonged drought. Biomass volume varies with the season and is subject to drought. Residential properties have highly fluctuating requirements, including daily, seasonal, and irregular rates of energy consumption. The energy that can be obtained through hydroelectric power plants, wind farms, biomass conversion and solar collectors is neglected or wasted around the world due to the lack of a practical way to save energy or electricity until it is needed. The energy demand of a growing world population has grown so much that the demand for oil and other mineral resources exceeds output. Urban populations suffer from smog and global climate change caused by burning fossil fuels.

[0003] In addition, there has been an increasing demand for hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and other products that can be provided by thermochemistry or electrolytic dissociation of feedstocks such as water, biomass waste, or organic acids derived from biological waste. For example, the global market for hydrogen is more than $ 40 million and includes ammonia production, processing plants, chemical production and food processing.

[0004] The electrochemical production of fuel, metals, non-metals and other valuable chemical compounds is limited due to the high cost of electricity, low efficiency of electrolytic cells, high operating costs and burdensome requirements for energy-intensive processes, such as compression pumping of the produced gases to the pressure indices necessary for their pumping, storage and application. Known attempts to provide technologies to alleviate these problems have been noted and incorporated into this description and are described in publications such as “Hydrogen Production from Water through Chemical Cycles,” Eduardo D. Glandt and Allan L. Myers, Faculty of Chemical and Biochemical Technologies, University Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19174; The Development of Chemical Processes for Industrial Engineering, Volume 15, No. 1, 1976; "Hydrogen as the fuel of the future", D.P. Gregory, Institute of Gas Technology; and “Science and Technology of Adsorption”: Abstracts of the Second Conference of the Pacific Rim Countries on Science and Technology of Adsorption; Brisbane, Australia, May 14-18, 2000, D. Doe, Duong, Duong D. Doe, speaker, Duong D. Doe, published by World Scientific, 2000; ISBN 9810242638, 9789810242633.

[0005] Electrolyzers capable of mixing hydrogen with oxygen pose a potential threat of spontaneous combustion or explosion. Solutions, including low and high pressure electrolyzers, which use gas-electrode separation using expensive semipermeable membranes, do not allow for the cost-effective production of hydrogen, and are prone to destruction and failure due to poisoning by impurities. Even in cases where membrane separation is used, there is a potential risk of membrane rupture and fire or explosion due to the mixing of high-pressure oxygen with hydrogen.

[0006] Some industrial electrolyzers use expensive porous electrodes, between which is located an electrolytic proton exchange membrane (PEM), passing only hydrogen ions. (see Proton Energy Company and the Electrolyzer Company of Canada). This approach limits the efficiency of the electrodes due to polarization losses, gas accumulation, and a decrease in the available electrode area for dissociation of water reaching the interface between the electrodes and the PEM electrolyte. In addition to the limited efficiency of the electrodes, there are other significant problems, including rupture of the membrane due to the pressure difference between the oxygen and hydrogen outputs, poisoning of the membrane due to impurities in the feed water, irreversible destruction of the membrane due to contaminants or slight overheating of the membrane, destruction or rupture of the membrane if the membrane is allowed to dry at rest, as well as the destruction of the electrodes at the boundary of the membrane due to corrosion due to one or more reasons such as the formation of concentration elements, galvanic cells between the catalyst and the bulk electrode material, as well as the ground loop. Separation of the electrode and PEM materials leads to internal stagnation of the reactants or reaction products, which entails a decrease in the efficiency of the work. PEM electrochemical cells require the use of expensive membrane material, surfactants, and catalysts. PEM elements are easy to poison, overheat, fill or dry, and their use entails an operational hazard associated with leakage or rupture of the membrane.

[0007] In addition to inefficiencies, problems in using such systems include spurious losses, expensive electrodes or catalysts and membranes, low energy conversion efficiency, expensive maintenance, and high operating costs. Compressors or more expensive membrane systems are sometimes required to pump hydrogen and oxygen, as well as other electrolysis products. The consequence of the last of the above problems is unacceptable maintenance requirements and significant decommissioning costs.

[0008] Thus, the objective of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide systems and methods for ensuring sustainable economic development by integrated generation of full-spectrum renewable energy, which may include the use of an electrochemical or electrolytic cell, and a method for using it for separate gas production, including compressed hydrogen and oxygen, which allows the presence of impurities and products of work, as well as being reversible, which allows one or several problems associated with the above known methods.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0009] In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method for supplying electricity using a renewable energy source, comprising: providing a first renewable energy source, wherein the first renewable energy source is volatile or does not provide enough energy; supplying energy from the first renewable energy source to the electrolyzer in order to form an energy carrier by electrolysis; selective reversal of the electrolyzer, allowing its use as a fuel cell; and supplying energy to the electrolyzer to generate energy.

[0010] In another embodiment, a system is provided for providing a substantially continuous supply of electricity using renewable energy resources, including: a first renewable energy source; an electrolyzer connected to a first renewable energy source for forming an energy carrier, the cell being configured to selectively reverse work as a fuel cell using an energy carrier as fuel; an energy carrier connected to the electrolyzer to receive the energy from the electrolyzer or supply energy to the electrolyzer; and an energy storage device connected to the first renewable energy source and the electrolyzer for selectively receiving energy from the first renewable energy source and the electrolyzer, as well as for selectively supplying energy from the first renewable energy source and the electrolyzer.

[0011] In yet another embodiment, a system is provided for providing a substantially constant supply of electricity using renewable energy resources, including: a first renewable energy source; an electrolyzer connected to a first renewable energy source for generating methane, wherein the electrolyzer is configured to selectively reverse work as a fuel cell; a methane accumulator connected to the electrolyser to obtain methane from the electrolyzer or to supply methane to the electrolyzer; and an energy storage device connected to the first renewable energy source and the electrolyzer for selectively receiving energy from the first renewable energy source and the electrolyzer, as well as for selectively supplying energy from the first renewable energy source and the electrolyzer.

[0012] Other features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed description. However, it should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, although indicating preferred embodiments of the present invention, are provided by way of example only, and various changes and modifications that are within the scope of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the detailed description.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0013] FIG. IA is a block diagram illustrating an integrated energy, agro-industrial, and industrial sustainable economic development system in accordance with aspects of the invention.

[0014] FIG. 1B is a block diagram illustrating an integrated formation system for sustainable economic development in accordance with aspects of the invention.

[0015] FIG. 1C is a diagram illustrating a ground-based system for the integration of sustainable economic development in accordance with aspects of the invention.

[0016] FIG. 1D is a schematic diagram illustrating an oceanic system for integrated formation of sustainable economic development in accordance with aspects of the invention.

[0017] Figure 1 is a schematic illustration of certain components of a system operating in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

[0018] Figure 2 shows partial longitudinal sections of components of a system according to an embodiment operating in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

[0019] FIG. 3 shows partial longitudinal sections of components of a system according to an embodiment operating in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

[0020] Fig. 4 is a schematic illustration of integrated components of a system operating in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

[0021] FIG. 5 shows a sectional view of an embodiment of the system shown in FIG. 4.

[0022] FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the system shown in FIG. 4.

[0023] FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of an embodiment operating in accordance with the principles of the present invention.

[0024] Fig. 8 shows details of the embodiment shown in Fig. 7.

[0025] Figure 9 shows details of the processes used to solve problems in accordance with the present invention.

[0026] Figure 10 shows the execution of processes in accordance with the present invention.

[0027] FIG. 11 shows processes in accordance with an object of the present invention.

[0028] FIG. 12 schematically shows embodiments of the present invention.

[0029] FIG. 1B shows an electrolytic cell in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0030] FIG. 2B is an enlarged view of a portion of the embodiment shown in FIG. 1.

[0031] FIG. 3B shows an embodiment of FIG. 2.

[0032] FIG. 4B shows an electrolytic cell in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

[0033] FIG. 5B is an enlarged view of an alternative embodiment of a portion of the electrolytic cell shown in FIG. 4.

[0034] FIG. 6B shows a cross section of a scroll electrode used in a reversible fuel cell.

[0035] FIG. 7B shows a system for converting organic raw materials, such as those obtained by photosynthesis, into methane, hydrogen and / or carbon dioxide.

[0036] FIG. 8B illustrates a system for converting organic raw materials, such as those obtained by photosynthesis, into methane, hydrogen and / or carbon dioxide.

[0037] FIG. 9B shows a system for converting organic raw materials, such as those obtained by photosynthesis, into methane, hydrogen and / or carbon dioxide.

[0038] FIG. 10B shows a method for manufacturing an electrode in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0039] The present invention fully includes by reference the subject of provisional patent application US No. 60/626021 with a filing date of November 9, 2004, entitled "STORAGE SYSTEM, MEASUREMENT AND COMBUSTION OF MULTI-FUEL" (Attorney Register No. 69545-8013US), and provisional US patent application No. 61/153253 with a filing date of February 17, 2009, entitled "FULL SPECTRA ENERGY" (Attorney Register No. 69545-8001US). The present invention also fully includes by reference the subject of each of the following US patent applications with the same filing date August 16, 2010, entitled: "METHODS AND INSTALLATIONS FOR DETERMINING PROPERTIES OF LIQUID TRANSPORT SYSTEMS" (Attorney Register No. 69545-8003US); "DETAILED PRICE MODELING OF AUTOGENOUS SYSTEMS AND PROCESSES FOR PRODUCING ENERGY, MATERIAL RESOURCES AND POWER MODES" (attorney register No. 69545-8025US); "ELECTROLYTIC ELEMENT AND METHOD OF ITS USE" (attorney register No. 69545-8026US); "SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT BY INTEGRATED PRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY, MATERIAL RESOURCES AND FOOD MODES" (attorney registry No. 69545-8040US); "SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT BY INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT OF THE FULL SPECTRUM OF RENEWABLE MATERIAL RESOURCES" (Attorney Register No. 69545-8042US); "METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR INCREASING EFFICIENCY OF TRANSFORMING ADDITIONAL HEAT ENERGY OF OCEAN (SOTEC)" (Attorney Register No. 69545-8044US); "GAS HYDRAULIC TRANSFORMATION SYSTEM FOR COLLECTION OF DEPOSITS OF HYDROCARBON HYDROGEN" (Attorney Register No. 69545-8045US); "INSTALLATIONS AND METHODS FOR STORING AND / OR FILTRATION OF SUBSTANCE" (attorney's register No. 69545-8046US); "ENERGY SYSTEM FOR MAINTENANCE OF RESIDENTIAL OBJECTS" (attorney register No. 69545-8047US); "INSTALLATIONS FOR ENERGY TRANSFORMATION AND THE RELATED METHODS OF USE AND MANUFACTURING" (attorney registry No. 69545-8048US); and "STRENGTHENED INSIDE STRUCTURAL COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND RELATED METHODS OF MANUFACTURE" (Attorney's Register No. 69545-8049US).

[0040] To fully understand the methods for obtaining the above elements, as well as to achieve other advantages and solve the problems of the invention, a more detailed description of the invention is given below with reference to specific options for its implementation.

[0001] FIG. 1A shows an integrated full spectrum generation system 100, consisting of three interconnected systems that include a full spectrum energy complex 200 for generating renewable energy and material resources, a full spectrum agricultural network 300 for generating renewable dietary patterns (human nutrition) , animals and plants) and energy raw materials (biomass, biological waste and biofuels), and the industrial complex 400 of a full spectrum for sustainable production of material resources and without waste production.

[0002] On figa shows the system 100 as a whole, consisting of systems 200, 300 and 400, which allows the exchange of energy, materials and data between these systems. The integration of the system 100, and in particular the methods included in the system 200, uses the thermodynamic properties of several interconnected heat engines that are thermally connected to each other to form a single thermodynamic system, which allows it to operate efficiently as one large heat engine, thereby achieving an increase useful performance and efficiency. Within system 100, system 200 is specifically designed to provide a synergistic relationship between solar heat, geothermal, ocean heat, and engine heat sources in order to increase the total available renewable energy output at a given location and provide systems 300 and 400 with energy and extracted material resources.

[0003] The full-spectrum energy complex 200 is thermally connected to provide efficient operation as one large heat engine, the systems and subsystems of which are interconnected to establish energy cascades using working fluids heated in two or more stages. The total available renewable energy output of the 200 system is increased by systematically moving the working fluids between solar, geological, mechanical and other heat sources in order to achieve a cascade effect to optimize the thermodynamic properties (such as temperature, pressure, impurity, phase shift and energy conversion efficiency) of the working fluid . The energy output at one stage is used in the key processes of another stage, which allows for self-healing or autogenous work with increased efficiency and minimizing operating costs.

[0004] The functions of a full-spectrum energy complex include: collecting, converting, and storing kinetic, thermal, and radiant forms of energy from renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, moving water, geothermal, biomass, and internal combustion engines, to establish autogenous or self-healing energy cascades between systems in order to obtain unifying and synergetic advantages that cannot be achieved by collecting, converting and storing energy -stand renewable origin. Autogenous or self-healing methods of energy collection are used in systems 200, 300 and 400. In addition, system 200 aims to extract material resources from a variety of chemical compounds for use in systems 300 and 400. For example, thermochemical self-healing is used as a means of producing carbon as raw material (production can be done in systems 200, 300 and 400) for subsequent industrial production of durable goods in system 400. In another example, the thermochemical self-healing can also be used as a means of extraction of nitrogen and trace elements for the subsequent industrial production of vegetable fertilizers for use in system 300. In addition, system 200 is aimed at processing biological waste, biomass and biofuel, usually with the aim of producing biomethane and / or hydrogen gas, and storing it , transportation and use as necessary in systems 200, 300 and 400 as fuel for internal combustion engines and / or as fuel cells for generating and / or transmitting electric troenergy.

[0005] Working with solar thermal, geothermal, oceanic thermal and mechanical heat sources provides a highly adaptive integrated platform for installing systems 100 in various climatic zones, and the installations can be both terrestrial and oceanic. Thus, providing increased adaptability to the location increases the overall availability of renewable energy harvesting and thus provides an economically viable solution applicable on a local, regional, national and global scale.

[0006] Food production in the system 300 can be performed both on land and in oceanic areas. Crop and livestock farms, cattle farms, factories for the industrial production of pork and poultry, freshwater fisheries, ocean fisheries, dairy farms, etc. can be associated with the system 200 as consumers of the energy generated in the system 200, and, in turn, create by-products (waste) sent to the system 200 for their processing into renewable energy and renewable material resources. In addition, system 300 aims to increase the production of energy raw materials for plant biofuels, such as algae, replacing grass and other plants to increase the feasibility of collecting energy derived from photosynthesis. A method and apparatus for the production, purification and preservation of water are used in each of the production systems 200, 300 and 400. However, these components of the system 300 are important for fulfilling the requirements for the presence of large amounts of water in food production, as well as for solving the known problem associated with instability, caused by waste and water pollution using known food production methods.

[0007] System integration enhances the ability to "sustainability", defined as increased production of energy, material resources and nutrition by renewable methods in order to avoid depletion of natural resources and reduce or completely eliminate the damaging effects on nature, such as pollution and toxic emissions, being a by-product of production. Sustainability requires the availability of energy, materials, and food products that are appropriate for the long-term well-being of future generations, and not just for the short-term satisfaction of existing consumers.

[0008] System integration can provide an increase in useful productivity for "economic growth", defined as a significant increase in the production of energy, materials and food products, achieved by the ability to reproduce aggregate installation sites, as well as increase the number of available locations due to significantly improved adaptability to various climatic zones (i.e. adaptive collection of renewable energy by adapting to different resource characteristics in Eren, tropical and arctic climate). Such economic growth is required to increase the Earth's feed productivity, which is necessary to support continued population growth and sharply rising energy demands in developing countries. For successful use, such production methods and locations should be suitable for immediate use and should provide a viable alternative to existing means of generating energy, materials and food products compared to using existing sources of fossil fuels and / or nuclear energy.

[0009] System integration also provides an environmentally friendly and non-waste way to generate energy 200, produce materials 400 and produce food 300, moreover: organic waste generated in system 300, which would otherwise be burned, buried or dumped in landfills, in collectors , into running water, into the ocean, or would be released into the atmosphere in the form of pollutants, instead they are systematically sent to the biomass, biological waste and biofuel processing systems located in system 200; the energy and material resources extracted in system 200 are transferred to system 400 for the production of durable goods; the energy and material resources extracted in system 200 are also transferred to system 300 to generate nutritional regimes for humans, animals, and plants in both terrestrial and oceanic environments.

[0010] System integration creates a single unit of economic production, deliberately linking energy production with food production and the production of material resources so that these processes occur interdependently as a whole.

[0011] Thus, the integrated full-spectrum production system is suitable for placement in places and settlements where there is no comparable energy infrastructure, or where production capabilities are insufficient and there is high unemployment, or where there is insufficient production food and poverty and hunger reign. The purpose of introducing the indicated unified method of economic production is to increase the gross domestic product (GDP), which accompanies the increase in GDP of the growth of living standards, and the systematic creation of jobs along with higher living standards as a result of significant employment.

[0012] In addition, system integration creates a single unit of economic production, deliberately linking waste management with energy conversion, due to which these processes proceed interdependently as a whole, eliminating the usual approaches to waste management, such as incineration, landfill and dumping leading to pollution and environmental degradation.

[0013] An integrated full-spectrum production system introduces the use of sustainable waste-to-energy processing as an integrated process throughout the system. The goal of this integrated system is to protect the environment, preserve exhaustible natural resources, reduce the level of infectious diseases and reduce the level of pollution of land, water and air (including reducing the number of sources of greenhouse gases leading to climate change, such as methane and CO ₂ ).

[0014] An integrated full spectrum production system 100 provides a means to achieve an “industrial ecology” in which a man-made production environment mimics natural ecosystems: where energy and materials are transferred from system to system, and waste is drawn into new processes in a closed loop, but the system generally open for renewable, sustainable energy provided by the sun (solar thermal), earth (geothermal), the ocean (ocean thermal) and biomass processing systems (mechanical pilaf system).

[0015] FIG. 1B is a block diagram illustrating an integrated system 100 for generating a full spectrum of sustainable economic development, including generating energy (eg, electricity and fuel) while producing nutritional modes (eg, foods for human, animal, and plant nutrition) and the production of material resources (for example, hydrogen and carbon). System 100 consists of integrated and interdependent subsystems equipped with adaptive control of autogenous cascade energy conversions that capture and reintroduce part or all of the energy, substances, and / or by-products of each subsystem into the cycle. Thus, the continuous operation of the system 100 is supported by introducing a minimum of external energy or material resources into the cycle, or without introducing it at all. System 100 is an example of industrial ecology that facilitates sustainable economic development, such as renewable energy harvesting, food production, and material resource production exceeding the level of energy, food, and material resource production achievable using known techniques, which is one of the advantages of this system.

[0016] The full-spectrum energy complex 200 coordinates methods for capturing energy from renewable sources 210 (for example, solar, wind, flowing water, geothermal, heat removed) with methods for generating energy from renewable raw materials 220 (for example, biological waste 320, biomass 310) and methods of production of material resources (for example, hydrogen 230, carbon 240, other material resources, such as trace elements 250, pure water 260). Energy is stored, recovered, and transported using adaptive control methods for autogenous cascading energy conversions, which form a multiplied effect in energy production. During the processes of energy collection and production, material resources (for example, hydrogen and oxygen) are extracted from the raw materials of biological waste and biomass used in the production of renewable energy. The energy complex 200 of the full spectrum stores, extracts, transports, monitors and controls the specified energy and the indicated resources in order to achieve increased efficiency in the production of energy, material resources and diet.

[0017] A portion of the generated energy 210, 220 is directed to the full spectrum agribusiness network 300. Part of the generated energy 210, 220 is directed to the industrial complex 400 of the full spectrum. Part of the generated energy 210, 220 is reintroduced into the cycle of the energy complex 200 of the full spectrum. Part of the generated energy 210, 220 is sent to external recipients and / or sent to the national electric network and / or to the national gas pipeline.

[0018] The full-spectrum agro-industrial network 300 receives renewable energy produced by the full-spectrum energy complex 200, with the goal of providing energy to the functions of subsystems such as agriculture, livestock, and fisheries. This list includes renewable fuels for agricultural machinery, vehicles, boats and ships, as well as electricity for lighting, heating, ensuring the operation of machinery, etc.

[0019] A full-spectrum agro-industrial network 300 receives material resources and by-products, such as other material resources (for example, trace elements 250) and clean water 260 produced by the full-spectrum energy complex 200, to enrich nutrition in subsystems of agriculture, livestock and fisheries in order to increase the efficiency of growing vegetable crops 340 and animal crops 350.

[0020] A full-spectrum agro-industrial network 300 collects energy raw materials and transfers them to a full-spectrum energy complex 200, where it is used to generate renewable energy. Suitable raw materials include biomass 310 (e.g., mowed plants), biological waste 320 (e.g., sewage, agricultural sewage, waste from the canned meat industry, stock from fisheries), a biofuel kit 330 (e.g., seaweed, millet), etc.

[0021] The full-spectrum industrial complex 400 reuses the renewable energy produced by the full-spectrum energy complex 200 to provide energy for sustainable production of material resources and environmentally friendly industries. This list includes renewable fuels for internal combustion engines (for example, stationary engines, vehicles), as well as electricity for lighting, heating, operation of machinery, etc.

[0022] The full spectrum industrial complex 400 utilizes material resources 230, 240 and by-products 250 obtained from the full spectrum energy complex 200 to produce additional material resources (for example, structural carbon 420 and industrial diamonds 430).

[0023] The full-spectrum industrial complex 400 utilizes the material resources and by-products obtained from the full-spectrum energy complex 200 to produce products such as carbon-based energy-saving mechanisms 410, including solar thermal devices 410, wind turbines 410, and water turbines 410, electrolyzers 410, internal combustion engines and generators 410, spare parts 440 for cars, ships and trucks, semiconductors 450, nanotechnologies 460, agricultural and fishing equipment 470 etc.

[0024] The full-spectrum industrial complex 400 supplies part or all of these products and by-products to the full-spectrum energy complex 200 and the full-spectrum agro-industrial network 300.

[0025] The full-spectrum energy complex 200 uses solar thermal devices 410, wind turbines 410, water turbines 410, electrolyzers 410, internal combustion engines and generators 410, etc., produced and provided by industrial complex 400, to generate renewable energy.

[0026] The full-spectrum agro-industrial network 300 uses internal combustion engines and generators 410, agricultural and fishing equipment 470, and other devices manufactured and provided by industrial complex 400 to produce power modes.

[0027] The energy generated by the integrated full spectrum generation system 100 provides energy to all subsystems, including re-introducing energy into the cycle to further generate renewable energy. At the same time, part or all of the products and by-products developed in system 100 are used to provide the functions of all subsystems. At the same time, the waste generated by system 100 is captured and used as raw material to ensure the functions of all subsystems. Integrated and interdependent subsystems use adaptive control of autogenous cascade energy conversions and autogenous self-healing of material resources. Thus, the system constantly reuses renewable energy, sustainable material resources and other by-products as various sources and in various processes of subsystems (energy complex, agricultural network, industrial complex). Due to this, the system 100 collects more of the supplied energy and resources from various sources of resources in the system than would be possible using existing means. Such industrial symbiosis multiplies the volume of various resources and energy collected from renewable raw materials and by-products in the system, providing, among other advantages of the system, increased utility, reduced costs and improved environmental conditions.

[0028] FIG. 1C is a schematic illustration of an integrated full spectrum generation system and various exemplary functional areas in a ground system are shown; 1C is a schematic illustration of an integrated full spectrum generation system 100 and various exemplary functional areas in an oceanic system are shown. The systems shown include an integrated production system in terrestrial and oceanic conditions with adaptive control of autogenous cascade energy conversions and autogenous self-healing of material resources, as well as the production of nutritional regimes. The system includes functional areas used for the collection and / or generation of energy from renewable sources, and the collection of material resources from renewable raw materials, allowing storing, extracting, transporting, tracking and managing energy and material resources in order to achieve increased efficiency in the production of energy, material resources and dietary patterns. Table 1 ', below, sets out in more detail exemplary output options, systems, and tools associated with the function zones given as an example.

Table 1'
Functional areas of the integrated full spectrum system Functional areas of the integrated full spectrum system An integrated production system in terrestrial and oceanic conditions with adaptive control of autogenous cascade energy conversions and autogenous self-healing of material resources, as well as the production of dietary regimes. The system includes functional areas used for:
- collection and / or generation of energy from renewable sources
- collection of material resources from renewable raw materials, which allows storing, extracting, transporting, tracking and managing energy and material resources in order to achieve increased efficiency of energy production, material resources and nutritional regimes. Zone Exit Systems and Tools Energy collection area Renewable energy collected from sources such as:
- sunny
- chickenpox
- geothermal
- flowing water
- biomass and biological waste
- machine heat
- heat removed - solar thermal devices
- wind turbines
- running water turbines
- heat conversion devices
- electrolyzers
- adaptive control of autogenous cascade energy conversions Power generation zone Renewable:
- electricity
- gas fuel (e.g. hydrogen, methane, LNG)
- liquid fuels (e.g. methane, biodiesel, HyBoost)
- energy raw materials - hydrogen internal combustion engines
- generators
- biomass / biological waste processing systems
- electrolyzers Geological Storage and Retrieval Zone - increase in thermal energy in stored gases
- development of existing chemical resources and trace elements
- mitigation of the variability of renewable energy sources (for example, solar, wind) - geothermal reservoirs
- wind turbines
- gas injection systems
- heat conversion devices Energy transportation area Delivery:
- variable electricity on demand
- gas fuel (e.g. hydrogen, methane, LNG)
- liquid fuels (e.g. methane, biodiesel, hydrogen enriched fuels)
- energy raw materials
- raw material resources - energy storage and filtration system
- hydrogen under pressure and other gases
- hydrogen-powered trucks, barges, ships and trains
- gas network
- electrical network Biomass / Biological Waste Processing Area - energy
- fuel
- energy raw materials
- raw material resources - bioreactors
- electrolyzers Agricultural zone - human, animal and plant nutrition
- plant crop
- animal harvest
- biofuel
- biomass
- biological waste Farms and fisheries with:
- controlled microclimate
- dietary conditions, such as microelements and other material resources for enriching soil and water
- water treatment
- integrated collection of biomass and biological waste Material Production Zone - chemical and mineral by-products (e.g. hydrogen, methane, carbon oxides, petroleum products, ash, nitrogen)
- additional by-products (e.g. hydrogen, carbon, structural carbons, oxygen, ammonia, fertilizers, methyl alcohol) - autogenous self-healing of material resources from carrier raw materials Industrial complex production area Environmentally friendly mechanisms, such as:
- solar thermal devices
- wind turbines
- flowing water turbines
- heat conversion devices
- electrolyzers
- thin polymer films
- engines and generators
Other industrial products:
- structural carbon
- industrial diamonds
- spare parts for cars, trucks, trains and ships
- semiconductors
- nanotechnology
- equipment for farms and fisheries
Consumer durables - preparation of raw materials before the manufacture of goods
- production of material resources
- environmentally friendly production using renewable hydrogen internal combustion engines (stationary, automobile) Water use zone - water
- controlled water microclimate for the implementation of processes in the system - production of new water
- water purification
- water regeneration
- water conservation
- thermal absorption with water
- adaptive control of water in the system Management and coordination area Macro-coordination of data between zones to solve the problem of environmentally friendly production of energy, material resources and diet - built-in sensor devices in all zones
- computer monitoring and control using built-in sensor devices
- automation
- robotics
- management of information / data at microscopic levels Technology Training Zone - development of specialized staff skills in various fields
- job creation at each site of the organization
- New types of employment in the energy sector suitable for integrated renewable energy production, renewable material production and renewable food production - integrated training in various fields
- assistance in the use, monitoring and performance of work in the environment of an integrated production system of a full range

[0041] Figure 1 shows a system 2 in which a suitable motor or gas expansion engine 4 drives a load, such as an electric power generator 5, as shown in the drawing. Vapor and / or gases leaving the expander 4 are transferred by a pipe 6 to the heat exchanger 8 to deliver heat that is not converted to work by the expander 4. The heat exchanger 8 is a typical element for one or more suitable subsystems and is used to deliver the heat used for such purposes, as anaerobic processing regarding the supply of heat, which may be necessary to carry out the work of the embodiment 72 shown in FIG. 2, drying clothes, heating water and heating air in residential premises, pl ice buildup on sidewalks and roads, various industrial applications requiring heating, drying, aging and / or dehydration, as well as commercial applications, such as heating water and heat freezing, and / or removing atmospheric air cooled by evaporation of atmospheric air, a stream , lake or sea water.

[0042] After sufficient heat has been removed by one or more heat transfer processes, indicated at 8, the working fluid is condensed to form a column of liquid or a “head” for delivery through a conduit 10 to drive a fluid engine 14 located below, for example, at a point below structural seal 12, operating with an integrated generator of electricity. After establishing the pressure of the liquid in the pipeline 10, the liquid engine 14 converts the potential energy of the liquid in the column 10 into power on the shaft. In cases where the fluid delivered to the engine 14 receives heat from a suitable source, such as a geothermal formation, the working fluid may evaporate or overheat, which drives the engine 14. After this energy conversion step, the working fluid is in the form of a liquid and / or steam exiting engine 14 is then delivered deeper into the geothermal formation for reheating, as outlined in general as a path 16. In certain formations, it is preferable to use one or more horizontal openings directed to the side or to the collection well 18 in order to return the heated fluid through an insulated conduit 20 to surface 22. In other cases, when suitable geothermal formations are available, it is possible to provide parallel or coaxial current to the heated working liquids in the same well through which the water flows down.

[0043] After the heated working fluid has reached the surface, it is redirected via lines 23 and 25 to the valves 34 and 24 and to one or more optional heat sources, such as a heat engine 32 or other heat source, such as a solar heater 30. B if it is possible to carry out further heating, the working fluid is redirected through valves 34 and 24 to one or more heat exchangers, such as 28 and / or 36, to obtain thermal additives from sources with a higher temperature, such as heat motor 32, or by means of a suitable separator or concentrator of solar energy 30 as shown in FIG. This allows the system 2 to achieve a higher annual amount of energy conversion and higher thermal efficiency due to a similar hybrid increase in the heat transfer processes of situationally available heat after the main heat transfer process in formation 16 has been carried out.

[0044] The shown components of the hybrid system also allow for the introduction of many new operating modes, including a much longer shutter speed of the working fluid, which is reheated when stored in Formation 16 between periods of maximum fuel or electricity load. This allows the working fluid to receive heat from a larger portion of the geothermal formation, and thereby a higher temperature can be achieved. An additional increase in the efficiency of system 2 is achieved when the engine generator 32 is used during periods of maximum load, and, thereby, a greater amount of heat provided by the operation of the valve 34 and the heat exchanger 36 can be delivered to the working fluid through heat exchanger circuits, as shown in the case with the recovery of heat removed by a heat source such as an engine 32.

[0045] An embodiment of the invention is to deliver a vaporous and / or liquid working fluid to provide expansion operation in a suitable engine 4 or 52, delivering the liquid that is no longer under pressure to the highest suitable height, for example, using combined functions with suitable broadcasting antennas 50 and wind generators 38, hilltops or mountain ranges 25 in order to accelerate the condensation by the heat exchanger (s) 8 or 40 in order to condense the working fluid by generating and the highest liquid head or vertical height above the mixed phase of the liquid engine or engines, such as 14 or 44. Important improvements to the thermodynamic cycle, such as the Rankin cycle, are achieved by generating a dense, if not liquid, working fluid at a considerable height from the zone, where the pressure and kinetic energy of such a working fluid performs work at a point near the site where the working fluid is reheated and evaporated. Thus, the downhole energy conversion system 44 may be a fluid-driven motor, a device that collects kinetic energy and pressure of the mixed phases of the working fluid, or a steam expansion device located in an area that receives enough geothermal heat to generate the desired phase or phases, while maintaining or increasing the pressure of these phases. Due to this, the volume of energy production and efficiency of system 2 is significantly increased, and similar structures that can provide similar hybrid improvements to the Rankin cycle, in which the liquid is produced at a height provided by such an embodiment as a wind turbine tower, hill or other topographic formation with significant high, communication tower and a specially erected tower.

[0046] Typically, wind turbine generators 38 generate more energy when placed high above the surface of the earth, which allows them to capture high speed winds. When the heat exchanger 40 is placed on or near the top of such towers of wind turbines, the cooling capacity required to sufficiently condense the desired phase of the working fluid is increased, and many causes of pollution at ground level can be avoided, and a column of liquid 42 of a higher height delivered to the engine generator can be provided. 44 by means of an insulated pipe inside a coaxial pipe, as shown in the drawing. After the energy has been converted by the engine-generator 44, such expansion-cooled fluids and / or vapors exiting 44 are heated by the surrounding geothermal formation 46 to create vapor transferred via an insulated conduit 48 to the engine-generator 52, as shown in the drawing. The fluid exiting the expander 52 is delivered to the condenser 40 via a conduit 54, as shown in the drawing.

[0047] Preferably, reversible operation of the liquid engine 14 in the form of a liquid pump or engine is provided, which allows it to operate on demand as an electric motor driven pump for delivering liquids, including chemicals, from source 128, shown in FIG. 2, to the serviced geoformation . By providing an appropriate piping system and valve operation, it is possible to solve the problems of improving performance and maintenance work that may be necessary for use with various geoformations, as described in relation to the systems shown in figures 1, 2 and 3.

[0048] In many cases, the systems shown in FIGS. 1, 2 and / or 3 have similar operations and a subsurface formation to provide a sufficient improvement in the quality of these operations. However, it will be useful (and in some cases intended) to use the system shown in FIG. 1 at a considerable distance from the system shown in FIG. 2, as well as to provide substances from a subsystem with a storage similar to feed tank 128, with periodic use of a pump 14 as an auxiliary element for the delivery of such substances in order to improve the quality of the systems shown in figures 1 and 2.

[0049] As an illustration of the possibilities for hybridization in order to seasonally improve the quality of geothermal energy production on almost any continent, Table 1 shows that a significant amount of summer energy is available when daylight hours are longer and cloudiness is absent, for example, in the vicinity of Fairbanks , central Alaska, as well as other lowland areas of the North, compared to warmer areas such as Gainesville, Florida. The environs of Fairbanks, Alaska, and similar territories in Canada receive more solar energy under long daylight hours on a sunny summer than the eight seemingly warmer cities in North America, as can be seen in Table 1.

Table 1
Comparison of kW / h per sq.m in different territories in the USA State City Tall Low Average Alaska Fairbanks 5.87 2.12 3.99 Alabama Montgomery 4.69 3.37 4.23 Arkansas Little rock 5.29 3.88 4.69 California Davis 6.09 3.31 5.10 Colorado Boulder 5.72 4.44 4.87 Florida Gainesville 5.81 4.71 5.27 Indiana Indianapolis 5.02 2,55 4.21 Oregon Astoria 4.76 1.99 3.72 Pennsylvania Pittsburgh 4.19 1.45 3.28 West Virginia Charleston 4.12 2.47 3.65

[0050] Thus, in areas where a sufficient amount of geothermal energy is available, including wells for purposes such as oil and natural gas extraction, removal of mineralized wastewater or natural gas recovery, as well as in the case of depleted wells for natural gas production, providing access to formations having a high temperature, it is advisable to provide primary geothermal heating of the working fluid with subsequent additional heating through periodically available collection sources solar energy capable of providing a higher temperature. Such capabilities may also include intermittent heat removal by industrial plants or heat engines, such as reciprocating engines, gas turbines, and / or steam turbine systems 32, including heat engines capable of operating at maximum load, which must remove large amounts of heat.

[0051] A similar solar, industrial, or maximum load engine replenishment of geothermal energy providing heating of selected working fluids, such as a mixture of 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropanol and water and / or alcohols, such as methyl alcohol, ammonia, propane or Freon, to a higher temperature, can significantly increase the annual energy production and efficiency of energy conversion systems, such as shown in Fig.1. In many cases, when a sufficient depth of geothermal formations with the desired thermal conductivity is available, it is preferable to deliver the liquid working fluid to the liquid engine 44 via the energy conversion pipe 42 and return the heated and vaporized working fluid through the pipe 48 to expand the steam and convert the energy to the engine 52 as closed fluid systems, not allowing fluid to come into contact with the formation. In other cases, it is preferable to provide tight contact of the selected working fluids with the geothermal formation in order to stimulate the exit from the formation of valuable substances that can be isolated or separated from the working fluid on the surface.

[0052] In addition, there is an urgent need for improved use of renewable energy, as well as energy conservation, in southern climate zones in the Southern Hemisphere, such as Patagonia and the Kalahari Desert, as well as in northern climate zones in the Northern Hemisphere, such as part Alaska, Canada, Scotland, Scandinavia, Russia and part of West Asia. In these zones, maximum loads often occur in winter, and not in summer, when large amounts of solar energy are available.

[0053] In such cases, it is possible to reduce or completely eliminate the limitations of the Brighton cycle due to the large proportion of the internal driving potential for providing energy to gas or vapor compressor devices. Figure 2 shows how high-pressure gas is produced essentially by converting a liquid into gas at a sufficiently high pressure to ensure compact storage and / or storage in a geological formation having significant pressure in the well and / or resistance to water penetration. Electrolyzer 66 provides compressed hydrogen and / or carbon dioxide to allow the formation to move and deliver methane and / or carbon dioxide reserves from sources such as bioreactor 72. Liquids, including mixtures of substances that receive heat from formation 86, provide a much larger useful capacity for the operation of the extension in the device 94, as shown in FIG.

[0054] FIG. 2 shows a system 60 for generating stored fuel, such as hydrogen or methane, from deposits of methane hydrate and / or anaerobic bioreactor 72, wherein such hydrogen and / or methane is preferably pumped cyclically or continuously by gases under higher pressure, produced by the electrolyzer 66 and / or a suitable mechanical compressor 122, and delivered through valves 130 and / or 68 to a pressure regulator 104 for subsequent distribution through the pipeline 102 and supplied to consumers at a considerable distance, or delivered geological formation 86 through conduit 82 for temporary or short term storage. During operation, the electricity generated by the system 2 and / or other sources is transmitted through the electrical network 62 to provide energy to the recovery system 64 to provide the appropriate voltage and rectified current to provide energy to the electrolyzer 66 to produce hydrogen from the liquid mass of the anaerobic bioreactor 72 and / or water taken from the local aquifer 80 through the pump 74, and delivered through the pipe 74, as shown in the drawing.

[0055] The controller 70 optimizes the system, including the production of hydrogen under pressure from a liquid mass obtained due to the activity of microorganisms in the anaerobic bioreactor 72, or as a result of electrolysis of water delivered through a pipeline 78. Descriptions of such operations and the benefits of energy conversion using liquid masses obtained due to the activity of microorganisms in the process of anaerobic processing of organic matter are given in the jointly considered patent applications and pat US patent 984305, and these descriptions are included in the present application by reference to technological methods that can significantly reduce the amount of energy required for the production of hydrogen, compared with the known method of electrolysis of water.

[0056] It is also contemplated that industrial use 108 or recycling 112 periodically produces carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and / or hydrogen under pressure by partially oxidizing the carbon donor or by reacting the carbon donor with steam, which is essentially shown by equations 1 and 2.

2C + 1.5O ₂ → CO + CO ₂ Equation 1 CH ₄ + H ₂ O → CO + 3H ₂ Equation 2

 [0057] The use of such gases in a process consisting of delivering them to store and / or collect heat in a reservoir 86, and then expanding them in an engine generator 94, as shown in the drawing, is a significant opportunity to provide additional storage and / or recovery volume heat, as well as to further improve the overall energy efficiency of the energy center, such as described in co-pending patent application 60/847063, including dairy farms, canneries, slaughterhouses, and the preparation of goods, industrial complexes or settlements.

[0058] Table 2 provides a comparison of the functions and boiling points at atmospheric pressure of various substances that claim to be working fluids and / or chemical and injection substances to facilitate heat generation, as well as other values from geothermal formations. These working fluids can be used as closed-loop fluids located in heat exchange systems, or, in suitable cases, can be delivered to the geothermal formation to ensure tight contact and an increased heat transfer rate.

[0059] In all embodiments, the goal is to provide a cascade of energy from the conditions of highest availability, temperature and pressure when working on the energy conversion of the "full spectrum" to achieve a significant increase in return compared to investments, as well as the overall energy efficiency. The above includes obtaining new results using known technologies and known materials, including secondary materials and subsystems used in such technologies.

[0060] In many applications, it is advisable to spend the amount of energy X to receive and deliver the fluid to the geothermal formation and conserve the amount of energy X. After returning the stored fluid, more energy can be obtained as a complex of thermal energy, pressure energy and chemical potential energy.

[0061] In many cases, it is contemplated that various mixtures are used in geothermal formations to increase the level of thermal involvement of the formation in energy conversion and recovery of valuable substances provided by some embodiments of the invention. By way of example, mixing the hydrocarbons shown, such as ethane, propane, butane, carbon dioxide and / or hydrogen, may be provided to improve heat transfer and recover valuable substances in many hydrocarbon containing formations.

[0062] The results of using a particularly complete range of capabilities include the practical collection of the full spectrum of solar energy and the subsoil infrared spectrum through a wide range of principles and components of the energy conversion process.

table 2
Typical Fluids Substance Substance functions Boiling point at atmospheric pressure (° C) (° F) Acetone L, S, V, M, A 50,5 133 Ethyl alcohol C ₂ H ₅ OH L, V, M, A 79 172.4 Allyl alcohol L, V, M, A 97.2 207 Butyl n-alcohol L, V, M, A 117 243 Methyl alcohol L, V, M, A 64.7 151 Propyl alcohol L, V, M, A 97.5 207 Ammonia NH ₃ L, V, M, A -35.5 -28.1 N-butane L, V, M -0.5 31.1 Carbon dioxide V, m -78.5 -109.3 Chloroform L, S, V, M, A 62,2 142 Diethyl ether L, V, M, A 34.7 94.4 Dauterm H 258 496 Ether L, S, V, M, A 35 95 Ethane C ₂ H ₆ S, V, M -88 -127 Ethyl acetate L, S, V, M 77,2 171 Bromethane L, S, V, M 38,4 101 Freon R-11 L, V, M 23.8 74.9 Freon R-12 L, V, M -29.8 -21.6 Freon R-22 L, V, M -41.2 -42.1 N-heptane L, S, V, M 98.4 209.2 N-hexane L, S, V, M 68.7 155.7 Hydrogen S, V, H, F -253 -423 Methane (CH ₄ ) S, V, M, F -161 -258 Acetic acid methyl ester L, S, V, M 57.2 135 Methyl iodide L, S, V, M 42.6 108 N-pentane L, S, V, M 36 96.9 Propane L, S, V, M -43 -45 Water L, S, V, H, M, A one hundred 212 L (liquid head); S (solvent); V (expansion of steam); A (azeotrope); M (miscible agent); H (heat transfer agent); F (fuel).

[0063] Mixtures and solutions of various substances can be used to prevent clogging with frozen solids. Ethyl alcohol freezes at -117.3 ° C (-179 ° F). Methyl alcohol freezes at -97 ° C (-143 ° F). Mixtures of working fluids and azeotropes show how to protect against freezing at the lowest temperatures on Earth and how to form expanding vapors by heat exchange from relatively cold geothermal sources with temperatures of approximately 79 ° C (174 ° F) or higher. The boiling point of water is 100 ° C (212 ° F) and ethyl alcohol -78.3 ° C (173 ° F). Two-part azeotropic mixture consisting of 95% vol. ethyl alcohol and 5% vol. water, has a boiling point of 78.2 ° C (172.8 ° F). The three-part azeotrope, consisting of 52% ethyl alcohol, 44% acetonitrile and 4% water, boils at approximately 67 ° C (153 ° F), which allows the use of even colder geothermal formations when the liquid azeotrope drives the engine-generator 44, and steam leads the engine generator 52 in embodiments of the system shown in figure 1.

[0064] The use of hydrogen and / or mixtures of hydrogen and hydrocarbons in wells, called "HyBoost" fuels, in mines and geothermal formations to drive engine generators 131, or fuel cells, including high-temperature cells 137, allows for the provision of additional heat of higher temperature than the surrounding formation, which allows to increase the speed and efficiency of the general energy conversion by the systems shown in Figs. 1 and 2. The combined heat and power (CHP) engine 109 can operate under optimal conditions for meet the changing needs of electricity and heat with a load equalization when a reversible fuel cell 137 generates or is provided with electricity and heat, retracted engine or a fuel cell is used for purposes such as drying, cooking, heating and preserving or disinfecting water. Stockpiles of hydrogen and / or oxygen of a high degree of purity, produced and compressed by a reversible electrolyzer 135, are preferably used for commercial or industrial purposes in industrial complexes or towns.

[0065] Compressed oxygen from the high pressure reversible electrolyzer 135 is also delivered via line 133 to engine generator 131 and / or fuel cell 137 to generate electricity or drive other loads, and to add heat to formation 86 and / or to provide steam for heating and isolating the vapors or gases passing through line 92 to the expander generator 94, as shown in the drawing. Depending on the temperature of the formation, the depth and availability of valuable substances, such as hydrocarbons, the assistance in the extraction or production of which can be provided by some embodiments of the invention, such engines or fuel cells 131 and 137 may be located closer to the surface on line 92, or at significant depths, or within the formation, where the addition of heat leads to an increase in the extraction and production of valuable substances, such as hydrocarbons, from shale oil or other natural resources.

[0066] FIG. 3 shows an innovative technological embodiment 138 for further reducing the amount of energy required to produce hydrogen and / or methane through anaerobic treatment, such as thermal dissociation or biological processing of organic materials. Activated carbon and desquamated graphene media were prepared to catalyze the release of hydrogen from liquid masses subjected to anaerobic bioprocessing.

[0067] It is obvious that certain organic substances, such as enzymes produced by microbial processing of organic materials, are more effective in carrying out charge transfer processes and / or are more effective due to the low level of hydrogen energy removal using or into activated carbon and / or are present more efficiently and / or have a longer service life after their adsorption, and thereby are modified with activated carbon or peeled graphene. After such processing, aimed at obtaining "activation of enzymes", these materials cause the release of hydrogen and carbon dioxide from compressed liquid masses subjected to anaerobic bioprocessing. In addition, the use of such enzyme-activated carbon media, coupled with an electrical impulse, as described in co-pending patent applications and US Pat. No. 6,984,305, or at a reduced DC voltage compared to the voltage required for optional electrolysis of water, significantly increases the yield of hydrogen per unit electrical work.

[0068] The production of hydrogen with reduced energy consumption is particularly useful for improving the economic aspect of hydrogen production from energy crops and organic materials, including waste. Improving the efficiency of the process is ensured by the use of anaerobic bioreactor 140 for the production of methane fuel and carbon dioxide, while part of the liquid mass continuously produced during the bioprocessing is passed through a filter 152 and a preliminary processing device 154 to a pump 156 for delivery to a pump vessel 158 filled with activated carbon enzymes to represent the liquid mass and recover hydrogen and / or carbon dioxide delivered via valve 160 or valve 162 , depending on the pressure and temperature of the separator at the top 158, as shown in the drawing.

[0069] If desired, hydrogen gas can be substantially separated from carbon dioxide, which is necessary to perform functions such as nutrition of green plants. Such separation is preferably provided by the process disclosed in US Pat. No. 6,984,305, and hydrogen is piped through a shutoff valve 162 for delivery through a well 174 through a formation seal 175 to a geothermal and / or hydrocarbon reservoir 176. The liquid mass leaving the injection vessel 158 with a large the amount of carbon dioxide in the solution, is delivered to the injection vessel 159 by means of a piping scheme and shut-off valve 160, as shown in the drawing, to ensure electrically stimulated production of additional th hydrogen, which similarly can be separated using a suitable process such as described in U.S. Patent 6984305, from carbon dioxide and other gases present. A system for the catalytic release of hydrogen from substances prepared by the operation of microorganisms or biomass includes an organic catalyst or catalysts disclosed along with inorganic catalysts such as transition metals and intermetallic compounds including transition metals. Another feature that allows you to further increase the speed and efficiency of equipment in such a hydrogen production is the use of vibrational, radiating, electromotive and / or magnetic forces in series or in conjunction with the specified catalyst or catalysts, as shown in the drawing.

[0070] Relatively pure hydrogen is supplied through a shutoff valve 166 and a valve (not shown) for industrial, commercial, and transportation tasks designed to eliminate or reduce carbon dioxide production. Residual hydrogen is added to the hydrogen obtained from the shutoff valve 166 to charge the formation 176 by the well 174. During this process, the expander generator 168 generates electricity by converting pressure and kinetic energy in the liquid when the pressure decreases, as shown in the drawing.

[0071] The no longer compressed carbon dioxide is used for various purposes, including growing aquatic plants such as algae in converter 184 and enriching the atmosphere in greenhouse 186 to increase the speed and efficiency of photosynthesis, and / or as an element of the greenhouse gas, together with smaller amounts of co-released methane to capture solar energy to produce heat in converter 184 or greenhouse 186, as shown in the drawing. The carbon dioxide in solution in the fluid used to reduce pressure is supplied to enrich aquatic plants, such as algae, in hydroponic pond converter 184, as shown in the drawing. The spent liquid mass together with the collected aquatic plants, such as algae, can be sent to the bioreactor 140, or part of the collected crop can be delivered through the control valve 201 and pipeline 206 by means of a pump 200 for processing into various additives, vitamins, nutrients, fuel alcohols, fats etc., at the processing plant 202, as shown in the drawing. Wastewater from the plant 202 and other site sources is redirected via line 208 to the bioreactor 140 via a control valve 201, as shown.

[0072] Methane and carbon dioxide produced by the anaerobic bioreactor 140 are delivered through a filter 142 and a conduit 146 to a compressor 148, and through a shutoff valve 172 to a well 174 to store and / or increase the efficiency of hydrocarbon production and recovery from formation 176, and / or to obtain geothermal energy in order to ensure operation and / or electricity using an expander generator 178, as shown in the drawing. The flow meter circuit of the pressure regulator 150 controls the amount of gas recirculation needed to mix, mix, temperature control and start the anaerobic bioprocessing process initiated in 140, as shown in the drawing.

[0073] Important improvements in energy conversion efficiency for the systems shown in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3 are the result of pumping liquids by pumping, and subsequent further pumping and / or delivery of gases derived from such compressed liquids as a result of electrolysis of water, the release of catalytic gases from liquid masses subjected to anaerobic bioprocessing, and / or reduced output of gas energy through electrolysis. With regard to increasing the efficiency of the hybrid and improved Breiton cycle and / or Rankin cycle, the results of pumping liquid from the bioreactor tank 72 by means of a bioprocessing pump 73 obtained in 72 for delivery through valve 75 to electrolysis cell 66 are indicative, since in this case hydrogen gas is obtained and / or carbon dioxide at substantially the pressure generated by the fluid pump 73, as shown in the drawing.

[0074] The energy costs required to produce hydrogen from a liquid mass, including compounds such as urea, as well as acetic and butyric acids extracted from or produced by the bioreactor 72, are significantly reduced compared to conventional water electrolysis, and additional benefits are achieved thanks to establishing the desired hydrogen delivery pressure as a result of pumping liquid by the pump 73, compared to using a gas compressor after said gases have been released. Similarly, an advantage is the production of compressed carbon dioxide for purposes such as recovering heat and / or additional hydrocarbons from formation 86 shown in FIG. 2, separation processes, converting energy as expanding gas, and / or for compact storage.

[0075] In cases where the volume of hydrogen that the system 60 is capable of producing exceeds the requirements of CHP and other purposes that can be achieved through pipeline 102, including loads such as providing residential buildings 106, commercial and industrial facilities 108, and agricultural and transportation needs 110 including hydrogen of high purity, supplied from electrolyzer 135 via line 111 for use in fuel cells, for example, hybrid cars 110, the remainder of hydrogen, methane and / or a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide post ranges from 72 and 66 at the pressure required to recharge depleted reservoirs 86 of oil and / or natural gas, or similar geological formations at a greater distance with sufficient geostatic pressure, as well as for seals used to store hydrogen and other gases, as shown in the drawing . In many cases, Formation 84 has a sufficiently elevated temperature to allow hydrogen and other gases stored in 84 to return to the surface, having a similar elevated temperature, to provide energy to the turbo-generator 94, after which hydrogen is supplied via line 102 at a lower pressure, set by pressure regulators 104 and / or 105.

[0076] The advantages of storing hydrogen and / or methane and / or carbon dioxide in geological formations containing hydrocarbons include increasing the production of such hydrocarbons as a result of increased drive pressure, increased permeability caused by the low viscosity and high heat capacity of hydrogen and / or methane, and increased fluidity of valuable hydrocarbons. In addition, some embodiments of the invention facilitate the delivery of other fluids to increase production, including substances such as propane, carbon dioxide, solvents and additive solutions, illustratively delivered from storage containers, such as 128, through pump 126 and valve 124 to a suitable distributor for charging formation 86 through well 82.

[0077] An excess of hydrocarbon production from the reservoir 86 resulting from the storage of said hydrogen and / or methane and / or carbon dioxide and / or related processing operations, as indicated in table 2, is preferably divided into 95 or 180 hydrogen fuel supplied through pipeline 102 and hydrocarbon-rich elements supplied through pipeline 103 for further separation and / or purification of valuable substances in the corresponding system 112 to ensure the isolation of various elements, and supplied market, sent for storage or for further cleaning using pipelines, designated as 114, 116, 118 and 120, as shown in the drawing.

[0078] Thus, the systems shown in FIGS. 1, 2, and 3 can significantly increase storage efficiency, electricity yield and / or fuel energy conversion volume, as well as efficiency, measured based on the total amount of electricity, hydrogen and / or methane fuel and / or hydrocarbon production. The generation of electricity, in particular the maximum power to meet rapidly growing requirements, is instantly ensured by using hydrogen and / or methane as fuel for reciprocating, rotary or turbine internal combustion engines 32 and / or 107 and / or 109. In each case, the huge advantage is the use of heat removed by such engines to increase the overall energy efficiency by increasing the temperature of the expanding gas to drive the motor generators 4 and / or 17 8 and for supplying heat for agricultural, industrial, or utility purposes, as shown in embodiments using a combination of heat and power.

[0079] These energy conversion processes typically include the steps of immersing one or more liquid substances in an appropriately prepared and maintained geological formation for purposes selected from the group consisting of heat production, intermediate storage of chemicals and / or pressure energy, and extraction of valuable substances from geological formation with the subsequent expansion of one or more of these liquid substances in a hybrid Rankine cycle or a Breiton cycle to carry out work, and at least one and Of these liquid substances can be cooled to perform an advanced Breiton cycle and / or compressed to obtain a fluid delivered to the expansion engine or to a lower height to drive the liquid engine and perform work.

[0080] The shown embodiments are particularly useful in the production and conversion of geothermal thermal energy and / or valuable substances, such as hydrocarbons, from suitable formations with associated production of electricity and / or valuable chemical fuel. Embodiments of the invention allow abundant summer energy to be used to produce persistent fuel, which can be used later, for example in winter, and also increase the efficiency of production and conversion of geothermal energy. Some embodiments of the invention make it possible to reuse some depleted mines, as well as wells for oil and natural gas production, and also provide economic recovery in settlements suffering from depletion of coal, oil and natural gas, or due to warming, caused by the greenhouse effect.

[0081] The disclosed embodiments of the invention provide improved waste management techniques and significantly reduced energy costs for producing hydrogen from waste in order to improve air and water quality and significantly reduce dependence on fossil and nuclear fuels, which are the scourge of mankind due to the generation of radioactive waste. In areas with variable wind, tidal or wave conditions, it is important to locally convert such renewable energy into substances used as chemical fuels, such as hydrogen or methane, to store and produce heat in a suitable geothermal formation.

[0082] Geothermal formations suitable for storing fuel and / or carbon dioxide may also be associated with remote locations where renewable resources such as solar, wind, wave or tidal energy are collected, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 through pipelines or electric networks in addition to delivery by train and truck.

[0083] In cases where large-scale conversion of renewable energy is required to displace dependence on fossil and nuclear fuels, an embodiment of the system 400 shown in FIG. 4 provides full-spectrum solar energy conversion using geothermal storage and energy gain. Figure 5 shows a sectional view of the assembly of support cables 402 and sets of glasses 404, 406 and 408 for capturing essentially waves of any length of the entire solar energy spectrum in order to heat air in the area below the unit 412 or air passing through channels 414 and 416, as shown in the drawing. Cable or cables 402, which can be made of any material, such as reinforcing iron, wire or steel fibers, glass, ceramics, polymers, carbon, or combinations of these materials, support one or more sets of transparent glass 404 and 406, as well as the film 410 used to convert a large area of solar and / or geothermal energy to generate energy. Solar radiation enters the trap shown in FIG. 5, together with infrared radiation coming from the earth, and is converted into thermal energy to heat the air in channels 414 and 416 and below, as shown in the drawing.

[0084] FIG. 4 shows a system 400 in which glass sets, such as those shown in FIGS. 5 and / or 6, are used to generate electricity and / or hydrogen. The air is heated using geothermal and / or solar and / or heat energy converted by various processes and pulled up to drive turbines with a vertical shaft. Rotors 490, 432 and / or 434, coupled with a stator, such as 450, shown in the drawing, deliver air to the chamber between the earth's surface or another suitable boundary and the membrane or membranes 410 or 421, as shown in the drawing. Said moving air collects solar energy and removes heat removed from geothermal sources, another generator or generators, and heat engines, such as a solar engine generator 470, by means of a heat exchanger 476 and an internal combustion turbine, reciprocating or rotary engine, or engines 460, 481, and heat exchanger 480, as shown in the drawing. Specified heat removed includes heat from the engine cover and oil cooling, as well as heat removed from the power generators, preferably with hydrogen, after which it is burned in a heat engine or processed through heat exchangers. It is preferable to add higher quality heat from the exhaust stream of internal combustion engines after the last stages of solar heating using the exhaust pipes 461 and 464, as shown in the drawing, in order to increase the work obtained by expansion turbines 440 and 444 and / or together with one or more stators such as 442.

[0085] It is preferable to operate reciprocating and rotary internal combustion engines with an exhaust turbine at the same time driving the electric power generator or compressor before the exhaust is added to the gases on one or more power rotors, marked with the symbols 440 and 444. The output of the power rotors 440 and 444 can increase and decrease in speed and can be used to drive compressor / motor rotors 432 and 434, as well as an electric generator or generators 438, as shown in the drawing.

[0086] In many areas, it is also preferable to provide heat from natural geothermal sources and / or from an underground heat storage and carry out heat transfer at the depth of the heat exchanger 484, as shown in the drawing. A heat exchanger 480 removes heat from geothermal energy conversion systems, such as a liquid pump 482 and an engine 481, and / or thermoelectric and / or thermochemical processes that remove heat after performing mechanical work, performing chemical processes, and / or generating electricity. This heat removal complements the energy received on turbines 440 and 44, and increases the capacity of combined industrial systems, while improving the heat removal process and, thereby, synergistically increasing the efficiency of solar and geothermal energy conversion processes.

[0087] After performing the indicated synergistically beneficial cooling by receiving heat transfer additives in the area below the membranes 410 and 421, air is directed into the channels between the membranes 410 or 421 and 406 or 420 to obtain additional solar energy, as shown in the drawing. The heated air is then sent to one or more power rotors, designated 440 and 444. Variable pitch flow controllers 443, 441 and 442 are aligned with rotors 490, 440 and 444, which can also provide the variable pitch required to optimize the energy conversion process. The air speed on the flow guides 443, 441, and 450 is essentially affected by the availability of solar energy and heat from other sources, as well as the humidity in said multiple combined hybrid cyclic system.

[0088] If the solar, geothermal and / or heat removed from the other devices shown is sufficient and the atmospheric air is relatively dry, it is preferable to create an atmosphere of greater humidity in the air moving through the system. Water released by plants and / or sprayed on plants growing inside and / or around the system 560 and / or distributed by suitable sprayers 500 and 504 in air passing through the descending structure or structures 502 and 510 to cool the masses of atmospheric air, and thereby creates an increased momentum in the downward air passing through the turbines 432, 434 and 490 to the power generators 438 and 492 and for cooling the photoelectric collectors 403, as shown in the drawing. Humidification also has significant advantages in providing increased energy delivery to the turbines 490, 440 and 444 shown in the drawing, as well as the specified operation is adaptively optimized by a computer controller 401.

[0089] Providing a wide range of steps with flow guides 443, 441 and 442, as well as rotors 432, 434, 440, 444 and 490, allows the simultaneous operation of generators 492 and 438 over the entire range of weather, geothermal, and combined heat cycles.

[0090] Thus, the specified precise adaptive control of the heated air flow provides maximum turbine efficiency at all levels and in any combination of solar radiation intensity, geothermal and atmospheric conditions. An important advantage of the flow controllers 441, 442 and 450, as well as 443, is the delivery of denser directed air at a higher speed to the power turbines 490, 434, 432, 440 and 444, as shown in the drawing. This includes increased air velocity and delivery of rotor blades 490, 440 and 44 at an optimal site with variable pitch to maximize moment production and convert molecular kinetic energy and flow into barrel energy.

[0091] Providing a positive air current on demand from the pump or pumps 432 and 434 inside the made chamber or chambers reduces the temperature at which heat is removed from the heat engines 460, 470 and 480 working at maximum or base load in order to increase the thermal efficiency of these motors , and thereby increase the overall system efficiency. Solar engines 470, such as Stirling cycle engines, and thermochemical processes in 522 may be any such engines and processes, including those disclosed in co-pending US patent application No. 08/700577.

[0092] Further improvements in the efficiency of the solar motors 470 are provided by collecting rainwater falling out of the work area, including water flowing from the inclined membrane or membranes 404 and / or 426 into the reservoir (s) 471 and 473, as shown in the drawing. Rain water is collected in an inside tank 473 and delivered by pump 550 to one or more electrolysis cells 702 and 704. The collected water is also used to increase the heat transfer rate and to cool buried heat exchangers 472 in a well or wells 471 after the maximum possible amount of heat has been removed heat exchangers 476 into the air directed to solar and / or geothermal heating below and in the channels served by membranes 404, 406, 408 and 410, as shown in the drawing.

[0093] Depending on the thermal stability of the selected membrane materials, as well as geothermal energy available from the underlying earth interior, it is preferable to make the membrane 410 in the form of an infrared-capturing membrane, and the membrane 421 in the form of a flat black membrane with a significant degree of curvature on the surface or in conjunction with the membranes having similar curvilinearity. FIG. 6 shows an embodiment using multiple radiation-trapping and heat-transferring folded or substantially W-shaped folds to significantly increase solar and / or geothermal absorption capacity, heat transfer area and air temperature achieved by heat exchange membranes 515, 424 and 425. One or more transparent parallel membranes can be placed in the gaps of the membrane 417, as shown in the drawing, and one or more transparent membranes can be made in the gap shown for membrane 415, for the formation of individual channels of air cells. Said air ducts may be provided with suitable valves to provide controlled limited air flow in order to isolate the central channel in which the membrane 423 is located and to increase the residence time of the air therein to produce air having a significantly higher temperature. This allows you to quickly get essentially heated air, for example with a temperature of from 94 ° C (200 ° F) to 204 ° C (400 ° F) in the Central channel, which receives heat due to contact and radiation from the opaque elongated surface membranes 423 and 424, as shown in the drawing.

[0094] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 6, it is generally preferable to provide a membrane 419 with one or more reflective layers between alternating insulating layers and place the membrane so that it is somewhat separated from the gas seal membrane 427, as shown in the drawing. Due to this, the degree of capture of sunlight and heating of the membrane with an elongated surface 424 is increased, and, thereby, the efficiency of the process of converting solar energy to heat is increased. Heat entering the area beneath the reflecting membrane 419 is captured by the air cell below or the elongated surface membrane 423, made to some extent in the same manner as described for the membrane 424, and the air is heated passing through the formed channels. Limiting the speed of air flow through the air channels heated by the elongated surface membrane 421, provides a more efficient way to obtain the desired temperature supplied to the rotors 440 and 444, as shown in the drawing. In general, it is desirable to control the speed of the air flow through the insulating air channels above the membrane 421, setting such speeds at which the heat loss of the ambient air is minimized. The current speeds through all air channels can be adjusted in accordance with the amount of available solar and / or geothermal and / or allotted heat engines operating at maximum load and / or heat engines operating at a basic load level in order to achieve optimal temperatures on turbines 440 and 444, as shown in the drawing.

[0095] Some ubiquitous materials suitable for making membranes according to the embodiments shown in FIGS. 4, 5 and 6 include high temperature UV-protected nylon, polyester, various fluoropolymers and organosilicon plastics. In cases where the membranes must reflect radiation and exhibit insulating properties, ultrathin coatings of aluminum, silver, chromium, nickel, zinc, copper, gold or rhodium, and / or materials that provide dichromatic reflection can be used. In general, it is desirable to place reflective surfaces between thin layers of protective polymer. Effective insulation or blocking of heat transfer can be achieved by using from 1 to 8 layers of reflective surfaces with transparent polymers between each of the layers.

[0096] It is preferable to use one or more coatings or to give the membranes 404 and / or 406 surface geometry in order to increase the transmission of solar energy inside at low angles of incident radiation, and also to make the membranes 415 and 428 in the form of transparent windows to capture the spectrum of sunlight, but while serving as a reflector or blocker of infrared radiation with a longer wavelength going from below. It is also preferable to perform a reflective membrane 421 under the membrane 423 to prevent heat loss and provide increased heat to the air in the channels of the cells made over 423. The membrane 421 is preferably made of several films consisting of ultrathin layers of aluminum, or similar reflective substances placed between two insulating layers. This makes it possible to protect ultrathin layers of mirror aluminum from oxidation and damage.

[0097] Cables 402 and 422 preferably provide a support network for membranes such as 404, 406, 410, 420, 421, and 426, and are arranged in a square, parallelogram, and hexagon shape similar to a support network of the "hexagonal mesh" type. This provides a strong but flexible support that allows such membranes to pass a large amount of solar radiation into a supported energy trap, and also leaves a lot of space for thermal compression and expansion, while ensuring that it can withstand the load in the form of heavy rain or snow, as well as strong wind . Thus, the diameters of the cables in the resulting network and their final strength can be the same or different to match the strength of the materials supported and passing over the supports, and to ensure the ability to withstand almost any wind regime or load in the form of heavy snow. However, in most cases, it is assumed that such cable networks are permanent, and relatively inexpensive membranes can be recycled and replaced as needed.

[0098] In conditions of relatively low atmospheric humidity, it is preferable to let air in through towers 502 and increase humidity, as described herein, in order to obtain electricity from turbine generators 490-492. In conditions of high atmospheric humidity, it is preferable to let air into the central inlet 510 for engines / compressors 432 and 424 by passing between exhaust towers 443. Hot air rising from the towers 443 causes cold air to move along the membrane 404 parallel to it in order to minimize mixing of the rising hot exhaust air with incoming air passing between the towers towards 510. Thus, cold atmospheric air passes along the membranes 404 or 426, around and between the towers 22 and penetrate t through the inputs of the air treatment chambers 432 and 434, as shown in the drawing.

[0099] The overall energy conversion efficiency is limited by the increase in entropy and temperatures obtained from various heat-collecting systems and energy conversion systems containing some embodiments of the invention. The entire hybrid system works like a huge heat engine with one or more heat sources and energy conversion processes that are active at any time. On a typical summer working day, the ambient air at the inlet of compressor 432 and / or tower or towers 502 has a temperature of approximately 311 ° K or 38 ° C (100 ° F), and if the air supplied to the turbine or turbines 440 is heated to 422 ° K or 149 ° C (300 ° F), the Carnot limitation of one subsystem for energy conversion efficiency will be:

Efficiency = 1- (T _L / T _H ) or 1- (311/422) = 26% Equation 3

[00100] In winter, atmospheric air supplied to compressor 432 can have a temperature of about 283 ° K or 10 ° C (50 ° F), and if the air supplied to turbine or turbines 440 is heated to 422 ° K or 149 ° C ( 300 ° F), the Carnot limitation for energy conversion efficiency will be:

Efficiency = 1- (T _L / T _H ) or 1- (283/422) = 3% Equation 4

[00101] The solar motor 470 likewise takes advantage of heat dissipation in colder conditions. The normal temperature of the heated fluid in the 470 engine is around 1088 ° K or 815 ° C (1500 ° F), and if the heat dissipation temperature is 311 ° K or 38 ° C (100 ° F), the Carnot limit for energy conversion efficiency will be :

Efficiency = 1- (T _L / T _H ) or 1- (311/1088) = 71% Equation 5

[00102] In winter, as well as in cases where water cools the heat exchanger 472, heat can be removed at a temperature of about 283 ° K or 10 ° C (50 ° F) or lower, and the Carnot limitation for energy conversion efficiency will be more favorable, as seen from equation 4:

Efficiency = 1- (T _L / T _H ) or 1- (283/1088) = 74% Equation 6

[00103] In cases where the system is used to produce electricity at a base load, it is preferable to combine solar energy with several other subsystems using renewable energy sources. Heat engines 460 preferably run on fuels such as hydrogen and / or mixtures of hydrogen and methane or natural gas, the fuel being stored or obtained from geothermal formations, as described above, and it is also preferable to discharge the combustion products into or near the power turbine 440, as shown in the drawing, which provides increased efficiency of the turbine. Such heat engines typically have an exhaust temperature of about 815 ° K, 538 ° C (1000 ° F) or higher, and are capable of providing energy to an adjacent exhaust turbine 462 to drive a generator or compressor. The exhaust (having a temperature of 450 to 600 ° K) from an adjacent gas turbine driven by the thermal waste of the internal combustion engine is hot enough to provide a significant increase in the temperature achieved by the solar-trapping glass set systems shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 .

[00104] Table 3 shows the comparative advantages of using such exhaust thermal waste to increase the temperature of gases entering a power turbine or turbines 440.

Table 3
Carnot Limitations for Subsystem Efficiency Turbine Inlet Temperature Exhaust temperature Efficiency limitation 422 ° K or 149 ° C (300 ° F) 311 ° K, 38 ° C (100 ° F) 26% 477 ° K or 204 ° C (400 ° F) 311 ° K, 38 ° C (100 ° F) 34% 533 ° K or 260 ° C (500 ° F) 311 ° K, 38 ° C (100 ° F) 41% 588 ° K or 315 ° C (600 ° F) 311 ° K, 38 ° C (100 ° F) 46%

[00105] In addition to increasing the temperature of the gases entering the turbine 440 and 444, it is preferable to significantly increase the speed in the sun-heated air column by transmitting the moment of gases leaving the combustion engines 460 and / or exhaust turbine or turbines 462. at high speed. allows to increase the moment growth, thermal efficiency and, thus, the output of rotors 440 and 444.

[00106] Power generation exceeding the base load requirements is used to electrolyze water or organic electrolytes in electrolysis cell 102, disclosed in co-pending US patent application No. 09/969860. The hydrogen generated from this is stored in suitable containers, in delivery pipelines, such as 534, using a pressure regulator or turbo expander 536 or in remote or local underground tanks 543, as shown in the drawing. The potential energy contained in the heat and injection flow of hydrogen and / or HyBoost fuel is obtained by means of a turbo-generator 537, as shown in the drawing, in order to provide the desired reduction in pressure required for the operation of engines such as 460, as shown in the drawing. Alternatively, a similar pressure reduction is provided for the expansion stroke of the engines, as described in the co-pending patent applications.

[00107] In many local and remote hydrogen storage formations, it is preferable to allow gas to be transported to and from the formation through a pipe or access hole through the formation, as shown in the example of the horizontal access zone 542 to the storage tank 543, as shown in the drawing .

[00108] The use of local and accessible underground hydrogen storage through the pipeline allows the use of fuel cells such as a reversible electrolyzer 702 in a self-healing mode and / or allows heat engines to be supplied with fuel or working fluid as necessary to meet the requirements of power generation. Similarly, said hydrogen is the preferred working fluid for cooling electrical equipment, including generators 492 and 438, as well as electrolyzer 702 and various converters and inverters used throughout the entire balanced equipment system and plant processes. After the aerodynamic drag of such equipment is reduced, as well as its cooling, it is preferable to use said hydrogen as fuel for the heat engines shown in the drawings.

[00109] It is preferable to choose a size of the pipe 534 so that it is able to store a significant amount of hydrogen produced. In seasons with a low level of solar energy received, as well as at night, it is preferable if the electricity requirements are met through the use of hydrogen from a pipeline and / or storage tank, in order to provide energy to engines such as 460, 481, and a reversible fuel cell or cells 702. The additional reservoirs are preferably geothermally rich and / or depleted oil formations, as well as other suitable formations, such as salt or limestone caves.

[00110] Almost any area in North America and on any other continent has geological formations with sufficient porosity and isolated at a depth sufficient for safe and efficient storage of hydrogen. Many of these formations are also sources of significant amounts of geothermal energy. For example, such formations could contain methane for millions of years in cases where organic materials were placed in them during the geological development of formations. In other cases, hydrogen was obtained due to the currents caused by the currents of the continental collision of hot olivine and limestone and was stored in such formations for millions of years.

[00111] Preferably, the engines 460 are in the form of quick-start engines capable of quickly providing electricity and additional heat to the turbines 440 and 444 to increase output, which may be necessary to meet the growing demands for power generation. Another quick response option may be provided as desired by direct combustion of hydrogen and / or other fuel at the output of the stator or stators 441.

[00112] Particularly efficient use of solar energy can be achieved by using solar energy to dissociate hydrocarbons into hydrogen and carbon. Hydrogen can be used, as described above, in heat engines and / or fuel cells to get shaft work and / or electricity. Carbon obtained as a result of this process can be used for the production of durable goods, including equipment for collecting wind, wave, water and sun resources. The foregoing includes embodiments of the invention disclosed in co-pending US patent applications regarding the dissociation of carbon and / or hydrogen donors. If hydrogen and / or other fuel is used in a heat engine or fuel cell at or near the location of embodiment 400, it is preferable to add the heat removed by said energy conversion systems to air moving through the system at a point that minimizes entropy growth .

[00113] In another embodiment, the invention allows to reduce the growth of entropy by adding solar energy in order to reduce the amount of electricity required for electrolysis. About 18 grams (one gram-mole) of water breaks up when electrical work is applied equal to the free energy of the ΔG formation of 237.13 kJ. This process is endothermic and absorbs an additional amount of energy equal to (TΔS) or 48.7 kJ / mol, which is the work of expanding the resulting hydrogen and oxygen to standard temperature and pressure.

ΔH = ΔG + TΔS Equation 7

Equation 5.2: 285.83 kJ / mol = 237.13 kJ / mol + 48.7 kJ / mol.

[00114] Since the dissociation process is endothermic, it is preferable to add solar energy and / or excess heat from other processes to it. Said heat addition is particularly useful if it increases the electrolysis temperature, since it reduces the amount of Gibbs energy (ΔG), which must be provided as electrical work. Thus, the total required voltage is lower than that required for the dissociation of water at room temperature.

[00115] Based on the fact that endothermic energy is obtained from a source of excess heat or the environment, the minimum voltage required to dissociate water is:

ΔG = -nFE ° Equation 8

[00116] Since the indicated minimum required voltage (E °) depends on the free energy charge (ΔG), E ° is equivalent to ΔG divided by the number of exchanged electrons (n) times the Faraday constant (F = 9.648 × 10 ⁴ ) or ( nF). Since the electrolysis temperature is higher than the standard temperature of 25 ° C, free energy tends to zero as the electrolysis temperature tends to the temperature that would be generated by an adiabatic stoichiometric combustion reaction.

[00117] An increase in electrolysis pressure is desirable to provide storage of hydrogen and oxygen under pressure at a desired density. An increase in pressure requires a higher voltage for electrolysis. Equation 5.4 illustrates the relationship between pressure and voltage requirements. The electrolysis voltage (Ep) can be calculated by adding the Nernst coefficient to increase the pressure to E °.

Ep = E ° ⁺ RT / nF ln P _H2 (P _O2 ) / P _H2O Equation 9

[00118] Based on the fact that hydrogen and oxygen are produced at the same pressure, and electrolyzed water is a liquid at the same pressure, equation 9 can be simplified:

Ep = E ° ⁺ 3RT / 4F (ln P _i / P _atm ) Equation 10

[00119] The increase in voltage to produce hydrogen and oxygen with a pressure of 10,000 psi from water with a pressure of 10,000 PSI psi is:

3RT / 4F ln P _i / P _atm = 3RT / 4F ln 680.3 = 3 (8.3144 J / molK) 298K (6.522) / 4 (9.648 × 10 ⁴ ) = 0.125 V Equation 5

[00120] Raising the temperature to produce steam reduces the stress required to dissociate water, as can be seen from the energy calculations of Nernst and / or Gibbs (ΔG ° _T = ΔH ° _{T (298K)} -TΔS ° _298K ).

[00121] Thus, the voltage required for dissociation tends to zero as TΔS^o _298Kcommitted to ΔH °_{T (298K)}equal to 285.83 kJ / mol. Change in entropy at standard temperature (ΔS °_298K) is 0.1634 kJ / mol, and thus:

285.83 kJ / mol / 0.1634 kJ / mol = 1,749K or 1,476 ° C (2,689 ° F)

[00122] As an illustration of the possibilities for hybridization in order to seasonally improve the quality of geothermal energy production on almost any continent, Table 1 shows that a significant amount of summer energy is available in conditions when daylight hours are longer and there is no cloud cover, for example, in the vicinity of Fairbanks, Central Alaska, as well as other lowland areas of the North, compared to warmer areas such as Gainesville, Florida. The environs of Fairbanks, Alaska, and similar territories in Canada receive more solar energy under long daylight hours on a sunny summer than the eight seemingly warmer cities in North America, as can be seen from the table.

[00123] Figure 7 shows an embodiment 522 for adding solar heat to a hydrogen donor, such as methane or water, supplied through line 530 at the focal point of the parabolic collector 520, to provide dissociation of said injected hydrogen donors with or without reduced voltage . The thus provided hydrogen is delivered under pressure via line 532 for storage and / or for delivery via line 534, as shown in the drawing. According to one aspect, the electrolyzer, including the electrolytic cells disclosed in the present description, can provide raw materials, including hydrogen under pressure.

[00124] Figure 7 shows a general view of the components of a process diagram, including a solar concentrator 520, following the sun to continuously focus the reflected solar energy received by the mirror 712 on the receiving portion 730 of the reactor 714, in order to obtain a high operating temperature. In a stationary base 704, a drive system is located and materials are transferred to and from reactor 714. Fuel and raw materials, such as waste methane, for the reactor 714 are delivered by connecting to a pipeline 718 and / or 530.

[00125] In cases where liquid raw materials, such as wastewater components, are processed by the reactor 714, said raw materials are preferably delivered by connecting to an appropriate pipe 715. The generated or delivered electric power is transmitted via a cable 717. Hydrogen and / or other liquids produced by the reactor 714, delivered via pipeline 716 to geothermal tank 543 for local or remote storage and distribution according to market requirements. The pad 706 rotates around a central vertical axis, thereby providing sun tracking by a reactor 714 provided with a mirror 712, as shown in the drawing. Coordinated rotation around the horizontal axis 709 in the support 710, as shown in the drawing, allows you to track the sun and receive focused at one point the solar energy reflected from the unit of the mirror 712. Solid and semi-liquid organic substances are heated and loaded into a funnel 708, feeding these materials to the screw conveyor 724, a portion of which is shown in FIG.

[00126] Fig. 8 shows details of an embodiment 720 of a receiver 714, including a fixed receiver tube 722 and a rotating screw conveyor, as well as a tubular extruder 724, in which a spiral cut 726 at the same time pushes reagents, such as organic material, to a portion 730, where they quickly heat up to high temperature using concentrated solar energy. A sufficient concentration of solar energy is quickly achieved using parabolic, spherical or unfolded heliostatic mirrors, which provide a typical working temperature from 500 ° C to 2500 ° C, depending on the physicochemical properties of the material and the configuration of the holding tube 722.

[00127] Other types of renewable heating can also be easily adapted, such as inductive or resistive heating using electricity obtained from a generator operating from the energy of falling water, wind, waves, or from photovoltaic structures 403 that receive concentrated or non-concentrated solar energy or from a solar engine generator 470 or an internal combustion engine, such as 460, using fuel derived from the various processes disclosed herein. Similarly, a variant is possible in which part of the fuel produced by reactor 714 is burned to provide sufficient heating for section 730 to carry out the reactions shown in equations 11, 12 and 15. The indicated set of alternative heat sources for section 730 illustrates preferred options for adding or replacing solar energy, which is necessary to ensure guaranteed continuous operation in the event of a stop for repairs, temporary cloud cover or at night.

[00128] Additional heating or replacement of solar heat for section 739 by partially burning previously obtained hydrogen and / or carbon monoxide is preferably accomplished by delivering oxygen through a pipe 737 from an electrolyzer 707 through an opening 731 of a pipe 732. An important synergistic advantage is provided by the operation of the heat engine 7033 at waste methane and / or hydrogen and providing energy to the electric power generator 705. The volume of excess electricity generation can be used to produce oxygen and hydrogen in the electric Rollerizer 707. The hydrogen obtained as a result of this process can be stored in pipeline 716 and / or 534 and sold, and oxygen can be used to significantly increase the efficiency of the heat generation process by partially burning the fuel obtained in reactor 714.

[00129] Removing nitrogen, usually supplied with air, significantly reduces the cost of hydrogen purification by condensing and filtering water from the gas mixture in pipe 732 if oxygen is used to generate heat by partial combustion. Pipe 737 delivers oxygen, as shown in the drawing, to burn the required amount of fuel with minimal heat loss and minimal heating of nitrogen, which would be present if air were used as the oxidizing agent.

[00130] Thus, the tube 722 performs the function of storing organic raw materials under anaerobic conditions and transferring solar energy to the biomass supplied to the concentrated flow heating section 730 to facilitate the following general reactions:

C _n H _m O _x + HEAT ₁ → xCO + m / 2H ₂ + (nx) C
C ₆ H ₁₀ O ₅ + HEAT ₂ → 5CO + 5H ₂ + C Equation 11
Equation 12

[00131] A small amount of NH ₃ , H ₂ S, N ₂ and H ₂ O may also be present in gaseous products along with CO and H ₂ pushed by compacted solids into the central hole 731 of the rotary screw tube 732, as shown in the drawing. H ₂ S is preferably reacted with iron to produce iron sulfide, or collected in the carbon obtained from the process in the evolution of hydrogen. It is preferable to collect the bound nitrogen in the form of ammonia, and sulfur in the form of iron sulfide, and use these compounds as nutrients for the soil, together with the ash obtained by the invention.

[00132] Solids, such as carbon and ash 736, are removed from section 730 by rotating the screw tube 732 along the thread 734, as shown in the drawing. The high temperature insulation 740 is preferably used to seal the end of the receiver 714, as shown in the drawing, and the insulated section 742 provides heat storage along with countercurrent heat transfer between the carbon-rich solids released by the screw conveyor 732 and the biomass moving towards the heated portion 730 receiver and reactor assembly. During periods when solar energy is unavailable, an insulating sleeve 748 is used to clog the portion 730 and is preferably supported and directed from its resting position through telescopic tube conductors not shown in the drawing to provide illustration of other components.

[00133] Water and other gases removed in the early stages of compaction and countercurrent preheating are preferably discharged through dampers or holes 744, allowing them to be removed through a collection tube 746. When using many types of raw materials such as manure and wastewater, said water is usually contains bound nitrogen and other soil nutrients and is preferably used to restore arable and soil productivity.

[00134] In cases where it is preferable to use pure carbon and pure hydrogen, biomass can be pretreated to remove ash-forming materials such as calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron and other minerals. The ash-forming components of biomass are often thrown into landfills or discharged into rivers, lakes and oceans along with runoff resulting from wastewater treatment and waste disposal processes. Some embodiments of the present invention make it easy to collect ash-forming minerals and use them in useful quality, for example, as nutrients for the soil. This can be achieved through a combination of mechanical separation and dissolution of the biomass in a suitable solvent in order to remove ash-forming components.

[00135] As described above, Embodiment 72 provides for anaerobic bioprocessing of biomass, such as carbohydrates and cellulose, in accordance with the following general reactions:

n (C ₆ H ₁₀ O ₅ ) + n H ₂ O + HEAT ₃ → n (C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ )
n (C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ ) → 3n (CH ₄ ) + 3nCO ₂ + HEAT ₄ Equation 13
Equation 14

[00136] The nutrients for the soil in the water mass remaining after the processes shown in equations 13 and 14 are effectively transferred to the depleted soil by various methods, including adding them to the water for irrigation. Carbon dioxide is readily removed from the products of equation 14 by cooling and performing phase separation, or by adsorption in a suitable solvent, such as water. Carbon dioxide is soluble in water to about 21.6 volumes of gas per volume of water at a pressure of 25 atmospheres and 12 ° C (54 ° F). An increase in pressure and / or a decrease in temperature increases the volume of carbon dioxide that can dissolve in the volume of water. After the separation of carbon dioxide from methane, a decrease in pressure or an increase in temperature allows the release of dissolved carbon dioxide.

[00137] Figure 9 shows a functional diagram of a process 760, including photosynthesis 762, for the production of organic materials, anaerobic dissociation and / or bioprocessing 764 to produce methane and carbon dioxide, cooling and phase separation, or an adsorption system with a differential pressure of 768 for separating carbon dioxide from methane and / or hydrogen by selectively adsorbing carbon dioxide in a suitable medium, such as water or a bound amine. Mixtures of gases, including carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen and other gases, are introduced into the liquid solution. After the removal of methane and other non-absorbed and non-condensing gases, the carbon dioxide collected by the separation system is preferably used to produce insulating polymer foam and lightweight cement used for the construction of energy-efficient residential buildings.

[00138] Hydrocarbons such as methane introduced into the pipe 722 of the reactor 720 decompose in the hot section 730, forming carbon and releasing hydrogen, as shown in equation 15:

CH ₄ + HEAT ₅ → C + 2H ₂ Equation 15

[00139] Carbon production from the processes shown in Equation 15 allows a carbon source to be stored or converted into various forms in order to improve the quality of durable goods and other products. The carbon produced from hydrocarbons as a result of the general process shown in Equation 15 avoids the production of about 3.67 tons of carbon dioxide per ton of carbon used in these durable goods. Carbon produced from hydrocarbons as a result of the general process shown in Equation 15 can be reacted with nitrogen from the atmosphere to produce ammonia, or with carbon dioxide from a suitable source, such as a power plant, brewery, bakery or roasting plant, to produce methyl alcohol . Thus, these ammonia and methyl alcohol serve as hydrogen storage agents, providing a greater amount of hydrogen by volume than frozen liquid hydrogen, and the present embodiment serves as a system for reducing the total amount of carbon dioxide, avoiding the collection of 3.67 tons of carbon dioxide gas per tonne of carbon in processes such as those summarized in equation 15.

[00140] Substances such as ammonia and methyl alcohol can be introduced into geothermal formations at relatively low pressures, and after heat is generated, they are converted to steam at significantly higher pressures. This allows you to return more energy for processes such as those described with reference to figures 1-6, than the amount of energy that could be obtained by burning the hydrocarbon feed shown in equation 15. In addition, this embodiment allows you to provide much more profitable economic opportunities, as well as avoiding the production of more than three tons of carbon dioxide per tonne of carbon used for the manufacture of durable goods.

[00141] The amount of heat required to carry out the process shown in Equation 15 to produce a certain amount of bound carbon is significantly lower than the amount of energy required to collect from the atmosphere and dissociate carbon dioxide. The setup needed to carry out the process shown in equation 15 is much simpler and more reliable than the setup needed to separate carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and dissociate it into carbon and oxygen. Similarly, the amount of energy needed to produce hydrogen by dissociating a hydrocarbon, such as methane, is significantly less than the amount of energy required to produce hydrogen from water. Said hydrogen may be used at the same site or at remote locations, including local or remote interim storage in one or more geothermal formations, such as 86, 176 or 543, subsequent expansion in engine generators 94, 178 or 537, and ultimately , used as fuel for purposes where a combination of heat and power (CHP) is used, for example 107, 109, 131, 137, and / or 460, allowing for significantly higher energy efficiency than standard approaches known in the art.

[00142] During the conversion of hydrocarbons, including biomass solids and methane, to carbon and hydrogen, the products of dissociation reactions, such as those shown in relation to equations 11, 12 and 15, usually occupy a larger volume than the reacting substances. The installation 720 of the unit 714 for performing the indicated endothermic reactions is adapted for instantly locking the reaction zone 730 with carbon-rich material compacted by cutting the extruder 726 along the inlet to zone 730, as well as carbon-rich material along the cutting of the extruder 734 leaving zone 730, so that hydrogen and other gases passing through the opening 731, can be pumped to the desired pressure and supported by rotating means for combining and regulating the pressure at the outlet of the opening 731.

[00143] It is preferable to inject cold methane to the desired pressure to deliver hydrogen from reactor 720 using a suitable injection method before methane enters reactor 720. If the gases from anaerobic biorefining are separated by liquefaction, this is easily achieved by vaporizing methane to obtain desired pressure. For this purpose, various pumps and compressors 770 can also be used for injection.

[00144] The resulting forms of carbon can vary greatly depending on market requirements and the corresponding temperature and pressure at which the process shown in equation 15 is carried out. Methane delivered in manufacturing step 772 can be processed as the situation requires for fiber production , carbon black, diamond-like plating on a suitable substrate, graphite crystals, as well as many other forms corresponding to co-pending applications, including US patent applications 08/921134, 08/921134 and 09/370431.

[00145] To provide an advantage in retaining heat for certain purposes, an embodiment is considered in which the screw conveyor 732 is configured as a feed path and a pre-heater, whereby hydrogen is introduced through the opening 731, and the carbon obtained from the reaction in zone 730 is drawn in by a suitably made extruder 724 into countercurrent heat exchange with the feed material. Such a design provides countercurrent heating of the intake of raw materials from the inside and outside before it reaches zone 730, due to the parallel flow of reaction products passing in the opposite direction to the flow of raw materials.

[00146] The carbon obtained by the reaction shown in Equation 15 is transferred by a screw conveyor 732 with countercurrent heat exchange with a pipe 724 to preheat methane and thereby increase the overall efficiency and speed at which solar energy performs the process shown in equation 15. The resulting hydrogen is collected through the opening 731 of the tubular conveyor 732, and the heat is removed by countercurrent heat exchange with reagents passing towards zone 730. The resulting renewable hydrogen can It can be used in fuel cells or in existing engines, which essentially purify the air and give an exhaust cleaner than the surrounding atmosphere.

[00147] Carbon continuously forms a gas-tight plug between the cut of the conveyor 726 and the inner wall of the pipe 722 as it is generated during the process depicted in Equation 15. Such an effect can be achieved by performing a shorter front part of the screw cut at the point where it is desired to achieve the greatest seals. It is usually desirable to provide the greatest carbon compaction and clogging effect after the material being converted to hydrogen passes through zone 730, at the exit of the screw conveyor behind zone 730.

[00148] It is contemplated that the delivery of reagents for carrying out the processes shown in Equations 11, 12, 15, 16, and 18 can be accomplished using a variety of other means, in addition to the screw conveyor shown in the drawing. By way of example, biomass can be pushed into the reaction zone by a reciprocating piston instead of a screw conveyor 724, and carbon can be obtained from the hot end using other extraction methods, including a chain conveyor instead of a screw conveyor 732.

[00149] In cases where it is desirable to obtain liquid fuel or solvent vapors, such as one or more terpenes, as well as other valuable products, the reaction temperature can be changed, usually lowering the temperature or increasing the turnover of the components. Useful compounds, such as hydrogen, carbon, methyl alcohol, and turpentine, can be generated and collected using the opening of a pipe 731, as described in equation 16 for a portion of conventional biomass feedstock; The formula for the average compound is shown:

C ₆ H ₁₀ O ₅ + HEAT ₆ → CH ₃ OH + 4CO + 3H ₂ + C Equation 16

[00150] If a higher yield of liquid fuel and / or solvent is required, the carbon monoxide and hydrogen obtained from the typical process shown in equation 16 can be reacted with each other, preferably in the presence of a suitable catalyst, to produce additional methyl alcohol and hydrogen.

4CO + 3H ₂ → 4CH ₃ OH + H ₂ + HEAT ₇ Equation 17

[00151] The feed rate of biomass to zone 730 and the recovery rate of solid residues by the spiral conveyor 32 are preferably controlled by a computer that responds to pressure, temperature, and other similar factors, as well as the quality of the products in the gas, steam, and solid residue streams.

[00152] Carbon monoxide can be decomposed or converted to the desired forms of bound carbon by disproportionation during the process shown in equation 18:

2CO → C + CO ₂ + HEAT ₈ Equation 18

[00153] The dissociation or disproportionation shown in equation 18 is exothermic and occurs under pressure of 10-40 atmospheres at a temperature of from 500 ° C to 800 ° C.

[00154] If, according to market conditions, the production of hydrogen for fuel cells or heat engines is more advantageous than the purification of air, carbon monoxide can be introduced into an exothermic reaction with steam to produce hydrogen, as shown in equation 19:

CO + H ₂ O → CO ₂ + H ₂ + HEAT ₉ Equation 19

[00155] Carbon monoxide obtained from the processes shown in equations 11 and 12 can be converted into many different products in accordance with market requirements using selected processes requiring the production of hydrogen and / or carbon, as shown in figures 9 and 10 It is preferable to use the heat released during the processes shown in equations 17, 18 and 19, as part of the heat addition necessary for the implementation of endothermic reactions, such as the processes shown in equations 12, 15 and 16.

[00156] Figure 10 shows the preferred steps in the process of producing valuable fuels, solvents, chemical starting materials, and a wide range of carbon products, starting with photosynthesis, through which organic raw materials such as manure, garbage and wastewater are obtained, as shown by 782, converted by countercurrent self-healing preheating and anaerobic pyrolysis to carbon-rich residues and liquids such as methyl alcohol, hydrogen and carbon monoxide, is indicated during the process th numeral 784, preferably using the embodiment disclosed with reference to Figures 7 and 8.

[00157] Gases such as hydrogen and carbon monoxide obtained by anaerobic pyrolysis are transported by pump 783 and separated to obtain the desired purity in step 786. Pump 788 transfers carbon monoxide appropriately dosed by metering pumps 790 and 792, and then the gas is converted into a wide range of products, such as those resulting from processes 794, 796 and 798.

[00158] During process 794, Heat _{8 is} obtained by dissociating carbon monoxide into carbon and carbon dioxide. During process 796, Heat ₇ is released by the interaction of carbon monoxide with hydrogen to produce methyl alcohol. During process 798, water vapor interacts with carbon monoxide, and said exothermic reaction produces hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The heat generated during these exothermic processes is used to produce water vapor used in process 798, to dry the biomass feed to obtain additional heat in process 784, to heat the anaerobic bioreactor 764 to increase the rate of methane and / or hydrogen production in process 772 , as well as to achieve many other useful goals.

[00159] Thus, in some embodiments of the invention, a practical atmospheric carbon binding process is proposed consisting of photosynthesis, collecting biomass photosynthesis and heating the biomass to isolate products selected from the group consisting of carbon, hydrogen, methyl alcohol, turpene and ash . Biomass waste, which is usually left to rot under the influence of the atmosphere, as a result of which they contribute to the growth of carbon dioxide and / or methane, can now be used to efficiently produce hydrogen, carbon and soil nutrients. Practical systems having thermodynamic and thermochemical advantages make it possible to separate carbon and / or hydrogen from a donor compound of carbon and / or hydrogen and ensure the use of this hydrogen for various purposes in one or more local subsystems, or at a considerable distance after a single or multiple intermediate storage in one or more geothermal formations. Said hydrogen is ideally suited to facilitate heat transfer and expansion processes in one or more expansion engines, and then can be used in a fuel cell or for combustion in internal combustion engines, external combustion engines, steam cycle heat engines, and / or combined heat and power applications .

[00160] An alarming tendency towards a gradual increase in average air and soil temperatures has affected areas of the Earth’s surface where previously organic substances contained in swamps, lakes, and the bottom of the oceans could be found as frozen components of the polar masses of ice, in the tundra and permafrost. These deposits, in particular including methane hydrates and organic materials stored in the ice, as well as frozen organic deposits, may be in places at depths of 2000 feet and are estimated to contain significantly more carbon than deeper deposits of coal, oil and natural gas. Even the relatively small-scale conversion of sources of such organic carbon to carbon dioxide or methane emissions can more than double the concentration of carbon-containing substances in the global atmosphere.

[00161] Global warming caused by millions of tons of carbon dioxide, methane and other greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere every year leads to heating of the planet’s permafrost and allows bacteria and other microorganisms to convert the organic content of permafrost into products such as methane and carbon dioxide, as well as other greenhouse gases, phosphates and nitrates.

[00162] Natural habitats are threatened by the rapid growth of plant species that die off and turn ponds that were previously able to maintain fish populations into anaerobic dead zones. The economic losses caused to fisheries by melting sea ice and permafrost, causing coastal erosion, lead to the disappearance or displacement of entire villages.

[00163] Figure 11 shows an embodiment 800 that can be used over a large portion of the ocean floor to collect methane from anaerobic methane production, or to allow methane and carbon dioxide to be collected from melting permafrost using pores or holes 414 in pipes 812 located under an impermeable membrane 830, which may have one or more layers, such as 810, which for some tasks can be coated with metal to provide the ability to reflect radiation with certain ins waves. Membrane 830 may contain several layers of insulating material, such as polymer films, and each layer may contain a suitable reflective coating or film of a material such as aluminum, silver, chromium, zinc, or a diachromatic reflective coating to control the passage of radiation through these layers. In other applications, the membrane 830 may facilitate the passage of radiation for purposes such as allowing heat to be removed under night sky conditions or receiving radiation to add heat to materials below the membrane 830.

[00164] Heat pipes, such as 840, can be used to transfer heat from the area beneath the membrane 830 to the surface in order to remove heat and preserve permafrost 822 lying beneath the membrane 830, as shown in FIG. 12. Heat is transferred or removed by evaporation of a suitable liquid in section 842, and the steam condenses in section 844, releasing heat to the environment. The condensate obtained in section 844 is discharged to section 842 to further remove heat by evaporation, continuing the cycle. Thus, when the temperature of the medium in section 844 is lower than the temperature in section 842, heat is removed to the surface. When the temperature in section 844 is equal to or higher than the temperature in section 842, the heat pipe 840 is in standby mode until conditions are created that facilitate continued heat transfer. The regulation of the rate of heat removal can be ensured by the operation of valves, such as 846, to control thermal expansion or contraction in areas such as permafrost roads, in order to prevent damage to the roadway caused by swelling of the soil or the formation of gas pockets in it, contributing to the destruction of the canvas.

[00165] During operation, the top layer of snow, gravel, dirt, or soil 802 can be used to hold the membrane 830 in place and / or to protect the membrane from being hollowed out by deer or other surface transport. Methane released from the area beneath membrane 830 can be collected and processed using equipment that performs process steps roughly shown in equations 20, 21, and 22.

CH ₄ + Heat → C + 2H ₂
CH ₄ + C → C ₂ H ₄
nC ₂ H ₄ → (C ₂ H ₄ ) n Equation 20
Equation 21
Equation 22

[00166] Methane is collected and dissociated to form carbon and hydrogen. Said hydrogen can be used to store energy and / or involved in a suitable energy conversion process to provide power for the equipment operating in the processes described in equations 21 and 22. The carbon obtained during the process shown in equation 20 can be reacted with methane to produce ethylene, as shown in the drawing, and the specified ethylene can be polymerized to obtain a dense carbon storage ring or various polymers that can be used to produce pipes, mounting x parts and valves used in these processes.

[00167] According to other aspects, storing energy in the form of potential energy of various shapes, such as thermal, chemical, injection, and altitude, in a suitable geological formation can provide many benefits, including interacting with the formation to increase the temperature, pressure, and chemical potential of the stored materials. The above allows you to provide an energy conversion system that introduces one or more substances into the geological formation for various purposes, including storing chemical potential energy, storing injection potential energy, storing chemical and injection potential energy, heat transfer between the formation and said liquid, transferring substances from the specified formation into said liquid and production of substances from said formation as a result of the presence of said liquid.

[00168] This, in turn, allows the operation of at least one of the substances in one or more devices for converting energy, and at least one of the liquid substances is processed to provide such an aggregate state as a liquid, a mixture of liquid and steam, steam or gas, and is transported to drive appropriate energy conversion devices.

[00169] In geological formations containing hydrocarbons, the system can provide substances that generally or selectively separate one or more types of hydrocarbons from the geological formation.

[00170] The working fluid can be further heated using solar heat or heat removed from industrial sources, commercial sources, thermal elements and heat engines, and one or more liquid substances receives additional heat through heat transfer from solar sources, industrial sources , commercial sources, thermal elements and heat engines.

[00171] Processing and preparing the working fluid at a considerable height can increase the efficiency of the process. The height allows you to provide a pressure and a greater amount of kinetic energy of the incident working fluid. This allows you to provide or produce one or more liquid substances at a height, for example, a tower of a wind turbine, a hill or other topographic formation located on an elevation, a communication tower and a specially erected tower, including cases in which the liquid rises to a height in the form of steam or gas, and after condensation, it serves as a liquid falling into the kinetic energy collected by a suitable engine.

[00172] A liquid or a working fluid can be obtained by liberating hydrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, etc., by a variety of processes. Preparation includes the conversion of the working fluid to the desired state of aggregation. This allows for the production and preparation of a liquid, including processes such as catalytic extraction of a bioreactor from an anaerobic processed liquid mass, production of a hydrogen-containing compound by electrolysis, and a combined electrical and catalytic pulse to produce a working fluid from an anaerobic liquid bioreactor mass. This allows you to convert wastewater, garbage, agricultural waste and logging waste into components of the working fluid, which can be stored in a geological formation in order to increase energy security and ensure energy conversion on demand. The working fluid can be introduced into the geological formation for such purposes as storage of chemical potential energy, storage of injection potential energy, storage of chemical and injection potential energy, heat transfer between the formation and the specified liquid, transfer of substances from the specified formation to the specified liquid and production of substances from the specified formation as a result of the presence of the specified fluid. The working fluid may consist of hydrogen, carbon dioxide or mixtures of hydrogen and carbon dioxide, or methane, or may consist of other selected substances, for example, given as an example in table 2. This, in turn, allows for the process of combined storage, transportation substances, as well as carry out the work of at least one liquid substance in one or more devices for energy conversion, and at least one of the liquid substances is processed to provide such an aggregate A liquid state, such as a liquid, a mixture of liquid and steam, steam or gas, is transported to drive appropriate energy conversion devices.

[00173] The system can produce a working fluid that it supplies to operate and drive an energy conversion device, followed by using heat from or stored in a geological formation, including a surface layer, a layer close to the surface, or deeper layers, for such purposes how to provide further stages of energy conversion, as well as support and nutrition for a number of plant species.

[00174] In addition, the system can store and / or produce and use geothermal heat to generate and transport prepared liquid, such as carbon dioxide, methane and hydrogen, for purposes such as raising the temperature and supplying carbon dioxide for growing aquatic plants, including species used for fuel, chemical reactions and food, as well as for growing greenhouse plants and maintenance of hydroponic production plants.

[00175] The system provides the release of hydrogen or liquid fuel from organic materials and is more cost effective because it uses less energy to produce polymers from selected plants compared to replacing fossil petrochemical compounds. These systems also allow the return of bound nitrogen and trace elements to the soil on which cultivation, landscape and other agricultural work is carried out.

[00176] According to another aspect, the system includes converting organic material into one or more liquid substances, such as methane, ethane, propane, methyl alcohol, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, in order to provide an efficient engine for economic development, including farming, allowing the production of additional valuable goods for the agricultural industry. This allows you to get rid of ineffective existing methods in which more than 10 calories of gasoline are used to plant one calorie of food product used for planting, fertilizing, cultivating, collecting and processing these foods.

[00177] In another embodiment, the collection and storage of rainwater for growing crops is provided, the benefits of cooling and humidification by evaporation during energy conversion processes are provided.

[00178] In another embodiment, a system is provided that separates selected elements of liquid substances by selectively removing through suitable filters, adsorption with a differential pressure, adsorption with a differential temperature, absorption in a solution and membrane separation, and including said selective removal methods for recovering bound nitrogen and / or trace elements in the agricultural cycle or the selective removal of chemicals for profit.

[00179] In another embodiment, a system is provided that provides the release of hydrogen or liquid fuel from organic material by using heat to effect thermal dissociation and storing said isolated substances in a geological formation.

[00180] In another embodiment, a system is provided that provides countercurrent heat transfer for converting organic material into one or more liquid substances released by endothermic processes using energy sources such as the combustion of a portion of one or more liquid substances, solar heating, electric heating, and also heat exchange with an energy converting device such as an internal combustion engine, an external combustion engine, an expansion engine, and a fuel cell.

[00181] In another embodiment, a system is provided in which organic material is converted into a liquid substance, such as hydrogen and / or liquid hydrocarbon, for energy conversion work, and carbon is released for the manufacture and manufacture of durable goods in order to prevent the release of said carbon into the environment as a pollutant.

[00182] An improved version of the above system includes performing conversion on a site where organic materials are collected on one site and liquid material is transported to another site where carbon is released.

[00183] In another embodiment, said organic materials are converted to said liquid substances at a site where there is a rich supply of said organic materials, and one or more of said liquids is transported to sites where carbon is separated from one or more of said liquids to produce solid products in order to prevent the release of the specified carbon into the atmosphere in the form of gas. Heat is used to dry organic materials before being converted to liquid materials. Sources of heat for heat transfer include the combustion of liquid substances, the high temperature of liquid substances, and an energy converting device such as an engine or fuel cell.

[00184] According to an aspect of this embodiment, said organic materials are dried before being converted to said liquid substances by countercurrent heat exchange with sources selected from: burning a portion of one or more of said liquid substances, one or more of said liquid substances after they are obtained at a temperature higher than than the temperature of the specified organic material, one or more of these liquid substances after heating to a temperature higher than the temperature of the specified organic Skog material and heat exchange with a device for energy conversion selected from the group consisting of an internal combustion engine, external combustion engine, the expansion engine and the fuel cell.

[00185] Another aspect of this embodiment includes injecting said liquid materials through one or more processes selected from the group consisting of compaction with a screw conveyor, compaction with a piston, and phase change from solid to a more voluminous liquid.

[00186] In another embodiment, a countercurrent heat exchange system is provided comprising a hydrogen donor entering into heat exchange with dissociation products of said hydrogen donor. According to an aspect of this embodiment, dissociation is carried out using heat obtained from a group of sources consisting of trapped solar heat, heat of combustion, heat of the geological formation and reflected heat from a non-combustible source.

[00187] In another embodiment, carbon or hydrogen is released from the carbon or hydrogen donor compound, said hydrogen being used for various purposes in one or more local subsystems, or at a considerable distance after a single or multiple intermediate storage in one or more geological formations . According to an aspect of this embodiment, said hydrogen provides expansion in one or more expansion means, and then can be used in a fuel cell or for combustion in means selected from the group consisting of an internal combustion engine, an external combustion engine, a steam cycle heat engine, and in products for combined heat and power applications.

[00188] In another embodiment, catalytic hydrogen evolution from a substance obtained by the action of microorganisms on biomass is provided. According to an aspect of this embodiment, said catalyst is organic. Another aspect of this embodiment includes a pulse selected from the group consisting of radioactive, vibrational, electromotive and magnetic force used in conjunction with said catalyst.

[00189] In another embodiment, an energy conversion apparatus is provided comprising the elements described in the present disclosure, including features related to ascending and descending draft, wells, geological formations, pipelines, catchment groups, and polymer material. According to an aspect of this embodiment, the apparatus is capable of operating in various microclimatic zones; said zones also include subzones; and these subzones include unique temperature, humidity, natural resources, or energy transfer characteristics that can be controlled to do the job.

[00190] In another embodiment, an engine system for sustainable economic development is provided, including: a method of performing economic incentives that increase productivity; a way to eliminate negative incentives that reduce productivity; a way to create jobs in the fields of crop production, industrial production, energy, information technology and energy; and a method for implementing a macroeconomic sustainability algorithm.

[00191] In another embodiment, an agricultural production process is provided, including a method of increasing yield by reducing the cost of energy used to produce the crop; a way to reduce the need for fertilizers by returning trace elements to the soil; A method of fertilizing crops with algae; water use system; power generation and supply system; and the use of CO ₂ to increase crop yields.

[00192] In another embodiment, there is provided a system for growing crops in a microclimate, which can be isolated or provided with controlled access to the environment to add air (upward / downward draft) or precipitation; and a macro food production system for collecting agricultural debris (stalks, straw) and converting it into carbon or hydrogen.

[00193] In another embodiment, a fish breeding system is provided, comprising: a method of providing nutrients, oxygen and pure water to maintain fish breeding; temperature monitoring and control system to maintain the environment; and a system for isolating protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals from biomass or liquid mass as food for fish.

[00194] In another embodiment, a poultry, pig, and cow (livestock) breeding system is provided, comprising: a system for raising animals in a controlled environment; a system for growing feed crops devoid of pesticides or fertilizers; and a water management system for treating water by releasing hydrogen from acid rain and other sources of acidified water, including water brought to an acidified state by reducing agents.

[00195] In another embodiment, an energy conversion process is provided comprising the steps of immersing one or more liquid substances in a geological formation for purposes selected from the group consisting of heat generation, intermediate storage of chemicals and / or pressure energy, and extraction of valuable substances from said formation, and getting the job is carried out by at least one of these one or more liquid substances in one or more devices for energy conversion, and at least one of the decree The data of one or more liquid substances is prepared to obtain an aggregate state selected from the group consisting of a liquid, a mixture of liquid and steam, steam or gas, which is delivered to drive one or more of the devices for converting energy. According to another aspect of this embodiment, said geological formation contains hydrocarbons. Another aspect of this embodiment includes a process in which, after immersing one or more liquid substances in a geological formation, said one or more liquid substances receive additional heat from sources selected from the group consisting of solar sources, industrial sources, commercial sources and heat engines. Another aspect of this embodiment includes a process in which the liquid is obtained at a height provided by an embodiment selected from the group consisting of a tower of a wind turbine, a hill or other topographic formation located on an elevation, a communication tower and a specially erected tower.

[00196] Another embodiment provides a process for producing and preparing a fluid through a process selected from the group consisting of catalytically extracting a bioreactor from an anaerobic processed liquid mass, producing a hydrogen-containing compound by electrolysis, and a combined electrical and catalytic pulse to produce a working fluid from anaerobic liquid mass of the bioreactor. According to another aspect of this embodiment, said liquid is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, carbon dioxide and a mixture of hydrogen and carbon dioxide. According to another aspect of this embodiment, said liquid is introduced into a geological formation for purposes selected from the group consisting of storing chemical potential energy, storing injection potential energy, storing chemical and injection potential energy, heat transfer between said formation and said liquid, transferring substances from the specified formation in the specified liquid and the production of substances from the specified formation as a result of the presence of the specified liquid. According to another aspect of this embodiment, said fluid is used to drive an energy conversion device.

[00197] In another embodiment, a process is provided for producing and using geothermal heat to generate and transport fluids selected from the group consisting of carbon dioxide, methane and hydrogen, for purposes selected from the group including growing water plants, growing greenhouse plants, and hydroponic maintenance production plants and use as a working fluid to ensure the operation of one or more devices for energy conversion. According to another aspect of this embodiment, said aquatic plants are selected from the group consisting of algae.

[00198] In another embodiment, there is provided a system for converting organic materials into one or more liquid substances selected from the group consisting of methane, ethane, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, with the removal of some of these substances selected from the group comprising hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide is carried out using a selective removal process selected from the group including adsorption with a differential pressure, adsorption with a differential temperature s, absorption in solution and membrane separation, and wherein said process of converting organic material to liquid is carried out by countercurrent heat exchange with sources selected from burning part of one or more of these liquid substances, one or more of these liquid substances after they are obtained at a temperature above than the temperature of the specified organic material, one or more of these liquid substances after heating to a temperature higher than the temperature of the specified organic material, and heat exchange with an energy converting device selected from the group consisting of an internal combustion engine, an external combustion engine, an expansion engine, and a fuel cell. According to another aspect of this embodiment, said energy conversion device uses a substance selected from said liquid substances. According to another aspect of this embodiment, said organic materials are converted to said liquid substances, and carbon is bound from one or more of said substances to produce solid products in order to prevent said carbon from being released into the atmosphere as a gas compound. According to another aspect of this embodiment, said organic materials are converted to said liquid substances at a site where there is a rich supply of said organic materials, and one or more of said liquids is transported to sites where carbon is bound from one or more of said liquids to produce solid products with the purpose of preventing the release of the specified carbon into the atmosphere in the form of a gas compound. According to another aspect of this embodiment, said organic materials are dried prior to being converted to said liquid substances by countercurrent heat exchange with sources selected from: burning part of one or more of said liquid substances, one or more of said liquid substances after they are obtained at a temperature higher than the temperature the specified organic material, one or more of these liquid substances after heating to a temperature higher than the temperature of the specified organic material, and heat exchange with an energy converting device selected from the group consisting of an internal combustion engine, an external combustion engine, an expansion engine, and a fuel cell. Another aspect of this embodiment includes injecting said liquid materials by one or more processes selected from the group consisting of compaction with a screw conveyor, compaction with a piston, and phase change from solid to a more voluminous liquid.

[00199] In another embodiment, there is provided a process of operating means of an internal combustion engine, during which liquid fuel is introduced into said engine at time intervals controlled by valve means closed in the resting position, driven by means of mechanical movement, said process being carried out with a frequency of equivalent to the unit of energy in the specified engine, and the specified introduction of fuel is controllable in order to perform tasks selected from the group including a simple engine power generation, superior downtime and full-scale energy production. According to another aspect of this embodiment, said valve means are controlled by means selected from the group consisting of electromagnetic means which are acted upon before said actuator by means of mechanical movement, electromagnetic means which are acted upon by said means of mechanical movement during said actuator said drive by electromotive means, said electromotive means being selected from the group comprising an electromagnetic solenoid, a piezo The electrical device and a device with magnetic fluid. According to another aspect of this embodiment, said valve means are driven by said mechanical means provided with process means selected from the group comprising rotating cam means coupled to mechanical pusher means to substantially separate said valve means from said cam means, wherein said rotating means the cam is connected to the rocker arms leading said valve means closed at rest baking substantial separation of said valve means from said cam means. According to another aspect of this embodiment, said fuel is injected into sections and according to conditions selected from the group comprising combustion chamber means after said combustion chamber means have been closed in preparation for combustion, said combustion chamber means at the point where ignition occurs at using means of spark ignition, said means of the combustion chamber at the point where ignition occurs by means of catalytic ignition, said means of the combustion chamber at the point where dit ignition using thermal ignition means, and a portion of selected points in order to use said fuel to form a reinforced oxidant gas flow into said combustion chamber means.

[00200] In another embodiment, there is provided a process for operating an internal combustion engine in which liquid fuel is introduced into the combustion chamber of said engine using means distributing said fuel into sections inside a gaseous oxidizing agent in order to fulfill conditions selected from the following group: distribution of said fuel within said oxidizing agent present in amounts exceeding amounts capable of chemically binding to said fuel, the distribution of said fuel in the inside of said oxidizing agent in order to complete the combustion of said fuel in said oxidizing agent before said fuel comes into contact with any solid surface defining said combustion chamber in addition to said means of introducing fuel and distributing said means of introducing fuel into asymmetric sections inside specified combustion chamber.

[00201] In another embodiment, a countercurrent heat exchange system is provided between the hydrogen donor and the dissociation products of said hydrogen donor. According to another aspect of this embodiment, dissociation is carried out using heat obtained from a group of sources consisting of trapped solar heat, heat of combustion, heat of the geological formation and reflected heat from a non-combustible source.

[00202] In another embodiment, a recovery system is provided, comprising: the release of carbon or hydrogen from a carbon or hydrogen donor compound, said hydrogen being used for various purposes in one or more local subsystems, or at a considerable distance after a single or multiple intermediate storage in one or more geological formations. According to another aspect of this embodiment, said hydrogen provides expansion in one or more expansion means, and then can be used in a fuel cell or for combustion in means selected from the group consisting of an internal combustion engine, an external combustion engine, a steam cycle heat engine, and in facilities for combined heat and power applications.

[00203] In another embodiment, a hydrogen evolution system is provided, comprising: catalytic evolution of hydrogen from substances produced by the action of microorganisms on biomass. According to another aspect of this embodiment, said catalyst is organic. Another aspect of this embodiment includes a pulse selected from the group consisting of radioactive, vibrational, electromotive and magnetic force used in conjunction with said catalyst.

[00204] In another embodiment, an energy conversion apparatus is provided comprising the elements described in the present disclosure, including features related to ascending and descending draft, wells, geological formations, pipelines, catchment groups, and polymer material. According to another aspect of this embodiment, said installation is capable of operating in various microclimatic zones; said zones also include subzones; and these subzones include unique temperature, humidity, natural resources, or energy transfer characteristics that can be controlled to do the job.

[00205] In another embodiment, an engine system for sustainable economic development is provided, including: a method of performing economic incentives that increase productivity; a way to eliminate negative incentives that reduce productivity; a way to create jobs in the fields of crop production, industrial production, energy, information technology and energy; and a method for implementing a macroeconomic sustainability algorithm; farms within the (man-made) microclimate of human settlements (cities with sustainable development; farm equipment derived from carbon emissions; and health benefits.

[00206] In another embodiment, an agricultural production process is provided, comprising: a method of increasing yield by reducing the cost of energy used to produce the crop; a way to reduce the need for fertilizers by returning trace elements to the soil; A method of fertilizing crops with algae; water use system; power generation and supply system; CO ₂ to increase crop yields; microclimate growing system, which can be isolated if necessary or provide controlled access to the environment in order to add air (upward / downward draft) or precipitation; a macro food production system for collecting agricultural debris (stalks, straw) and converting it into carbon or hydrogen.

[00207] In another embodiment, a fish breeding system is provided, comprising: a method of providing nutrients, oxygen and clean water to maintain fish breeding; temperature monitoring and control system to maintain the environment; and a system for isolating protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals from biomass or liquid mass as food for fish.

[00208] In another embodiment, a system for breeding poultry, pigs, cows (livestock), including: a system for raising animals in a controlled environment; a system for growing feed crops devoid of pesticides or fertilizers; and a water management system for treating water by releasing hydrogen from acid rain and other sources of acidified water, including water brought to an acidified state by reducing agents, a system for using drip irrigation of crops.

[00209] In another embodiment, a water management system is provided, including: a water treatment system, a method for neutralizing and purifying acid rain; the method of hydrogen evolution from acid rain; a system for using drip piping for watering crops.

[00210] According to another aspect, a method of sustainable economic development includes means for converting solar, wind, moving water resources, organic or geothermal resources into electricity, hydrogen, hydrogen-containing compounds or carbon-containing compounds, said hydrogen being used for the manufacture of durable goods, equipment to provide the specified conversion or means of components for transportation. The method may also include means for adding, storing and distributing said hydrogen or said hydrogen-containing compounds or said carbon-containing compounds by means of a pipeline for natural gas, as well as storing said hydrogen or said hydrogen-containing compounds or said carbon-containing compounds in oil geological formations or in other geological means formations. The method may also include means for removing, adding, storing and distributing substances from said means of the petroleum geological formation or other means of the geological formation together with said hydrogen or said hydrogen-containing compounds or said carbon-containing compounds. According to another aspect, the method may also include means for removing heat from said means of the petroleum geological formation or other means of the geological formation together with said hydrogen or said hydrogen-containing compounds or said carbon-containing compounds. According to another aspect, the method may also include means for converting said heat from said means of the petroleum geological formation or other means of the geological formation into moving work. The method may also include means for combining the conversion of solar, wind, moving water resources, organic or geothermal resources, hydrogen, hydrogen-containing compounds or compounds with the conversion of said heat from said means of an oil geological formation or other means of a geological formation into moving work. The method may also include means for converting said solar energy into biomass means selected from the group consisting of power means, fiber means, fuel means and raw material means for industrial means.

[00211] In the following embodiments, an electrolyzer used in the above embodiments is disclosed.

[00212] In one embodiment of the present invention, an electrolytic cell is provided comprising a sealed enclosure; first electrode; second electrode; an electric current source electrically connected to the first electrode and the second electrode; an electrolyte in water communication with the first electrode and the second electrode; gas, the gas being formed during electrolysis on or near the first electrode; and a separator; moreover, the separator contains a sloping surface directing the flow of electrolyte and gas due to the difference between the density of the electrolyte and the total density of the electrolyte and gas, with the result that the gas essentially flows in the distal direction to the second electrode.

[00213] In another embodiment, an electrolytic cell is provided comprising a sealed enclosure; first electrode; second electrode; an electric current source electrically connected to the first electrode and the second electrode; an electrolyte in water communication with the first electrode and the second electrode; gas, the gas being formed during electrolysis on or near the first electrode; gas evolution section; and a separator, the separator comprising two inclined planes in the shape of the letter V; moreover, the separator directs the flow of electrolyte and gas due to the difference between the density of the electrolyte and the total density of the electrolyte and gas, as a result of which the gas essentially flows in the distal direction to the second electrode, and the separator is also configured to facilitate circulation of the electrolyte between the first electrode, the gas evolution section and a second electrode to provide the first electrode and the second electrode with fresh electrolyte.

[00214] In yet another embodiment, an electrolytic cell is provided comprising a sealed enclosure; first electrode; second electrode; an electric current source electrically connected to the first electrode and the second electrode; an electrolyte in water communication with the first electrode and the second electrode; gas, the gas being formed during electrolysis on or near the first electrode; and a separator; moreover, the separator contains a sloping surface directing the flow of electrolyte and gas due to the difference between the density of the electrolyte and the total density of the electrolyte and gas, with the result that the gas essentially flows in the distal direction to the second electrode.

[00215] In another embodiment, an electrolytic cell and method for using it are provided. The electrolytic cell can be used to perform many tasks, but in this embodiment, its use for producing hydrogen and oxygen is described. The electrolytic cell according to the present embodiment provides a reversible divided production of hydrogen and oxygen under pressure and allows the presence of impurities and work products. The embodiment also provides an embodiment of the electrolysis process, comprising the steps of supplying a dissociable substance injected to a much lesser extent than is desirable for compact storage, applying an electromotive force between the electrodes to produce liquid products having a lower density than the dissociable substance, and limiting expansion of less dense liquid products until the pressure value desired for compact storage is reached. This and other embodiments can increase energy efficiency in residential buildings, such as residential buildings, restaurants, hotels, hospitals, canneries and other commercial buildings, by using heat engines or fuel cells, and are also able to use heat from these sources for cooking food, disinfecting water and delivering heat to other substances, providing air heating or accelerating anaerobic or electricity-induced fuel emissions for the specified x engines or fuel cells. In addition, it will be apparent to a person skilled in the art that aspects of the described embodiments can be applied to other types of electrochemical cells with similar advantages.

[00216] Unlike conventional electrochemical electrodes, which are largely dependent on the relatively slow diffusion, convection, and concentration gradient processes to provide mass transfer and / or ion delivery to produce the desired components, this embodiment provides a more efficient mass transfer, including fast processes ion recovery and delivery to the desired electrodes by pumping low density gases exiting a denser liquid medium, as described in the present disclosure. This allows for higher electrical efficiency, faster dissociation and higher separation efficiency, as well as to prevent unwanted side reactions. Increasing the speed and efficiency of obtaining ions and delivery to the electrodes can increase the efficiency of the system and the existing restriction on the electrode zone.

[00217] FIG. 1B shows an electrolytic cell 2b in which a container 4b, such as a metal tube serving as an airtight shell, is housed. If desired, the container 4b may also serve as an electrode, as shown in FIG. 1B. A porous electrode, such as a cylindrical conductive electrode 8b of a wire mesh, is coaxial and separated from the tubular electrode 4b by an electrolytic volume of liquid, such as an acid or a base. The liquid electrolyte occupies the interior of the container 4b to the liquid-gas boundary in the insulator 24b. A layer of galvanized, plasma-sprayed or surfaced electrode material on a dielectric sleeve or a conductive cylindrical inner electrode 4b '(not shown) can be performed inside the container 4b, acting as an electrically separated unit element to ensure easy replacement during maintenance, or to act as one of several segmented electrode elements to provide optional polarity, and / or in serial, parallel or series-parallel connections neniya. In the present reversible embodiment, for electrolysis of water, electrode 8b can be considered an electron source or cathode, since hydrogen is released at electrode 8b, and electrode 4b can be considered an anode, since oxygen is released at electrode 4b. The container 4b may be configured to discharge. The injection of the contents of the container 4b is limited by airtight lids 30b and 46b. Support, electrical insulation and stabilization of components, including electrode 8b, gas separator 10b and electrical connection 32b, is provided by dielectric insulators 20b and 24b, as shown in the drawing. The injection of the electrolytic cell 2b can be performed by a self-injection method due to the production of gas or gases during electrolysis, by means of an external source, such as a pump, or by any combination of these methods.

[00218] The separator 10b is made liquid permeable, but in such a way as to substantially prevent gas flow or transport from the cathode side of the separator to the anode side of the separator and vice versa, including essentially preventing the flow of gas dissolved in the electrolyte, or after the formation of gas bubbles. Optionally, the electrode 8b can be configured to operate as a separator 10b, so that a separate separator is not required. In another embodiment, the separator 10b may comprise an electrode 8b, or the electrode 8b may comprise a separator 10b. In addition, the separator 10b may also comprise an anode electrode 4b, or the anode electrode 4b may comprise a separator 10b.

[00219] The insulator 24b has the shape shown in the drawing and is necessary for the separation, collection and / or evolution of gases obtained by electrodes such as 4b and 8b, including use in combination with the separator 10b. Having the concentric cylindrical shape shown in the drawing, the insulator 14b comprises a central conical recess in which the gases released on the electrode 8b are collected. An annular zone collecting gases released from the surfaces of the electrode 4b 'or from within the container electrode 4b concentrically surrounds said central recess.

[00220] Optionally, the catalytic filter 48b can be placed in the upper collection channel 24b, as shown in the drawing. Oxygen that manages to achieve catalytic filter 48b, including movement by crossing separator 10b, can be catalytically drawn into the process of water formation by reaction with hydrogen, which can then be returned to the electrolyte. Vast excess hydrogen can serve as a heat sink in order to prevent the influence of the heat released during said catalytic reaction on the electrolytic cell. Purified hydrogen enters the coupling 26b, as shown in the drawing. Similarly, it may be preferable to perform a catalytic filter 49b on the upper portion of the oxygen collecting ring, as shown in the drawing, to convert hydrogen reaching the oxygen ring to water. Oxygen is removed using the sleeve 22b, as shown in the drawing. In another embodiment, the catalytic filters can be placed on the couplings 22b and 26b, near or inside them.

[00221] As an example of the operation of the device, if the substance to be dissociated into hydrogen and oxygen is water, a suitable electrolyte is prepared, such as an aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate, sodium alkali, potassium hydroxide or sulfuric acid, and maintained at the desired level displayed using a liquid sensing sensor 50b and a signal controller 52b controlling a pump 40b to add water from a suitable source, such as reservoir 42b, which is required to obtain or maintain the desired about volume or pressure. Thus, the controller 52b responds to the temperature or data of the pressure monitoring sensor 58b, which can be implemented as a unit with the liquid level sensor 50b or the liquid volume sensor 51b, and controls the pumps 36b and 40b, as well as the heat exchanger 56b, which may contain a pump to circulate a system such as a radiator or heater (not shown), to receive or deliver energy. Similarly, in conjunction with these operations, a heating or cooling fan may be used in order to improve the quality of the reception or removal of heat from sources associated with the electrolytic cell 2b.

[00222] In some embodiments, in which the electrolytic cell 2b is used cyclically, for example when excess electricity is inexpensive and not required for other purposes, the electrolytic cell 2b can operate with significant changes in the volume of water. In a situation where excess electricity is unavailable or turned off, hydrogen and oxygen can be removed from container 4b, and the system can be allowed to return to atmospheric pressure. Then you can add water at atmospheric pressure, fully loading the system, and this water may occupy a large annular volume around the circumference of the insulator 24b, which may be desirable to accelerate such cyclic filling under low pressure and perform electrolysis to deliver hydrogen or oxygen at the desired high pressure, necessary to provide pressure or chemical energy in order to carry out transformations, ensure compact storage, and ensure quick transfer to cars, instr omens or receiving devices.

[00223] After applying current and generating volumetric gas reserves of hydrogen and oxygen from a much smaller volume of water, the system can be pumped as desired, and it remains compressed until the volume of water in the solution is depleted to the values detected by sensors 50b or 51b, which allows the controller 52b to either interrupt the electrolysis cycle or add water via the charge pump 40b from the reservoir 42b, as shown in the drawing. It may be preferable to add water through a valve, such as a shut-off valve 44b, as shown in the drawing, to provide multiple functions or maintenance of the pump 40b, as the situation requires.

[00224] Referring to FIGS. 1B, 2B and 3B, FIG. 2B shows one embodiment of the separator 10b shown in FIG. 1B, in which the separator comprises two inclined surfaces in the shape of the letter V. If the electrolyte is aqueous, the electrons are added to a porous electrode 8b, such as a twisted-wire cylinder, by connecting 32b, and is removed from the container 4b by means of an electrical connection 6b to provide continuous conversion of hydrogen ions to hydrogen atoms and then to diatomic molecules that can form gas bubbles on ektrode 8b or close to it. Bubbles of hydrogen and oxygen usually have a much lower density than aqueous electrolytes, and because of this, float up. Hydrogen bubbles also float up and separate from hydrogen due to the geometrical shape of the coaxial separator 10b, as shown in enlarged sectional view in FIG. 2B. The configuration shown in FIG. 2B can be used for any tasks in which it is desirable to have a gas stream obtained during operation of the electrolytic cell 2b. In addition, the specified configuration of the separator can be used in other configurations of the electrolytic cell, known from the prior art. In another embodiment, if the materials obtained during electrolysis have a higher density than the electrolyte, the separator 10b may be inverted, in the form of the letter Λ. Similarly, if one material formed on the cathode during electrolysis has a lower density than the electrolyte, and another material formed on the anode has a higher density than the electrolyte, separator 10b may consist of beveled shapes ("/" or "\ ") to divert less dense material from more dense material.

[00225] The mixing of hydrogen with oxygen released from 4b 'or inside the container 4b is prevented by a water-permeable barrier, a separator 10b that efficiently separates gases by reflection from surfaces 12b' and 14b that are tilted, preventing the entry, flow or transfer of hydrogen and oxygen as shown in the drawing. In another embodiment, the separator 10b may comprise a spiral made of an electrically insulated conductor or an inert dielectric material, such as 30% ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene-filled glass, and the cross section of the spiral material tape is configured in the form of the letter V, as shown in the drawing, which allows her to play the role of electrical insulation and gas separator.

[00226] Fluid transfer channels can be enlarged as desired to meet fluid circulation and distribution requirements, by crimping the strip in separate sections or completely, especially on each edge, to obtain a gap between each layer of the spiral, or in another embodiment on a stack disks forming the section shown in FIG. 2B in the form of enlarged corrugated portions, as shown in section 13b. In general, it is preferred that each of said corrugated portions is wavy around a correspondingly inclined radial axis, more or less as shown with respect to the axis 15b and 15b ′. This makes it possible to carry out a generally liquid-permeable but gas barrier barrier wall of the separator 10b, said wall being made with a desired thickness, for example about 0.2 mm (0.008 in) or thinner.

[00227] The separator 10b may be of any suitable size, including extremely small sizes, with respect to surface energy conditions, sufficient to allow the liquid electrolyte to move toward or away from the electrode 8b, but not allowing the gases to flow due to floating up gas. In an alternative embodiment, applicable, for example, in relatively small fuel cells and electrolyzers, several flattened threads are made through small gaps, the cross-section of which is shown in FIG. 2B, said threads being sewn or adjacent to threads providing virtually open fluid access, and located mainly in the vertical direction on one or both sides of the threads, made in the form of the letter V. This allows you to perform a generally transmissive liquid, but which is a barrier to aza, the wall thickness of the separator 10b, and the specified wall is made with a thickness of about 0.1 mm (0.004 inch) or thinner.

[00228] Due to the upward upward movement, the gas bubbles reflected from the inclined surfaces 12b and 14b are reflected from them. This eliminated the problems and difficulties in implementing approaches known from the prior art, leading to inefficient operation due to one or more factors, such as electrical resistance, pollution, stagnation, corrosion and loss of polarization. Moreover, many configurations are able to promote the circulation of electrolyte in concentric layers due to the injection effect of pop-up bubbles, forming an electrolyte current upward, and when gas or gases exit the surface of the liquid, it is relatively free of gas and a denser electrolyte flows to the bottom and replaces a less dense electrolyte mixed with bubbles or containing dissolved gas. The heat exchanger 56b can be used as necessary to add or remove heat from the electrolyte circulating from the top of the container 4b to its bottom, as shown in the drawing. Pump 36b may be used as necessary to increase the circulation rate of the electrolyte, or in conjunction with pump 40b to add additional water.

[00229] In some embodiments, denser streams are used, including systems characterized by the rapid addition of organic material. In such embodiments, it may be preferable to circulate the electrolyte through the pump 36b, returning the relatively gas-free electrolyte through the sleeve 28b through line 34b to the pump 36b, returning it to the container 4b through line 38b through the sleeve 16b, as shown in the drawing. It may be preferable to introduce the return electrolyte through the sleeve 16b at an angle, providing vortex delivery, whereby the electrolyte continues to swirl and thereby synergistically improve separation, including the operation of the separator 10b, which can be used as described above. Depending on the pressure during operation, hydrogen has a density and a lift of about 14 times less than oxygen, and can easily be directed upward at a higher speed using a separator 10b for pressure collection through the filter 18b on the coupling 26b. At a very high flux density, as well as in cases where the electrolytic cell 2b is tilted or subjected to inertia, which is possible during transportation, the electrolyte travel speed is increased by pump 36b to improve the vortex separation and thereby prevent mixing of the gases obtained at anode, with gases produced at the cathode.

[00230] Some embodiments of a non-conductive liquid-passing gas barrier, including separator 10b, allow the production of significantly less expensive and much more reliable and efficient reversible electrolysis cells than was possible using known approaches, including approaches that depend on proton-exchange membranes to separate such gases like hydrogen and oxygen. According to one aspect, the separator 10b may be adapted to accelerate the flow of electrolyte during electrolysis. For example, the separator 10b may be configured to facilitate a spiral ion current in the liquid volume of an electrolyte moving upward from port 16b to port 28b. This allows you to ensure the operation of the apparatus, in which each section of the electrodes receives ions of reduced density, which is necessary to ensure maximum electrical efficiency. Such washing of the electrodes is also able to quickly remove hydrogen and oxygen bubbles as they form on the corresponding electrodes of the electrochemical cell.

[00231] FIG. 3B is an end view of portions of component sheets or spiral strips according to another aspect of the separator 10b for providing electrical insulation of adjacent electrodes, including a flat plate and concentric electrode structures, while achieving separation of the types of gas as described above. In the aggregate 11b, the sheets 12b 'and 14b' form a cross section resembling and functionally repeating the section of the separator 10b. A flat conductive or non-conductive polymer sheet 12b ′ is made with a plurality of small holes in parallel midlines inclined to form significant angles, such as shown as a first angle 15b from about 35 ° to 70 °, relative to the long axis of the sheet 12b ′, as shown in drawing. The polymer sheet 14b 'is likewise made with a plurality of small holes in parallel center lines that are substantially inclined, as shown by a second angle 15b' from about 35 ° to 70 °, relative to the long axis of the sheet 14b ', as shown in the drawing.

[00232] In other embodiments, angles 15b and 15b 'may vary depending on the material being separated during electrolysis. For example, angles may be directed downward to electrolyze compounds that do not have a gas component or have only one gas component. If a compound, such as Al ₂ O ₃ , is dissociated by electrolysis in a cryolite-alumina electrolyte to produce aluminum and oxygen, the aluminum is denser than the cryolite-alumina electrolyte, and the aluminum-emitting cathode or corresponding separator will be made (for example, with downward direction corners) with the ability to send aluminum down and in the direction from the oxygen going up.

[00233] Many of these small holes with diameters from about 1/12 to 1/3 of the sheet thickness can be easily made in sheets 12b 'and 14b' by suitable techniques, including laser stitching, hot needle stitching, or by high-speed particle piercing. Sheets 12b 'and 14b' have a thickness of from about 0.025 to 0.25 mm (0.001 to 0.10 in.) And can be fastened by welding or other joining, connected by a thread, joined using elastic bands or using one or more turns of conductive or non-conductive wire in its final outer diameter, forming an aggregate with an electrode 8b. Sheets 12b 'and 14b' can also be discretely or completely connected to each other by adhesive or by heat fusion or fusion using a solvent. Thus, at points where the inclined openings of the sheet 12b 'coincide with the openings of the sheet 14b', channels are formed that allow liquids and / or electrolyte to pass through them, while not allowing gas to pass through the gas barrier membrane thus obtained. Referring to FIGS. 1B and 4B, the tubular structures of the assembled sheets of the gas barrier can be made with the appropriate diameter for embodiments 2b or 100b by sticking together or welding the butt weld, or by forming an overlapping weld that acts as a separating gas barrier.

[00234] A variety of electrolytes are suitable for electrolysis of water. In one embodiment, potassium hydroxide with low carbon steel may be used for the sealed sheath 4b. A long service life with enhanced corrosion resistance can be achieved with a nickel-plated cylinder 4b or by using a suitable stainless steel alloy. According to other aspects, increased tightness of the shell can be obtained by coating the cylinder 4b with a high-strength casing made of a material such as glass, ceramic or carbon fiber, or a combination of these materials.

[00235] Depending on the particular application and strength requirements for insulation of the separators 20b and 24b, it may be preferable to use approximately 30% glass-filled ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene. The electrode 8b may be made of twisted nickel wire or type 316 stainless steel wire. The separator 10b may be made of a strip filled with glass of about 30% ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene.

[00236] In another embodiment, it is also contemplated to use a controlled application of electricity to produce methane or hydrogen separately or in preferred mixtures of organic electrolytes. According to some aspects, the present embodiment may work in conjunction with the embodiments of the co-pending patent application, including application No. 09/969860, incorporated herein by reference. The processes of anaerobic processing of organic materials, which usually produce methane, can be controlled, resulting in an electrolyte that produces hydrogen at a significantly lower voltage or with a decrease in the operating time of a pulse-width modulated work cycle, as well as the total energy required for dissociation of water.

[00237] The acidity or pH of an organic solution obtained by microbial processing can be maintained by naturally interacting with bicarbonate buffer. Bicarbonate buffer may be accompanied by a side emission of carbon dioxide during processing. The process can be generalized to the various stages of the processes of anaerobic processing of organic compounds and expressed as an example of the processing of simple carbohydrate or glucose, which may include many competing and interacting stages of the process, such as:

C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ + (anaerobic acid-forming bacteria, optional bacteria) → CH ₃ COOH Equation 1 CH ₃ COOH + NH ₄ HC ₆ O ₃ → CH ₃ COONH ₄ + H ₂ O + CO ₂ Equation 2 3CH ₃ COONH ₄ + 3H ₂ O (bacteria) → 3CH ₄ + 3NH ₄ HCO ₃ Equation 3

[00238] In cases where methane is desired to be obtained from such solutions, a pH of about 7.0 may be required. At atmospheric pressure, a pH of about 7.0 and a temperature of 35-37 ° C (99 ° F), methanogenesis predominantly occurs. In most cases, ordinary wastewater contains biological wastes, including both macro- and micronutrients, which are necessary for organisms that carry out methanogenesis. Maintaining relatively high concentrations of dissolved and distributed hydrogen or polysaccharides present in the anaerobic bioreactor can have a negative effect on the work of methane-forming microorganisms.

[00239] According to another aspect, an increase in the production of valuable fuel from organic substances can be achieved by applying an electric field to dissociate substances such as acetic acid (CH ₃ COOH) from bacterial decomposition of glucose and other organic compounds, as well as other acid-forming processes in which hydrogen ions are released.

CH ₃ COOH → CH ₃ COO ^- + H ⁺ Equation 4

[00240] Hydrogen ions are transferred or delivered to a negatively charged electrode and receive electrons, forming hydrogen gas.

2H ⁺ + 2e ^- → H ₂ Equation 5

[00241] Two electrons are provided by a negatively charged electrode. At the other electrode, the electrochemical reaction involves the oxidation of an acetate ion to carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions, as shown in equation 6.

CH ₃ COO ^- + 2H ₂ O → 2CO ₂ + 7H ⁺ + electrons Equation 6

[00242] In this reaction on the electrode, acetate ions lose electrons, then react with water and decompose into carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions. Carbon dioxide saturates the solution and is discharged across the boundary of the liquid solution, as described in previous embodiments. Hydrogen ions circulate and / or move until they receive electrons from the opposite electrode, resulting in the formation of hydrogen atoms and then diatomic molecules, as shown in equation 5, to separate the joint collection in such systems. Separate collection is a great advantage, for example, separate collection to form injection or at high pressure as a result of pumping liquid instead of compressing gas, is especially effective and significantly reduces the amount of basic equipment usually needed for separation and subsequent mechanical compression of the resulting hydrogen, methane or carbon dioxide.

[00243] The decomposition by anaerobic processing of compounds such as acetic acid to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide requires a significantly lower amount of energy than electrolysis of water, partly due to the fact that hydrogen ions and exothermic energy are formed as a result of the processing reactions. Starting and maintaining the exothermic decomposition of acids, such as acetic acid, can be achieved with less stress, or by periodic or irregular electrolysis instead of the constant electrolysis usually required for the decomposition of water. The free energy of water formation at room temperature is significantly high (at least 1 kW / h = 3.412 BTU of hydrogen evolved) compared to the electrolysis of substances and acids of a bioreactor, such as urea and acetic acid, to hydrogen and carbon dioxide, which requires relatively minimal activation and / or catalytic effects, especially with organic catalysts. Accordingly, selected catalysts, including modifications of skeletal nickel hydrogenation catalysts, nickel, tin and aluminum alloys, selected platinum group metals, platinum-nickel and other surface single crystal platinum transition metal alloys, as well as various organic catalysts used in conjunction with the electrode systems described in the present disclosure, further increase the speed and / or efficiency of hydrogen production.

[00244] According to another aspect, it may be preferable to use a plurality of elements of the pairs of electrodes connected to switch in series, parallel or series-parallel in order to ensure that the voltage required for dissociation in the series connection of the available current strength and source voltage, as shown in figv. According to one aspect of this embodiment, approximately 0.2 to 2 volts may be required for each cell, depending on the aqueous electrolyte selected or biochemically obtained from organic substances, and a typical 6-volt photoelectric source may contain from 3 to 30 cells in series and an industrial 220-volt source may contain from about 100 to 1000 consecutive electrode elements. The resulting gases can be easily delivered via parallel or series connection. Depending on the desired variability, when adjusting the number of parallel and / or serial connections, the flow control and control element 18b may be made of a selected insulating or non-insulating material.

[00245] At various flux densities, including medium and low flux densities, it may be preferable to allow bubbles forming to allow electrolyte to float up to prevent ion depletion and stagnation. At startup or at higher flux densities, a pump 36b and a heat exchanger 56b can be used to provide the desired operating temperature and to supply ion-rich electrolyte to the surface of the electrodes. This allows for a high rate of energy conversion, and energy, such as electricity not generated at maximum, obtained from solar, wind, falling water resources or wave resources, is used to quickly and efficiently produce compressed reserves of oxygen and hydrogen or hydrogen and carbon dioxide or hydrogen and methane along with carbon dioxide for separate storage and use.

[00246] According to one aspect of this embodiment, the problem of self-healing braking of cars or slowing down the operation of power plants, in which the sharp peaks of a large amount of energy must be quickly converted into the potential of chemical fuel, is solved. A conventional fuel cell of a truck, bus or train is not able to withstand the high flux density sharply applied to the electrodes of the fuel cell. This embodiment allows to eliminate this limitation and provides a very reliable level of resistance to high current conditions, while at the same time achieving high electrolysis efficiency without the problems associated with the destruction of the PEM or electrode boundary and inherent in PEM fuel cells. By providing a robust design and a huge number of cooling possibilities, high current operation is easily ensured. On the other hand, the present embodiment is easy to start, and it works effectively in extremely cold or hot conditions without any difficulties, limitations and breakdowns associated with PEM.

[00247] According to another aspect, in order to obtain a significantly higher yield compared to investments in energy conversion systems such as hydroelectric power stations, a wind power station, a wave generator system or standard power plants, an embodiment allows the fast and efficient conversion of off-peak electricity to hydrogen and oxygen by dissociation of water, or into hydrogen and carbon dioxide by dissociation of substances produced through anaerobic processing or decomposition of organic matter. The compact version of the embodiment can take up no more space than a washing machine, and convert off-peak electricity that would otherwise be lost into enough hydrogen to provide energy for two family cars, as well as cover home energy requirements.

[00248] As noted above, some of the disclosed embodiments provide more efficient mass transfer, including processes for rapidly recovering ions and delivering to desired electrodes by forcing low-density gases exiting a denser liquid medium. This allows for higher electrical efficiency, faster dissociation and higher separation efficiency, as well as to prevent unwanted side reactions. Increasing the speed and efficiency of obtaining ions and delivery to the electrodes can increase the efficiency of the system and the existing restriction on the electrode zone. For applications in which organic substances are converted to carbon dioxide and hydrogen or methane, the following advantages are especially useful: increased rate of delivery of organic substances to the microorganisms involved in the process, dilution and delivery of diluted microorganisms in order to increase and self-repair the biofilm environment, faster separation of the resulting gases and the delivery of organic substances, coupled with a more efficient delivery of intermediate ions to the electrodes.

[00249] FIG. 4B shows another embodiment, an electrolytic cell 100b, which is particularly useful for applications in which it is undesirable to apply voltage or conduct current through the inner walls of the sealed enclosure 102b. This embodiment also makes it possible to accelerate the series connections of bipolar or multi-electrode arrays or cells, such as 110b and 114b, inside the electrolytic cell 100b in order to facilitate gas collection and meet voltage compliance requirements.

[00250] According to one aspect, in which the sealed sheath 102b is cylindrical and the components inside it are concentric, the electrode assemblies 110b and 114b can be made of several nested components in the form of truncated cones, or one or both of the electrodes can be made in the form of a spiral electrode, as described above. The electrodes 110b and 114b may have the same, similar, or different configuration. According to another aspect, electrode 114b may be assembled from truncated cones in nested sections, or may be a spiral electrode continuously surrounding electrode 110b.

[00251] The electrical separation of the electrodes 110b and 114b to prevent short circuits can be performed in various ways, including controlled tolerances of working sizes and / or the use of dielectric filaments or fibers placed between the electrodes 110b and 114b, and / or the use of another type of separator 10b or 111b described with reference to figv and 5B.

[00252] The electrolytic cell 100b may be under pressure. The pressure is maintained by the upper and lower covers 104b and 106b, as shown in the drawing. Insulators 120b and 122b are supported by covers 104b and 106b, as shown. The components of the circuit and equipment for electrical and fluid connections are given as an example and can be performed by penetrating through the caps 104b and 106b as necessary to achieve specific goals in use.

[00253] In the present embodiment, both electrodes 110b and 114b are formed to form inclined surfaces directing the resulting substance, such as gas, to the respective collection zones, as shown in the drawing. As an example, if water from a suitable electrolyte is subjected to dissociation, the electrode 110b may receive electrons supplied through a connection 108b insulated in the cap 106b using a plug 132b. Thus, electrons come from the electrode 114b through the plug 130b, which provides isolation of the contact 124, while a gas, such as carbon dioxide or hydrogen, is released on the electrode 114b.

[00254] These gases thus tend to move upward due to buoyancy forces and move more or less upward, delivered by electrode 114b and along the inner wall of container 102b. Hydrogen moves upward, delivered by electrode 110b, and inside a central core made of multiple turns or conical layers of electrode 110b, and is collected, as shown in the drawing, on insulator 120b. Purified hydrogen at the desired pressure is delivered via a pressure coupling 116b. Catalytic filter 134b can be used to convert any oxidizing agent, such as hydrogen, reaching the central core, to water. A similar catalytic filter material can be used to produce water from any hydrogen reaching the external collection ring in insulator 120b, as shown in the drawing. Compressed filtered oxygen is delivered via pressure coupling 118b.

[00255] Optionally, to increase the efficiency of the electrolytic cell 100b, one or more gas collection vessels (not shown) may be in fluid connection with the electrolytic cell 100b for collecting gas obtained during electrolysis. The vessel for collecting gas can be made in such a way that it captures the gas under increased pressure until significant expansion of the gas. The gas collection vessel may also be configured to pick up gas expansion work in accordance with methods known in the art. In another embodiment, the gas collection vessel may be configured to provide gas under pressure for storage, transportation, and use in cases where it is desirable that the gas be delivered under increased pressure. It is also contemplated that this aspect may be embodied in various electrochemical cells.

[00256] Referring to FIG. 2B, according to another aspect, a gas expander may be provided on, adjacent to or within the sleeve 22b, the sleeve 26b, or the gas collection vessel in fluid communication with the sleeve 22b or sleeve 26b. Similarly, referring to FIG. 4B, a gas expander may be provided on, adjacent to or within the sleeve 116b, the sleeve 118b or a gas collection vessel in fluid communication with the sleeve 116b or the sleeve 118b.

[00257] According to another aspect, there is provided a method and apparatus for electrolysis, allowing to pump liquid, connected to a device for receiving work from the specified pumped liquid. The liquid may be an injection liquid, a gas, vapor, or gas absorbed by the liquid. Conversion of the injected fluid into steam or gas can take place before or after the passage of the coupling 116b, and the device for converting pressure and flow from these couplings can be selected from the group including a turbine, generator, rotary vane motor or various piston engines, or an engine consuming air and introducing injection hydrogen from 116b. Similarly, the conversion of the injected fluid into steam or gas can take place before or after the passage of the coupling 118b, and the device for converting pressure and flow from these couplings can be selected from the group including a turbine, generator, a hydraulic motor or various reciprocating engines, or an engine expanding and / or burning injection fluid, such as oxygen from 118b.

[00258] According to another aspect, an apparatus and method for solving the problem of high cost and power loss of a transformer and rectifier circuit are provided. The above is accomplished by adjusting the alignment of the load voltage and the source voltage by sequentially connecting the electrode elements or electrodes inside the element, for example, connecting the negative polarity of the DC source with the three lower turns of the electrode 110b, with the following three turns of the electrode 114b, with the following three turns of the electrode 110b, with the next three turns of the electrode 114b, with the next three turns of the electrode 110b, etc., and also, starting from the opposite (upper) end, by soy Inonii positive terminal of the DC source with three windings electrode 114b, with the following three windings electrode 110b, with the following three windings electrode 114b, with the following three windings electrode 110b, with the following three windings electrode 114b and etc. The turns or stacks of truncated cones can be adjusted to obtain the area needed to align with the source current.

[00259] According to another aspect of this embodiment, in addition to ensuring the separation of gases obtained during electrolysis, the pumping operation developed in some embodiments of the invention provides the delivery of nutrients to microorganisms that, depending on the relative scale of the work, are in a suitable environment such as carbon cloth, activated carbon granules, expanded silica, graphite felt, coal, charcoal, fruit indentations, wood shavings, shredding ennaya paper, sawdust, and / or mixtures of these media, which are typically located inside the electrode portions 110b and / or between the portions of the electrode 114b and the container 102b. Relevant features and benefits include thermal stabilization of the system, circulation of raw materials and removal of products such as carbon dioxide, as well as the production of hydrogen from acids that can be obtained by diluting, feeding and growing such microorganisms.

[00260] At low and medium flow densities, buoyant forces caused by low density solutions and bubbles allow the electrolyte to circulate within container 102b. At a higher flux density, it is preferable to adaptively control the temperature, pressure and circulation of the electrolyte, as described above. The external circulation of the electrolyte can extend from the sleeve 126b to the sleeve 138b, as shown in the drawing, and includes situations in which one or more electrode elements connected to optional serial and / or serial-parallel circuits are placed inside the container 102b.

[00261] According to another aspect, an embodiment can be optimized for high flux densities in order to obtain comparable higher flow rates of electrolytic fluid through one or more openings or grooves 139b that direct fluid at an angle to the annular space between electrodes 110b and 114b. The electrolyte flows upward along the spiral spaces made by the electrodes and is made up by the electrolyte entering the spiral channels made 110b and 114b from the annular space between 110b and 114b. The angular momentum of the electrolyte entering the space between the electrodes 110b and 114b increases the incentive for the bubbles to rise by electrolysis products, such as hydrogen and oxygen, obtained on the electrodes 110b and 114b, respectively, and complements the indicated moment.

[00262] This electrolyte circulation is very useful for providing quick replacement of ions converted into hydrogen and oxygen atoms, or other gases, such as carbon dioxide, as the charges exchange with electrodes 110b and 114b, as well as for removing these gases to collect them when minimal loss of electrical polarization during electrolysis. Thus, high-density flows can be easily used for the efficient electrolysis of the circulating fluid. According to another aspect, additional opportunities for using high density streams are provided due to the extensive cooling capabilities of the device due to improved electrolyte circulation, which helps to prevent harmful stagnation of electrolysis products and / or phase changes, such as vapor nucleation, as well as a reduction in the effective zones of the electrodes.

[00263] According to another aspect, the electrodes 110b and 114b may have a spring shape that can operate at a resonant frequency or distorted by various stimuli, including piezoelectric drives, rotating cams, as well as bubble formation and acceleration of traction of less dense mixtures of electrolyte and bubbles while a denser volume of electrolyte is delivered to the surface of the electrodes 110b and 114b resulting in pumping. In response to distortion, the electrodes 110b and 114b vibrate at a natural or induced frequency to further eject bubbles from surfaces, including nucleation points, and thereby provide greater flux density and higher energy conversion efficiency.

[00264] The stimulated vibration of the coil spring electrodes, such as 110b and 114b, can also cause a peristaltic mechanical action to enhance the acceleration of the bubbles toward the respective collection paths and output ports of the electrolyte cell 100b. During this vibration, a cyclic increase and decrease in the average distance and angle between adjacent layers of electrode turns causes the formation of fixed or moving nodes depending on the strength and frequency of the stimulus or stimuli.

[00265] FIG. 5B shows an example cross-sectional view of a set of electrodes 110b ′ and 114b ′ for operation coupled with an electrically insulated spacer 111b between 110b ′ and 114b ′, including the selected insulator 10b shown in FIG. 2B, which includes a spiral delivery configuration flow to provide various uses and electrolytes. The assembly of the concentric electrode 110b ', spacers 111b and electrode 114b' provides a highly reliable, self-reinforcing system for efficient dissociation of liquids such as water, the liquid mass of anaerobic reactors, or seawater, with increased efficiency and resistance to pollution. The electrodes 110b 'and 114b' may be made of conductive carbon paper, fabric, or felt; woven or felt carbon and metal fibers, graphite granules placed between woven carbon or metal fibers; or sheathed metal polymers or sheet metal materials such as mild steel, nickel-plated steel or stainless steel, drilled more or less in the same way as described above, with the formation of many holes in parallel center lines, inclined, as shown in the drawing, for the corresponding separation hydrogen from associated gaseous products such as hydrogen, chlorine or carbon dioxide, depending on the chemical constituting the electrolyte.

[00266] In cases where the electrode 110b ′, the spacer 111b and the electrode 114b ′ are used in a concentric configuration of the electrodes, as shown in FIG. 4B, hydrogen is delivered to port 116b, and depending on the substance being dissociated, products such as hydrogen, chlorine or carbon dioxide are delivered to port 118b. In some cases, it is preferable to make a plurality of holes in 110b 'and 114b' such that each hole slightly expands compared to the diameter of the hole on the surface facing the strut 111b to a larger diameter on the outlet surface facing from the strut 111b.

[00267] It is preferable to choose the spiral pitch, the width between the electrodes and the thickness of the strip forming the spacer 111b for delivering electrolyte from 138b to the electrodes 110b 'and 114b', and through them to the coupling 126b so that they are comparable with the available volume of electric power and system heat transfer requirements, in order to optimize the final width space between the electrodes. This leads to the delivery of a plentiful amount of ions for electrolysis processes at the electrodes 110b 'and 114b', while ensuring the separation of hydrogen to the area inside the electrode 110b 'and the delivery of also generated gases, such as hydrogen, carbon dioxide or chlorine, into the space outside the electrode 114b '.

[00268] According to another aspect, it is possible to self-repair the system by making grooves for the gas flow in the hydrogen electrode and grooves for the gas flow in the oxygen electrode, as well as corresponding couplings for adding hydrogen to the lower part of the hydrogen electrode and adding oxygen to the lower part oxygen electrode. In this case, it may be preferable to use concentric spiral electrodes, especially in small fuel cells, where one canister unit is able to provide all energy needs.

[00269] Referring to FIG. 6B, a cross-sectional view of a spiral electrode or electrodes used in a reversible fuel cell embodiment is shown, as shown in the drawing. This approach provides improved surface to volume ratio, section modulus and column stability of electrode 114b or a similar helical version of electrode 110b. The electrode 114b is shown in cross-section with gas 152b flowing along helical grooves made by crimping the tape used to spiral and provide oxygen for the fuel cell, and during electrolysis, to deliver hydrogen to ring 136b and sleeve 118b. The same configuration works fine for electrode 110b in fuel cell and electrolysis modes for converting organic acids to carbon dioxide and hydrogen, as well as in electrolysis mode, and delivers a copious amount of gas to the desired collection ports or sources, as described above.

[00270] According to another aspect, improved electrode performance is provided by facilitating the cultivation and maintenance of microorganisms that convert aqueous derivatives of organic substances such as carboxylic, acetic, butyric and lactic acids, as well as compounds such as urea, into hydrogen. At the electrode selected to produce hydrogen ions and / or carbon dioxide output, increased microbial productivity is facilitated by the implementation of such electrode surfaces with topographic improvements that increase the effective surface area, including a high aspect ratio of fibers or antennae, which reduces the electrical resistance of the substrate electrode and helps to hold microbes and on-site biofilm coupled with the desired film substances provided through bioprocessing processes.

[00271] Although these elements are not limited in theory, it is assumed that certain features of the electrode and / or separator, such as topographic processing or enhancements, lead to turbulence, including cavitation or supercavitation, of the electrolyte at the desired point, which, at in turn, promotes nucleation at the indicated point. On the other hand, a specific configuration of the electrode and / or separator can reduce turbulence, including cavitation or supercavitation at the desired point, for example, at the electron transfer point, which, in turn, prevents nucleation at the specified point. It is contemplated that cells, including these features, may be formed at any point in the electrolytic cell at which nucleation is desired. In addition, the same features and principles can be used in a vessel for collecting gas or a similar substance in liquid connection with an electrolytic cell or in liquid connection with channels or valves between them.

[00272] Suitable fibers or antennae include metals or doped semiconductors, such as carbon, silicon, or nanoscale fibers of carbon and boron nitride, to provide increased surface area, reduced ion transport and ohmic loss, increased microbial productivity, and more efficient nucleation activation to provide more effective carbon dioxide release. These fibers can also be used to fix graphite granules, which additionally increase the productivity of microbes, providing increased efficiency of the use of enzymes and catalysts, and the useful processes of ion separation associated with the above. Similarly, on an electrode where hydrogen ions are provided by electrons to produce hydrogen atoms and to nucleate bubbles of diatomic hydrogen, fibers and antennae can be used to increase the active area and reduce the voltage required to complete the process.

[00273] In addition to the carbon antennae, it was found that fibers obtained from metals such as tin, zinc, nickel and refractory metals, deposited from steam or grown from cladding on suitable substrates, such as electrodes made of iron alloys, can reduce electrical resistance and increased process efficiency. Such fibers or antennae can be made more suitable to support the biomass and improve the process by adding conductive surfactants and / or surface cladding with suitable substances, such as carbon, boron nitride or silicon carbide, sprayed or decomposed such as a carbon donor, for example acetylene, benzene or paraffin gases, including methane, ethane, propane and butane.

[00274] The embodiment shown in FIG. 4B and its variation can provide the advantage of separating gaseous derivatives of dissociation of low density water, including the evolution of hydrogen from organic matter, as shown in Equations 1-6, for delivering hydrogen or enriched kits hydrogen mixtures to port 116b, while carbon dioxide and carbon-rich mixtures, including bound nitrogen components, are delivered to port 118b. In some applications, it may be desirable to reverse the polarity of said electrodes to reverse the separated gas delivery ports. Such reversals can be long-term or short-term to achieve various goals. Depending on the choice of the spiral pitch of the electrodes 110b and 114b and the resonant or imparted vibration frequency, as well as the relative velocity of the liquid at each electrode, hydrogen can be delivered to port 116b, but the system can operate with the inclusion of methane and carbon dioxide. However, the carbon dioxide delivered to port 118b may include methane and other gases of higher density than hydrogen. For applications where it is desirable to provide HyBoost mixtures of hydrogen and methane to provide non-throttled operation of internal combustion engines, various burners, furnaces or fuel cells, the embodiment shown in FIG. 4B works with the hydraulic and electrical control provided by pump 36b and controller 52b, facilitates the implementation of the option of obtaining and separating the desired fuel mixtures in controlled ratios of hydrogen and methane for delivery to port 116b.

[00275] An unexpected but very useful configuration for producing viable anaerobic microbial colonies providing the desired conversion of organic materials to hydrogen and / or methane is achieved by adding a medium such as colloidal carbon, carbon fibers, including nanostructures, peeled carbon crystals, graphene plates , activated carbon, zeolites, ceramics and / or boron nitride granules, into an electrochemical cell. These media can be doped or mixed with various agents to provide enhanced catalytic performance. As an example, the implementation of the desired functions can be achieved by doping selected agents having electronic structures more or less similar to boron, nitrogen, manganese, sulfur, arsenic, selenium, silicon, tellurium and / or phosphorus. The circulation caused by the gas released during the electrolysis process can facilitate the placement of such media at preferred points with the desired density for more efficient use of the charge current.

[00276] Not limited to a certain theory, as a hypothesis, we note that such synergistic results are associated with an increase in surface area in important areas, as well as with the formation of veins, sections or fibers that facilitate the nucleation and / or transfer of electrons or hydrogen ions, as well as with useful adsorption of enzymes, methane, or carbon dioxide on biofilms and in the reaction zones formed in this way. It is also noted that microbes are grown for circulation at efficiently used points during operations and current paths generated in the various described embodiments.

[00277] In addition to antennae and fibers, such as those made of carbon, graphite, various metal carbides and silicon carbide and other inorganic substances and particles that catalytically increase productivity, it is useful to use activated substances and particles to provide the desired nutrients or catalysts for promoting microbial processes. By way of example, porous and / or peeled substrates of polymers, ceramics, or activated carbon can adsorb conductive organic catalysts such as co-tetramethoxyphenylporphyrin (CoTMPP) or poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), and / or are favorably oriented in space and provide catalytic substances, including enzymes and grafted polymers, which can also be used to orient and provide catalytic substances, including additional enzymes.

[00278] Suitable materials or grafted polymers may include conventional polymers, dendrimers, fibrous materials and other functional organic materials to minimize or replace platinum and other expensive catalysts and conductors. Such substitute substances and their use include mixtures or specially selected placement points with respect to fluid circulation resulting from the use of some of the described embodiments. Various specialized conductive and / or catalytic structures include needle deposits and fibers that can be grown or attached to electrodes 4b, 8b, 110b and 114b, and / or to carbon felts or woven structures deposited on top of electrodes, or that can be introduced into developing biofilms . As an example, conductive and / or catalytic functions can be provided by fibers that retain and represent hydrogenase and other enzymes, CoTMPP and / or other catalysts, such as poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) in the form of fibers synthesized from aqueous surfactant solutions as self-organized thin-diameter nanofibers with an aspect ratio of more than 100, and provide low resistance to charge transfer. Synthesis in aqueous solutions using the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) can be adapted to obtain various configurations by changing the concentration of SDS, as well as by adding FeCl ₃ to obtain polymerized structures. (An example procedure is described by Moon Ge Khan et al., “Easy Synthesis of Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) Nanofibers from Surfactant Water Solution”, Small 2, No. 10, 1164-69 (2006), is incorporated into this application by links). Other examples include functional catalysts and nanocomposite microconductors derived from cellulosic nanofibers and semi-conductive conjugated polymers, including polyaniline (PANI) and a poly (p-phenylene ethylene) derivative (PPE) with quaternary ammonium side chains. Cellulose, carbon or ceramic tendrils with anionic surface charges can be combined with positively charged conjugated polymers to form stable dispersions that can be molded from a solution of polarized solvents such as formic acid.

[00279] the Preparation includes grafted polymers and end groups of organometallic alkoxides, as well as the use of the catalytic advantages of acetic acid and a polymer catalyst containing a COOH end group. Special functional and two-functional concert groups, as well as combinations of end groups can be used to provide multifunctional characteristics, including catalytic functions, reaction stabilizers, grafting agents and substances that contribute to the polymerization of the dispersion. Similarly, specialized activation of carbon and other substrates with hydrogen and / or enzymes obtained with anaerobic microorganisms provides a hydrogen-rich environment for enhancing or suppressing methane production, as well as enhancing the production of additional hydrogen from various organic substances.

[00280] Turning to FIGS. 1B-3B, it may be preferred if desired to provide one or more additional felts and / or woven screens of carbon fibers on the outer and inner surfaces of the cylindrical components 8b, 10b, 11b, 110b and / or 114b. These additional felts and / or woven screens can comparablely collect or distribute electrons together with electrodes 4b, 8b, 110b and / or 114b and / or separators 10b and 11b and help fix or preferably detect granules, fibers and / or other structures to reduce loss pressure or more uniform distribution of currents of the liquid mass, as well as to enhance the function of microbes in the implementation of the desired energy conversion processes.

[00281] Among the competing and interacting reactions and processes that provide the total production of hydrogen and carbon dioxide, we note the various process steps summarized in equation 8.

Carbon + 2H ₂ O → CO ₂ + 4H ⁺ +4 Electrons Equation 8

[00282] Carbon is absorbed as shown in Equation 8, including carbon, which can be supplied as an element of a carbonaceous material mixed with a mass of an anaerobic bioreactor or electrolyzer, or as a result of various production yields. By way of example, carbon may include wastes from grinding, machining, electric-discharge machining, and various thermochemical operations for the production of electrodes, electrode coatings, including lining of a tank, or particles, or fibers, or flocculants, or selected carbides through thermal dissociation and reactions, including colloidal and other suspensions as a result of varying degrees of dehydrogenation of organic substances.

[00283] Such carbon or carbon-donor feeds can be supplied in a renewable manner by bacteria, phytoplankton or larger algae receiving carbon dioxide and other nutrients from the liquid mass supplied by the circulation of carbon dioxide through hydroponic and / or soil installations. It is preferable to use similar forms of carbon with a high surface to volume ratio and provide a voltage gradient in the areas where they are delivered to drive this reaction and to deliver hydrogen ions on the surface of the electrodes, including interacting conductive media such as fibers, and conductive filter materials for producing, nucleating and releasing hydrogen bubbles in order to increase the overall hydrogen production rate.

[00284] Suitable options for increasing the surface area of active surfaces and / or flocculants include those with organic elements such as bacteria, proteins, simple and complex sugars, cellulose, thermally dissociated cellulose, living and dissociated phytoplankton, as well as various forms of colloidal carbon activated carbon and carbides. As an example, phytoplankton and / or larger algae can be grown, dried, mixed with a binder such as corn syrup, thermally dehydrogenated to varying degrees, and milled to produce finely dispersed flocculants. Alternatively, activated carbon feed may be ground to produce fine particles used as receptors for enzymes or a flocculant medium, or may be used in conjunction with the above materials to enhance the desired production or efficiency of the enzymes, to support the growth of desired microorganisms, or to increase hydrogen production or methane and / or carbon uptake to generate hydrogen ions for electrolysis, as shown in equation 8.

[00285] If desired, the periodic use of salt water or the addition of a small amount of electrolytes that convert salt to water can produce chlorine to quickly disinfect or prevent contamination of the shown electrolyzer systems. The use of certain embodiments, for example, shown in FIG. 5B, allows one to finally free the system from harmful pollution even when using electrolytes such as wastewater, water after commercial processes, water with wood ash, salt water, water with fly ash, water from channels and ditches or liquid mass from an anaerobic bioreactor. In addition, these systems can be quickly cleaned if necessary by starting the reverse flow of electrolyte or cleaning water from the coupling 118b to 138b to flush particles that could remain on the electrodes.

[00286] The use of certain embodiments includes the work of disposing of waste from large settlements in nanoscale electrolyzers, including improvements to known trash bioreactors, from which solutions or a "liquid mass" containing organic matter is supplied to produce hydrogen and / or methane and / or carbon dioxide gas, as well as other plant nutrients. In performing such a role, some embodiments can provide fast and efficient conversion of by-products obtained in anaerobic reactors, and are capable of converting hydrogen ions to hydrogen, while avoiding acid degradation in methane production. During operation, the liquid mass from the anaerobic reactor is used to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide to provide beneficial recovery and / or maintenance of a pH of about 7.0, in contrast to more acidic conditions that can negate methane production in some systems. This makes it possible to increase the overall efficiency of energy conversion, since the need for expensive elements to add chemical agents to change the pH level in bioreactors is eliminated. In such an environment and when performing such large-scale tasks, it is preferable to plan and create multifunctional components, including electron distribution schemes, which can also provide the desired retention of granules of carbon, boron nitride, zeolites, polymers and ceramics, including similar substances in variously activated conditions to ensure better work.

[00287] According to another aspect, an electrolyzer similar to that disclosed herein can be used to provide fast conversion of acids typically obtained in anaerobic processing, including use with municipal wastewater and landfills, as well as waste from slaughterhouses, dairy farms, and egg farms. and other animal breeding centers, etc. Methane production slows down or stops if the acids obtained under anaerobic conditions lead to a decrease in the pH level well below the value of 7. Such acids can form if the feed rate of the organic material exceeds the capabilities of the methanogenic colony of microorganisms. By releasing hydrogen from such acids, the rate of processing of organic material through anaerobic processing can be increased. The combination of methane and hydrogen provides a significantly higher total energy production per ton of waste, and the waste is processed faster, increasing the productivity of the process.

[00288] A particularly useful embodiment of some of the embodiments is the conversion of waste into energy that uses organic substances such as wastewater, as well as hydrolyzed trash, agricultural waste and logging waste involved in anaerobic electrical processing, summarized in the equations 1-6, to produce hydrogen with minimal or no oxygen production. A reliable configuration and recycling operations provide significant resistance to dissolved solids, including organic solids and particles contained in the liquid mass of the anaerobic process, used as electrolytes. Hydrogen production without the comparable oxygen evolution that would occur when using water electrolysis contributes to higher efficiency and safety when using waste hydrogen as cooling gas in electrical equipment such as an electric power generator.

[00289] In another use case of some embodiments, the electrolyzer system 900b shown in FIG. 7B provides destruction of tissue and / or biomass cells by enzymes, mechanical, thermal, acoustic, electrical, injection and / or chemical exposure and associated processes in the air conditioner 950b to provide faster or more complete processing, processing and / or maintenance of microbial growth. A fluid containing said disrupted cells is circulated from an air conditioner 950b and associated feedstock produced by converter 902b to an electrolytic cell 914b through an annular distributor 922b of a base 910b, as shown in the drawing. Anaerobic microorganisms are supported by medium 940b and 942b and receive liquid recycle from the hydrogen separator 904b through the pipe 910b, and the liquid recycle from the carbon dioxide separator 906b through the pipe 908b, as shown in the drawing. The electrode 918b and / or the medium 942b emit hydrogen, and the electrode 916b and / or the medium 940b emit carbon dioxide. Electromotive bias is provided by electrodes 916b and 918b through circuit 926b from source 924b, which varies from 0.1 to about 3 volts DC, depending on the requirements for dissociation of the compound and the periodic need to increase the voltage to overcome the formation of insulating films. Hydrogen is sent for collection and delivery to the separator 904b over a more or less conical surface 925b, which may be a conductive surface depending on the desired serial / parallel variations, or stored and maintained by an insulator 930b, as shown in the drawing.

[00290] During operation, the liquid masses are mixed in the spreading ring 922b, after which they are moved up to provide process reagents and nutrients for microorganisms placed in activated carbon tissue and / or granules 940b and 942b and / or in conductive felts enclosing yourself and essentially holding these granules in the vicinity of the electrode 916b and / or 918b. Smaller particles and fibers can be added to penetrate points throughout the electrolysis system to improve electrical charge conductivity, enhance enzyme performance, and perform catalytic functions, including those described above. The separator 902b may be a reverse osmosis membrane or a cationic or anionic exchange membrane, or may be made in accordance with the options shown in figv, 3B, 4B or 5B, and in some cases, these separators can be used together that may be desirable to provide different mass circulation paths and / or to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide at different pressures or in the presence of a pressure difference between hydrogen and carbon dioxide.

[00291] Similarly, many circulation options are possible if electrode 916b, coupled with adjacent felt and / or medium 940b, work as electron sources to produce hydrogen from ions obtained from masses circulating by raising gas evolution, convection currents, or by pump as shown. In this embodiment, carbon dioxide is released while hydrogen ions are released from acids obtained from 902b and 950b, or produced by microorganisms located in a fibrous or granular medium 942b and related felt materials that are electrically biased by electrode 918b to be placed opposite electrode 916b as shown in the drawing. Another exemplary embodiment is carried out if the electrons are supplied by an electrode 918b to produce hydrogen collected by the insulator 930b for delivery to the gas manifold 904b, as shown in the drawing. In this case, the electrode 916b and the electrically connected medium act as electron acceptors, and carbon dioxide is released to provide injection in the shown liquid circuit, while carbon dioxide is delivered through the insulator 930b to the collector 906b, as shown in the drawing.

[00292] Referring to FIG. 7B, system 900b can be used to convert organic raw materials, such as those resulting from photosynthesis, into methane, hydrogen and / or carbon dioxide and / or under the influence of microorganisms. Depending on the type of microorganism grown, the liquid masses, usually including acids, such as acetic and butyric acids, as well as compounds such as urea, dissociate in electrolytic cell 914b. Electrolyzer 914b provides a current of sufficient voltage to produce hydrogen from such compounds and acids, and can operate as a reactor and electrolyzer, or it can operate inside an anaerobic reactor (not shown), or it can use liquid masses resulting from anaerobic processing in 914b, as shown in the drawing. This option is particularly useful for converting organic waste from a settlement and / or industrial complex in order to provide the population with fuel and raw materials for the manufacture of carbon-containing durable goods.

[00293] Turning to FIG. 8B, in another aspect, an embodiment of one or more conductive electrodes for use in an electrolyzer is shown, including those disclosed herein, including flat sheets (not shown) of concentric electrodes 1002b, 1003b, 1004b or 1005b, as shown in the drawing, which can be connected to each other in the form of unisex or dipole components of the electrolyzer. Some or all of these electrically conductive electrodes provide a broad surface in the form of a smooth surface for accommodating materials such as spaced graphene or layers of a different thickness (e.g. carbon and / or BN filters). This allows you to place microbes on them, decomposing various organic materials, including volatile fatty acids, with the release of electrons and protons to produce hydrogen on the cathode surfaces, and these electrodes can be used with any of the above embodiments.

[00294] In another aspect, essential enzymes produced by microbes for the decomposition of volatile fatty acids and various other organic substances are added to activated carbon or polymer particles or fibers incorporated into a smooth surface for containing materials, including electrodes 1002b, 1004b, 1006b, 1008b . In another embodiment, any microbe, enzyme, or catalyst described in the present disclosure may be included on said surface. As these enzymes and other materials or catalysts are depleted, destroyed or destroyed, additional quantities of these enzymes, materials or catalysts may be added as necessary. The specified system allows for the optimization of catalysts, including ensuring the life of microbes in a separate area, but at the same time allowing the use of these enzymes in the operation of the electrolyzer, as shown in the drawing.

[00295] In another embodiment, essential enzymes, microbes, or catalysts are artificially produced as duplicates or varying degrees of modified “design enzymes”, grafted with suitable natural polymers, such as cellulose or lignocellulose, or various artificial polymers or compounds.

[00296] When maintaining systems of enzymes that support live microbial colonies, or enzymes transferred from live microbial colonies, or industrial enzymes copied or modified to varying degrees, it is desirable to minimize the electrical resistance of the electrolyte in the cell. This contributes to the processes summarized in equation 9 for acetic acid together with various acids and substances such as urea, which are absorbed in the production of hydrogen at the desired elevated pressure, which again can be used in any disclosed embodiment.

CH ₃ COOH + 2H ₂ O = 2CO ₂ + 4H ₂ Equation 9

[00297] In another aspect, a system for detecting chemically active substances and determining the presence, capabilities, and usefulness of such substances or enzymes to provide an adaptive control system that regulates operating conditions, including volumes of chemically active nutrients and other operating conditions, to optimize the performance of supported enzyme systems can be used in the present embodiments. Once again, these systems can be used in any disclosed embodiment.

[00298] In other embodiments or aspects of any of the disclosed embodiments, it is desirable to work with selected microbes and / or supported enzymes at sufficient pressure to increase the level of carbon dioxide dissolved or otherwise retained in the solution to increase electrolyte conductivity. This allows you to increase the efficiency of the system and operational capabilities for several points at once, including the following:

1) hydrogen produced at elevated pressure can be delivered to a compact storage device and stored under pressure without capital expenditures, maintenance or energy costs for providing a multi-stage hydrogen compressor.

2) Hydrogen produced at elevated pressure can be delivered directly to the discharge pipe for transfer to the market.

3) Hydrogen obtained at elevated pressure can be used to pump other reagents in order to ensure or accelerate reactions. By way of example, injected hydrogen can be added to nitrogen in a suitable reactor to produce ammonia and other products.

4) Injection in order to prevent or minimize the release of carbon dioxide on the surface of the electrodes of the cell significantly simplifies the design of the cell.

5) Separation of the production of hydrogen and carbon dioxide by collecting hydrogen at elevated pressure from a pumped cell or a suitable subsystem and collecting carbon dioxide after reducing the pressure at another point or through another subsystem.

[00299] Turning to FIG. 9B, a system 1100b is shown including an electrolytic cell with a high pressure 1102b that can receive pumped electrolyte and / or pre-liquids forming a suitable electrolyte inside the electrolyzer 1102b through a suitable pump 1114b. Injected hydrogen is obtained as a result of the work of microbes and / or otherwise supported enzymes on one or more electrodes 1002b, 1004b, 1006b, 1008b, etc. or 1104b, as well as using voltage supplied through plugs 1106b and 1124b, as shown in the drawing. Hydrogen under elevated pressure is delivered to perform suitable functions through the pipe 1122b pressure regulator 1120b.

[00300] A compressed electrolyte containing carbon dioxide flows through a liquid engine generator 1126b to generate work by collecting the kinetic energy of the flowing electrolyte and expanding the carbon dioxide to atmospheric pressure as the carbon dioxide is sent to perform suitable functions, such as using hydroponic system or greenhouse 1130b for growing algae, grass, kudzu and various other plants 1132b and / or 1134b. The carbon dioxide-free electrolyte is returned via pump 1114b through a three-way valve 1112b.

[00301] Biomass, including materials grown in 1130b, is crushed or otherwise converted into a liquid mass of activated substances consisting of destroyed cellular material obtained by suitable mechanical, acoustic, chemical, thermal or radiation treatment in a processing device 1136b. The specified activated organic material is introduced into the accumulator 1108b to pass it through a filter 1110b and a three-way valve 1112b to a pump 1114b for introduction into the pumped cell 1102b, as shown in the drawing.

[00302] The operation of system 1100b is provided by controller 1101b in response to pressure, temperature and pH sensors 1142b, 1144b, 1146b, as well as reactive sensors 1140b and 1150b, as shown in the drawing. This allows the introduction of corrective substances through 1118b to provide supported conditions for enzymes desired for optimal performance.

[00303] In another embodiment, suitable electrodes include systems made of round or other cross-sections of wire, such as square or different star shapes, or flat stripes to provide plastically twisted embodiments or spiral variants described in the present disclosure. Selected materials, such as iron or other transition metal alloys, are then heat treated to enrich the carbon and produce various amounts of carbon in the solid solution, including saturated areas that are further determined or grown by further heat treatment to allow the growth of these saturated zones, in features near the surface. Developing carbon regions accelerate the deposition of additional carbon upon decomposition of a carbon donor, such as hydrocarbon or carbon monoxide, on such surfaces. Equations 10 and 11 represent similar general processes for providing heat to a substrate subjected to heat treatment in an amount equal to or higher than the temperature of the formation of the carbon donor:

CxHy + Heat → xC + 0.5yH ₂
CO + Heat → C + 0.5O ₂ Equation 10
Equation 11

[00304] According to some aspects, it is desirable to continue the deposition of carbon to form a carbon film that essentially covers the entire electrode to a sufficient depth with binding at the initial saturation sites, in order to obtain a very strong composite of the desired shape and surface-to-volume ratio.

[00305] In another embodiment, the initial preparation and orientation of the carbon-rich regions approaching saturation is modified by hot or cold processing of the embodiment to provide a substantially uniform orientation of the carbon crystal structure in order to provide significantly epitaxial deposition of subsequent carbon deposition. The oriented carbon deposition thus performed, for example, with a predominantly open edge or in the form of graphene layers more parallel to the initial surface, is tested along with other samples to provide support for the desired microbial processes. This allows you to select "designer carbon" for each type of desired microbial process.

[00306] Turning to FIG. 10B, according to another aspect, the manufacture of carbon / steel electrodes used in the disclosed embodiments is disclosed. Said electrodes may comprise treated surface carbon for attaching selected enzymes, microbes, or other catalysts to provide better cell performance. For the manufacture of electrodes according to this embodiment, the substrate of steel or a steel alloy is saturated with carbon. Saturated carbon grains are leveled, for example, by heat treatment by induction, to provide the desired orientation of the carbon grains, as shown in step I. Another heat treatment method may be used. At this point, the electrode can also be cooled by liquid to prevent damage to the electrode or other benefits.

[00307] As shown in step II, the electrode is then formed by known processes, including sheet training. The molding can be performed in such a way as to provide further alignment, flattening or modification of oriented carbon grains.

[00308] As shown in step III, the carbon is then deposited onto the electrode using known carbon deposition techniques, including steam deposition, by which carbon is deposited or grown on the surface of the electrode. At this stage, carbon can be applied or grown in such a way as to provide further grain alignment, or selectively applied carbon at selected points on the electrode, depending on the desired use of the electrode. For example, an enzyme, microbe, or catalyst can be applied at one point, and another enzyme, microbe, or catalyst can be applied at another point to ensure the controlled use of enzymes, microbes, or catalysts. In addition, the carbon-coated electrode can be further processed by heating by induction or other means to further align or orient the grains, and liquid cooling can again be used. The process can be repeated until the desired amount of carbon and / or grain orientation and / or grain location is reached.

[00309] As shown in step IV, upon completion of the surface treatment, the electrode is exposed to one or more enzymes, microbes, or catalysts selected for the particular application of the electrode, for example, enzymes that facilitate the production of the desired compounds during electrolysis, such as hydrogen. At any of the previous steps, the method may target specific points on the electrode. In addition, different processing conditions can be used at different points, so that different enzymes or enzymes in different concentrations can be applied at different points, depending on the desired configuration or application of the electrode. Thus, the electrode is made with the inclusion of carbon structures having an affinity for certain enzymes, microbes or catalysts, and with the possibility of attaching enzymes, microbes or catalysts to the electrodes at the desired points in order to permanently or substantially store the enzymes at the desired points for use in electrolysis or otherwise type of operation of the electrode.

[00310] Although the invention has been described with respect to certain embodiments and examples, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made to the invention, provided that they are not outside the scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the scope of the present invention is limited only by the following claims.

Claims (41)

1. A method of supplying electricity using a renewable energy source, including:
providing a first renewable energy source, wherein the first renewable energy source is intermittent or does not provide enough energy;
supplying energy from the first renewable energy source to the electrolyzer in order to form an energy carrier by electrolysis;
selective reversal of the electrolyzer, allowing its use as a fuel cell; and
supply of energy to the electrolyzer to generate energy,
moreover, the first renewable energy source, electrolyzer or energy carrier receives additional heat from the first heat source; and
the first heat source is selected from the group consisting of a geothermal and solar heat source. 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first renewable energy source is solar energy, and the steps of reversing the cell to use it as a fuel cell and providing energy for the cell to generate energy are performed when the first renewable energy source is insufficient quantity. 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the first renewable energy source is selected from the group consisting of solar, wind, flowing water, organic or geothermal energy sources. 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the energy carrier contains hydrogen. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the energy carrier comprises carbon based material. 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the energy carrier contains nitrogen-based material. 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the energy carrier contains ammonia. 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the energy carrier contains hydrocarbons. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the first heat source comprises a second renewable energy source. 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the second renewable energy source comprises a geological formation. 11. A method of supplying electricity using a renewable energy source, including:
providing a first renewable energy source, wherein the first renewable energy source is intermittent or does not provide enough energy;
supplying energy from the first renewable energy source to the electrolyzer in order to form an energy carrier by electrolysis;
storage of energy in a geological formation;
selective reversal of the electrolyzer, allowing its use as a fuel cell; and
supply of energy to the electrolyzer to generate energy. 12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the step of storing the energy carrier in the geological formation also includes receiving additional heat from the geological formation by the energy carrier. 13. A method of supplying electricity using a renewable energy source, including:
providing a first renewable energy source, wherein the first renewable energy source is intermittent or does not provide enough energy;
supplying energy from the first renewable energy source to the electrolyzer in order to form an energy carrier by electrolysis;
selective reversal of the electrolyzer, allowing its use as a fuel cell; and
supply of energy to the electrolyzer to generate energy,
providing an expander configured to absorb expansion work, wherein the expander is connected to an electrolyzer or an energy storage device;
energy supply to the expander under pressure; and
absorption of energy expansion work. 14. The method according to p. 13, in which the energy storage device supplies heat to the energy source before absorbing the work of expansion of the energy source. 15. The method according to p. 14, in which the energy carrier contains a geological formation. 16. The method according to p. 15, in which the calorific value of the energy source increases during storage of the energy source. 17. The method according to p. 15, in which the calorific value of the energy carrier increases during storage of the energy source by adding heat to the energy source from the geological formation. 18. The method according to p. 15, in which the calorific value of the energy carrier during storage of the energy is increased by adding to the energy source washed from the geological formation, hydrocarbons or other compounds having a certain calorific value. 19. The method according to p. 1, also comprising providing a source of organic materials for the electrolyzer with the aim of electrolysis of organic materials. 20. The method according to p. 19, in which the source of organic materials contains biomass or biological waste. 21. A system for providing a substantially continuous supply of electricity through renewable energy resources, including:
first renewable energy source;
an electrolyzer connected to a first renewable energy source for forming an energy carrier, the cell being configured to selectively reverse work as a fuel cell using an energy carrier as fuel;
an energy carrier connected to the electrolyzer to receive the energy from the electrolyzer or supply energy to the electrolyzer; and
an energy storage device connected to a first renewable energy source and an electrolyzer for selectively receiving energy from a first renewable energy source and an electrolyzer, and also for selectively supplying energy from a first renewable energy source and an electrolyzer. 22. The system of claim 21, wherein the first renewable energy source is selected from the group consisting of solar, wind, flowing water, organic and geothermal energy sources. 23. The system of claim 21, wherein the energy carrier contains hydrogen. 24. The system of claim 21, wherein the energy carrier comprises carbon based material. 25. The system of claim 21, wherein the energy carrier contains hydrogen. 26. The system of claim 21, wherein the energy carrier contains nitrogen based material. 27. The system of claim 21, wherein the energy carrier contains ammonia. 28. The system of claim 21, wherein at least one of the first renewable energy source, electrolyzer, or energy carrier is configured to receive additional heat from the first heat source. 29. The system of claim 28, wherein the first heat source comprises a first renewable energy source or electrolyzer. 30. The system of claim 28, wherein the first heat source is selected from the group consisting of a geothermal, solar, or other heat engine. 31. The system of claim 28, wherein the first heat source comprises a geological formation. 32. The system of claim 28, wherein the first heat source comprises a second renewable energy source. 33. The system of claim 21, wherein the energy storage device is configured to supply heat to the energy source. 34. The system of claim 33, wherein the energy storage device is configured such that the heat of combustion of the energy source increases during storage of the energy source. 35. The system of claim 34, wherein the energy storage device is configured such that the heat of combustion of the energy source increases during storage of the energy source by adding heat to the energy source during storage of the energy source. 36. The system of claim 35, wherein the energy storage device comprises a geological formation. 37. The system of claim 21, further comprising an expander configured to absorb energy expansion work, the expander being coupled to an electrolyzer or energy storage device. 38. The system of claim 21, further comprising an expander configured to generate expansion energy of the energy source, the expander being connected to an electrolyzer or energy storage device. 39. The system of claim 21, further comprising a source of organic materials, wherein the source of organic materials is connected to the electrolyzer to electrolyze the organic materials. 40. The system of claim 37, wherein the source of organic materials contains biomass or biological waste. 41. A system for providing a substantially continuous supply of electricity through renewable energy resources, including:
first renewable energy source;
an electrolyzer connected to a first renewable energy source for generating methane, wherein the electrolyzer is configured to selectively reverse work as a fuel cell;
a methane accumulator connected to the electrolyser to obtain methane from the electrolyzer or to supply methane to the electrolyzer; and
an energy storage device connected to a first renewable energy source and an electrolyzer for selectively receiving energy from a first renewable energy source and an electrolyzer, and also for selectively supplying energy from a first renewable energy source and an electrolyzer.

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