RU2267915C1 - Method for renewal of coniferous plantations - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: forestry, in particular, specialized clearing cuttings, renewal cuttings and reforming of plantations.

SUBSTANCE: method involves first period during which final thinning of forest stand in clear needle and dark needle coniferous formation on technological corridors (log ways), loading grounds, and thinning of single dead trees and wormy trees in swaths are performed at total intensity of up to 20% of stock; second period during which forest stand in clear needle coniferous formation is uniformly thinned (single trees) over the entire area of cutting to relative degrees of left part of stock, optimal for natural reforestation, in differentiated manner by forest growing zones and subzones: in forest-tundra up to 0.4-0.5, in Northern and middle subzones of taiga up to 0.6-0.7, in forest-steep and steep zones up to 0.7-0.8; third and subsequent periods during which final thinning of forest stock is provided in swaths by thinning groups or grove of overmature and mature trees, provided that vital underbrush and young growth of target kinds are available under forest canopy, in amounts sufficient for reforestation at intensity of up to 30% of cutting area. Cutting procedures are periodically repeated in each 0.4-1.2 of longevity of age class. In dark needle formation, forest stock is thinned beginning from second period in aforesaid mode, but thinning is provided in each strip-swath of width equal to 1.5-2 average height of felled trees. During heavy crop years, soil is mineralized after each cutting period in swath sites free of underbrush, and during years when seed yield of target kinds is below two balloons of Kappler' scale, soil is mineralized and coniferous tree seeds are sown on mineralized strips. After reforestation cuttings provided by any of methods on technological corridors (log ways) and loading grounds, forest crops are planted at sites free of target kind underbrush.

EFFECT: provision for prevailing in forest stock of target coniferous trees by creating optimal environmental conditions for natural or artificial reforestation following cuttings.

7 cl, 1 tbl

Description

The invention relates to forestry, in particular to specialized types of logging, cutting and re-shaping of stands, carried out in those categories of forest protection of the first group, where logging for the main use of forest legislation is prohibited, and the main ecosystem edifier is a stand in terms of age and the sanitary state begins to lose environmental environment-forming or protective functions and needs to be updated. The inventive method is applicable in coniferous plants of different ages growing on drained soils in those types of forests where natural reforestation of target conifers can be ensured, including measures to promote it or the creation of forest crops.

There is a method of uniformly gradual seed-logging three-reception cutting of main use in high-density (0.8-1.0) ripe plantings growing on drained soils, in which the tree stand is uniformly (rooted) cut in the first intake in plantations of light-loving conifers with intensity up to 30%, shade-tolerant - up to 25% of the stock to the limit of completeness of 0.6-0.7, and in the second intake to the completeness of 0.5. The second intake is carried out after 6-9 years, and the third no earlier than 5 years after the previous one. With completeness of 0.6-0.7 and the presence of a well-developed undergrowth or second tier of the main breeds, uniformly gradual two-way felling is carried out with a decrease in completeness in the first intake to 0.5. By the time of the final reception of three- or two-reception cutting, the site should have closed young animals at least 10 years old (Rules for main-use felling in the forests of the Urals. Rosleskhoz, M., 1994, p.6, 7).

A multi-method is known for updating the stand by specialized thinning in ripening and ripe stands with the target species composition in those groups of forest types where thinning provides natural regeneration, including measures to promote it. Methods of thinning felling by uniform or group felling of trees with an intensity of 16–25% by reserve in each trick and repetition period of tricks of 0.4–0.6 age classes in stands with undergrowth and 0.6–1.0 in stands without undergrowth. By the age of ripeness, the fullness of the upper tier of the stand decreases to 0.8-0.7, and by the end of the ripening period, to 0.6-0.5. In the last two or three steps, the stand is updated by removing the remaining overripe trees of the upper tier by the method of uniform or strip felling of trees with the same intensity. The regime of cutting felling in all forest zones and subzones, as well as for all tree species, is recommended to be the same. In ripening, ripe and overripe stands with the target species composition without undergrowth in those types of forests where thinning does not provide natural regeneration, from the second half of the ripening period, the stand is renewed by clear-cutting of trees on sites up to 0.1 ha (10-30 × 10 -30 m) or in strips with an area of 0.1-0.2 ha (10-30 × 50-60 m), and in mature ones - up to 0.3-0.4 ha (30-35 × 100-125 m) with planting seedlings of target conifers. The total area of sites or strips in each felling in all forest conditions should be 20-25% of the total area of the cutting area (Manual on thinning in the forests of the Urals. Rosleskhoz. M., 1994. S.53-56) - prototype.

However, thinning methods and the regime of the well-known multi-receiving methods of cutting do not take into account the bioecological characteristics of woody plants, as well as the zonal and subzonal soil and climatic conditions in which renewable processes of woody plants occur. In the forest-tundra and northern taiga subzone, when the heat and air and soil moisture are insufficient after logging, logging takes place in the above-described regime, and a thick layer of coarse humus forest litter accumulates on the soil under the canopy of the stands, in which the root of conifers hangs and does not reach the soil mineral layer , and seedlings die in massive numbers. Under these conditions, the mother forest stand needs to be more intensively discharged in order to inflow solar radiation to the soil and create favorable temperature conditions to accelerate the process of decomposition of forest litter and increase the renewability of target conifers.

With the advance from north to south, the soil and climatic conditions for the growth of coniferous woody plants improve, but the undesirable competitive effect of cereal grasses and deciduous species at the initial stage of the renewal process of woody plants increases. As a result of this, in the southern taiga, pre-steppe (subtaiga) forests, and especially in the forest-steppe forests, under the canopy of coniferous stands, sparse in the regime recommended by known methods, a second layer of hardwood is formed, and in areas of clear felling of trees in groups, curtains, sites or bands of 0 , 1-0.2 hectares and less artificial reforestation is possible only by manual cultivation of the soil and planting forest crops under a forest planting sword. In addition, a greenhouse effect is created on small cutting areas, cereal grasses and raspberries grow, and loosening of the soil during its processing additionally stimulates the development of undesirable root-sprouting plants - aspen and willow. As a result of this, the costs of reforestation of coniferous species significantly increase. In dry forest types of pre-steppe forests, forest-steppe and steppe zones, such areas turn into forest-covered glades and wastelands, in fresh types they are overgrown with deciduous species - aspen, birch and willow, and in wet ones logging is felled.

The technical task of the proposed method for updating coniferous plantations is to maintain the prevalence of target coniferous plants in the composition of the forest stands by creating optimal environmental conditions for concomitant felling of natural or artificial reforestation, as well as the safety of the undergrowth or other age groups of trees of the target species of the left part of the stand. Such conditions in the forest can be created by regulating the completeness or closeness of the main edificator of the stand ecosystem at the same time as the mineralization of the soil substate, its preparation for germination of coniferous seeds, rooting and preservation of seedlings under the canopy of stands on mineralized stripes. In different zonal and subzonal soil and climatic conditions, the optimal values of the completeness of the left part of the stands and the frequency of repetition of logging techniques should be different. The task is achieved by the following methods of felling and reforestation.

In the stands of light-coniferous and dark-coniferous formations, at the first reception, the stand is cut with clear cutting of trees on technological corridors (ditches), loading areas and sub-tree foot and dead trees in apiary of the cutting area with a total intensity of up to 20% in reserve. In the light coniferous formation, from the second intake, the forest stand is cut evenly (by rope) over the entire area of the cutting area to the optimum for natural reforestation limits of the relative completeness of the left part of it differentially according to forest growth zones or subzones: up to 0.4-0.5 in the forest tundra, northern and middle taiga subzones - 0.5-0.6, in the southern subzone of the taiga and coniferous-deciduous forests - 0.6-0.7, in the forest-steppe and steppe zones up to 0.7-0.8. In the third and subsequent receptions, the stand is cut down by clear-cutting of groups or clumps of overripe and ripe trees in the apiary of the cutting areas, under the canopy of which there is a sufficient number of viable undergrowth or young growth of target conifers with an intensity of up to 30% of the cutting area with a repetition period of 0.4 up to 1.2 age class durations. At the same time, logging techniques are periodically repeated differentially according to forest zones or subzones: in the forest-tundra after 0.8-1.2 of the age class duration, in the northern and middle taiga subzones - 0.6-0.8, in the southern taiga subzone and coniferous-deciduous forests - 0.4-0.5, in the forest-steppe and steppe zones through 0.6-0.7 of the duration of the age class. In the stands of the dark coniferous formation, from the second logging method and in subsequent receptions, the stand is cut in the technical regime described above, but through the apiary strip.

In the stands of those types of forests where thinning of the forest stands ensures the natural regeneration of the target conifers, in the second and subsequent stands the stand is cut to the minimum value of relative densities with a minimum duration of repeatability of felling practices, and in the stands of those types of forest where the thinning does not provide natural regeneration target breeds - to the maximum value of completeness with a maximum repeatability of cutting techniques.

After each harvesting in apiaries, cutting areas mineralize the soil in harvesting years in places without undergrowth, and in years with the yield of seeds of the target species below two points on the Kapper scale, coniferous seeds are sown in mineralized strips at the same time as the mineralization of the soil. In addition, on technological corridors (drags) and loading platforms after cutting, performed by any method, planting of forest crops is carried out.

When comparing the proposed method of updating the stands with the prototype, the following new technical solutions can be noted.

1. The basis of felling methods and standards is based on the bioecological features of coniferous woody plants, as well as zonal and subzonal-typological features of forest conditions, namely:

- the first reception of felling in a light-coniferous formation is carried out by a solid-forest cutting, the second is uniformly gradual, and from the third reception by group or curtain methods of felling throughout the area of the cutting area, since the pine and larch are wind-resistant, they develop a deep root system. In a dark-coniferous formation, to increase the wind resistance of spruce and fir, felling techniques, starting from the second, are carried out alternating through an apiary strip;

- in the second method, the forest stand is cut evenly (by the tree) to the optimum for natural reforestation limits of the relative completeness of the left part differentially according to forest growing zones or subzones: in the forest tundra to 0.4-0.5, in the northern and middle taiga subzones - 0.5-0 6, in the southern taiga and coniferous-deciduous forests - 0.6-0.7, in the forest-steppe and steppe zones up to 0.7-0.8;

- logging techniques are periodically repeated differentially according to forest zones or subzones: in the forest-tundra after 0.8-1.2 of the age class duration, in the northern and middle taiga subzones - 0.6-0.8, in the southern taiga subzone and coniferous-deciduous forests - 0 , 4-0.5, forest-steppe and steppe zones through 0.6-0.7, the duration of the age class of coniferous plants.

2 Updating of stands is carried out in a single system: cutting-reforestation:

- in apiaries of cutting areas in places where there is no undergrowth of target conifers after the second and subsequent felling, soil is mineralized, and when the seed yield is below two points on the Kapper scale, the seeds are sown in mineralized strips.

- after the last harvesting by any method, forest crops are planted on technological corridors (ditches) and loading areas in places with no undergrowth of target conifers.

Therefore, the claimed method meets the criterion of "novelty."

Studies have shown that the claimed combination of features provides new properties, namely: 1) environmental conditions for settlement of coniferous plants are optimized by regulating the completeness of the mother stand, grass closeness and mineralization of the soil substrate, 2) replanting of forest crops by sowing seeds in mineralized strips, 3 a) felling of trees and logging of whips is carried out between rows of mineralized strips, while the damage to the undergrowth is reduced, 4) the swampiness of cutting areas is prevented, and felling, 5) the competitive effect of cereal grass and hardwood is reduced. Therefore, the claimed method meets the criterion of "inventive step".

The inventive method can be performed using known technological processes and commercially available machines and equipment, therefore, it meets the criterion of "industrial applicability".

The objects of renewal felling are forbidden forest strips protecting spawning grounds of valuable commercial fish; erosion control forests; state protective forest belts; forest park parts of green areas; forests of the first and second zones of sanitary protection zones of water sources; forests of the first and second zones of the districts of sanitary protection of resorts, especially valuable forests; walnut forest forests; afforestation in all forest groups and others where the renewal of the stand does not contradict the purpose of the forest protection category.

The inventive method is recommended for use on drained soils in lichen, green-berry and herbaceous groups of forest types. Updating of ripening, ripe and overripe stands from light-loving coniferous species of pine and larch is carried out according to the average sowing technology for four cutting operations.

Figure 1, 2, 3 shows the methods of updating the stands in the light coniferous formation. Figures 4 and 5 show the techniques for updating stands in a dark coniferous formation.

In the first sanitary-technological method (Fig. 1), a stand is cut down on apiary technological corridors (ditches) laid through 35-40 m and loading platforms by the continuous method, and only dry, shrinking and heavily weakened trees are cut in the apiary by selective method. The total intensity of the first logging operation should not exceed 20% of the stock, including 15% on technological corridors, 3% on loading platforms and about 2% on harvesting of fauna trees in apiaries. The second method (Fig. 2) is carried out after 5-7 years, that is, after the plantation is adapted to new environmental conditions by the method of uniform (rope) cutting of the stand in apiary areas to optimal limits for the relative regeneration of the relative completeness of the left part of it differentially according to forest areas or subzones : in the forest-tundra up to 0.4-0.5, in the northern and middle taiga subzones - 0.5-0.6, in the southern taiga subzone and coniferous-deciduous forests - 0.6-0.7, in the forest-steppe and steppe zones up to 0 , 7-0.8. Mostly overripe and part of the ripe trees are cut down, while younger ones are left for growing. The validity of such a decision is confirmed by the results of the study of the authors of the application, shown in table 1.

Table 1 The number of pine undergrowth in the operational fund of plantings of various completeness in forest zones and subzones of the Urals and Western Siberia Relative completeness The number of pine undergrowth and the frequency of occurrence of stands with undergrowth in forest zones and subzones Forest tundra zone Northern and middle taiga subzones Southern taiga, coniferous-deciduous forests Forest-steppe zone Thousand pieces / ha Occurrence,% Thousand pieces / ha Occurrence,% Thousand pieces / ha Occurrence,% Thousand pieces / ha Occurrence,% 0.4 3.00 82 2,35 80 3.02 71 1.32 42 0.5 3.35 86 4.86 one hundred 3.24 74 1,56 55 0.6 2.86 74 4.82 88 3.28 84 1.68 67 0.7 2.62 61 4.68 72 3.46 87 2,35 81 0.8 1.68 48 3.00 75 2.87 80 1.95 78 0.9 1.49 41 1,67 34 1.77 60 1.39 63 1,0 no data 1,53 49 1.40 fifty

Under the canopy of plantations, the process of renewal of coniferous species always has a group or kurtin nature, therefore, in the third and subsequent tricks (Fig. 3), the stand is cut down by clear-cutting of groups or clumps of overripe and ripe trees in the apiary of the cutting areas, under the canopy of which there is a sufficient number of viable undergrowth for reforestation or young growth of target conifers with an intensity of up to 30% of the cutting area. A sufficient number of undergrowth for reforestation is estimated from the materials of the Instructions for the conservation of undergrowth and young growth of economically valuable breeds ..., 1984.

According to literary sources, it is also known that climatic conditions significantly affect the frequency of seed production and the growth energy of woody plants. In the forest-tundra and the northern taiga subzone, due to low air temperatures and high humidity, as well as the short growing season, woody plants grow slower and produce sufficient seed yield for natural renewal much less often than in the southern taiga subzone. In the forest-steppe and steppe zones, the frequency of normal seed production of target conifers and deciduous plants in comparison with the southern taiga also increases due to the fact that in these zones there are often sharp changes in temperature and a dry wind during flowering of woody plants, during which regenerative organs die, therefore logging techniques are periodically repeated differentially according to forest zones or subzones: in the forest-tundra after 0.8-1.2, in the age class, in the northern and middle taiga subzones - 0.6-0.8, in the southern odzone taiga and mixed coniferous-deciduous forests - 0.4-0.5, forest-steppe and steppe zones of 0.6-0.7 through age class duration.

In the mineralized areas of the cutting area and felling, self-seeding of coniferous plants appears in the second or third years after felling. The most favorable conditions for its settlement are created in the berry-mossy, as well as lingonberry forest types. There are pine seedlings up to 12 thousand pieces / ha. This is almost 13 times more in comparison with the non-mineralized areas of cutting areas and 18.7 times more in comparison with the control without cutting stands. In other types of forests, self-seeding is less; in dry ones, it partially dies from a lack of moisture in the litter and in the upper horizons of the soil, and in periodically wet ones, under the felt grass. We recommend soil mineralization after the second harvesting not less than 20% of the cutting area, and in years with seed yield of target conifers below two points on the Kapper scale, at the same time as mineralization of the soil, it is necessary to sow the seeds in mineralized strips. In addition, after the final (last) reception of cutting felling, performed by any method, the authors of the application recommend planting forest crops on technological corridors, loading bays and in apiaries of cutting areas in places with no undergrowth and young growth of target conifers.

In the stands of shade-bearing tree species with a surface root system - spruce and fir tree stand from the second method of the claimed method is updated in the above technical mode, but through an apiary strip (Figs. 4, 5). Under this regime, the intensity of felling in stands from shade-tolerant species is halved in comparison with light-loving tree species. The second and third receptions are carried out in even apiaries, and the fourth and fifth - in odd ones. The frequency of felling practices for the cutting area is generally the same as in plantations of photophilous species, and in apiaries cut down two times less. In addition, the fourth and fifth logging techniques are allowed only after closing the crowns of the young generation in apiaries of the second and third logging receptions. Only overmature and part of the ripe trees are assigned to the felling, and younger, as well as part of the ripe healthy trees are left for growing. After each reception, at least 500 target trees with a diameter of more than 8 cm should remain on the vine. Thanks to this regime, the windiness of spruce and fir is significantly reduced. In addition, the inventive method increases the renewability of coniferous woody plants 13-18.7 times in comparison with the prototype methods for updating the age structure of stands and significantly improves their sanitary condition.

Claims (3)

1. A method of updating coniferous plantings, including multi-receiving periodically repeated thinning of the stand by methods of uniform (rope) cutting of part of trees or cutting of trees with solid sections of a certain shape (groups, curtains, sites, strips, etc.) and measures for reforestation of target species, characterized in that in the stands of light-coniferous and dark-coniferous formations, at the first step, the stand is cut with clear cutting of trees on technological corridors (drains), loading platforms and and dead trees in apiary cutting areas with a total intensity of up to 20% in reserve, in the second method in a light-coniferous formation, the forest stand is cut evenly (subtly) over the entire area of the cutting area to the optimum limits for the full regeneration of the forest relative to the completeness of its part, differentiated by forest zones or subzones: in the forest-tundra, up to 0.4-0.5, in the northern and middle taiga subzones - 0.5-0.6, in the southern taiga subzone and coniferous-deciduous forests - 0.6-0.7, in the forest-steppe and steppe zones up to 0 , 7-0.8, in the third and subsequent admission Forest stands are cut with continuous felling in the apiaries of cutting areas of groups or clumps of overripe and ripe trees, under the canopy of which there is a sufficient number of viable undergrowth or young growth of target species with an intensity of up to 30% of the area of the cutting area, while cutting practices are periodically repeated after 0.4-1 , 2 durations of the age class, in the stands of the dark coniferous formation from the second intake, the forest stand is cut in the technical mode described above, but through the apiary strip with a width equal to 1.5-2 times the average the height of the trees to be cut, after each harvesting in apiary areas, the soil is mineralized in harvesting years in places without undergrowth, and in years with seed yield of target species below two points on the Kapper scale, coniferous seeds are sown in mineralized strips at the same time as soil mineralization, in addition , on technological corridors (dies) and loading platforms after cutting operations performed by any method, plant forest crops in places without undergrowth of target species. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the logging techniques are periodically repeated differentially according to forest zones or subzones: in the forest-tundra after 0.8-1.2 of the age class duration, in the northern and middle taiga subzones - 0.6-0.8 , in the southern subzone of the taiga and coniferous-deciduous forests - 0.4-0.5, in the forest-steppe and steppe zones through 0.6-0.7 of the age class duration. 3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that in the stands of those types of forests where thinning ensures the natural regeneration of the target species, in the second and subsequent receptions of the stand they cut to a minimum value of relative fullness with a minimum duration of repeatability of cutting practices, and in the stands of those types of forests where thinning does not ensure the natural regeneration of the target species - to the maximum value of completeness with a maximum repeatability of felling practices.

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