NL2025555B1 - Applications of edible fungus residues in cow bedding, bedding and using method - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention belongs to the technical field of beddings, and particularly relates to a 5 cow bedding. The biggest characteristic of the cow bedding provided by the present invention is that, the bedding is only composed of edible fungus residues. When the edible fungus residues are aired, moisture content is maintained at 8-12%, and the edible fungus residues do not mildew. A height of the bedding is 0.2-0.5 m. The present invention solves reutilization problems of cow dung wastes and fungus residue wastes; the bedding may directly return to the field; lots of wastes 10 are not accumulated in a cattle farm; a condition that the wastes cannot be recycled is avoided; and high-valued efficient comprehensive recyclability of agricultural wastes is improved. In the present invention, when the fungus residues are utilized in a form of bedding, a utilization rate of the fungus residues is high, efficient cycles of cow manure and urine may be formed, and treatment steps are decreased; and an incidence rate of cow mastitis is obviously decreased, 15 cow health is facilitated, and drinking safety of dairy products is ensured..

Description

APPLICATIONS OF EDIBLE FUNGUS RESIDUES IN COW BEDDING, BEDDING AND

USING METHOD Technical Field The present invention belongs to the technical field of beddings, particularly relates to applications of edible fungus residues in cow beddings, and also relates to a cow bedding adopting the edible fungus residues.

Background Livestock beddings are disclosed in the following patent literatures: Li Jian et al. publish Effects of Different Feeding Modes and Fermentation Bed Bedding Environments on Production Performances, Blood Biochemical Indexes and Intestinal Digestive Enzyme Activity of Pigs in Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, and disclose as follows: a fermentation bed feeding mode is adopted, particularly distillers’ grains and mushroom bran replace saw dust to serve as a fermentation bed environment of the bedding, and compared with traditional cement floor and saw dust fermentation bed feeding environments, the fermentation bed feeding mode is more favorable for healthy growth of the pigs. The mushroom bran fermentation group has a bedding matrix which includes 50% of mushroom bran and 50% of saw dust.

For the above bedding, problems that are not solved are as follows: A mycotoxin problem: lots of mycotoxins exist in bedding of the fermentation bed after fermentation, thereby causing problems of pigs, such as resistance decrease, appetite decrease and poor growth.

Heavy workload: a mode of farming pigs by a fermentation bed is adopted, and moisture equilibrium of the bedding and uniformity of pig manure need to be maintained, so the bedding needs to be turned once at intervals, the bedding is deep in tank and abundant in material, and the workload is heavy.

After the used bedding is cleaned, further fermentation is needed, because the cleaned bedding is only subjected to preliminary fermentation, and indexes in the bedding, such as humus, pH, organic matters and total nutrient, incompletely comply with relevant safety regulations.

CN107410046A discloses a sheep raising fermentation bed bedding. The bedding mainly includes the following components: rape straws, rice husk, dead leaves, firmiana simplex sawdust, Chinese wildrye, fermented soybean meal, algae salt, distillers’ grains, garlic powder, edible fungus residues, beer yeast paste, microbial fermentation agents, bagasse, shell powder, kaolin, Ieonurus, lonicera japonica, dandelion, mint and an appropriate amount of water.

Defects of the above bedding are as follows: (1) a bacteria solution needs to be periodically sprayed to the fermentation bed, and a normal fermentation function of the fermentation bed may be maintained; (2) cost of the bacteria solution is relatively high; (3) common diseases are easily caused as follows: pigs easily inhale the bedding during respiration, causing foreign body pneumonia, and possibility that the pigs suffer from respiratory diseases is increased, so that respiratory problems of the pigs cannot be eliminated; investigation reveals that individual pig is allergic to the bedding; (4) inconvenient disinfection: for fermentation bed pig farming, diseased pigs need to be periodically immunized; (5) if time is too long, moulds, pathogenic bacteria, parasites and the like easily grow, thereby causing secondary pollution to pig growth; (6) great strain investment: the bacteria solution needs to be periodically sprayed, once drugs are delivered during disease attack of a pig farm, lots of probiotics in the fermentation bed are lost, and the bacteria solution needs to be supplemented in time. The cost of the bacteria solution is extremely high, and investment cost certainly will be increased; and (7) bed surface humidity is difficultly controlled as follows: the bed surface humidity must be controlled at about 60%, extremely low humidity goes against microbial reproduction and will cause diseases of respiratory system of the pigs, while when the humidity is extremely high, parasitic disease hazards of the pigs are serious, eggs of mycelia are taken into pig bodies to cause diseases when the mycelia are grazed by the pigs, and skin disease hazards are serious. Particularly in summer, a high temperature and high humidity season, prevention and treatment difficulties are increased.

With continuous expansion of production scale and vield of edible fungi, annual output of edible fungus residues is increasing. If the fungus bran is carelessly discarded or burned, waste of resources is caused, and severe contamination and huge pressure are brought to an ecological environment. Meanwhile, the total amount of livestock and poultry wastes is huge. Since a sandy soil bedding is used, and lots of livestock and poultry wastes cannot be recycled, how to relieve contradiction between livestock breeding and environmental protection, effectively decrease an environmental pollution pressure caused by breeding wastes and practically promote development of ecologically cyclic and environment-friendly modern animal husbandry has become a great subject that urgently needs to be researched and solved at present.

Compared with the above pig or sheep bedding, the cow bedding is stricter in requirements, because a main function of cows is milk production, and safety of dairy products must be strictly controlled. In addition to this, the cows lie down within 50-60% of time per day; due to long lying time, a bedding with high safety is needed; otherwise the cows are easily infected with a disease.

A lying behavior of cows in milk is influenced by factors such as surface properties of lying in bed, bed lying size and the like. Comfortable bed lying must have enough length and width, and a bedding that has good grip and is soft and dry is needed. For part of large dairy farms, cow dung subjected to solid-liquid separation serves as cow bedding, the characteristic that the bedding is dry and soft is met, but invasion of lots of homologous microorganisms is caused, resulting in that the cows are easily suffered from mastitis and other diseases. Therefore, the selected appropriate and comfortable lying bedding is capable of increasing welfare of the cows, bringing convenience to enable the cows to rest, sit and lie down, improving milk production and hygienic indexes of milk, and greatly decreasing the incidence rate of mastitis and feet and leg problems of the cows, and is very necessary to realize maximization of cow productivity effects.

At present, the cow dung is taken as the bedding in most of the dairy farms. Although reutilization of the wastes is realized, multiple kinds of bacteria easily grow when the cow dung is taken as the bedding, so that the cows are easily suffered from the diseases such as mastitis, and big hidden trouble of milk production safety of the cows exists. In addition, for the comfort level, if the cow dung is toa soft, the comfort level is undesirable.

Therefore, there is a need to provide the bedding which can solve the reutilization problem of the cow dung wastes and fungus residue wastes, promote high-valued efficient comprehensive utilization of the agricultural wastes, achieve a high comfort level, increase the time in bed for the cows and decrease transmission of homologous mastitis germs.

Summary To solve the above technical problems, the present invention provides a bedding that is high in comfort level and capable of increasing time in bed for cows, decreasing transmission of homologous mastitis germs, solving problems such as nonuse of lots of fungus residues and cow dung treatment without harming cow bodies, and ensuring health of cows and dairy products.

The present invention solves the above technical problems by solutions as follows: Application of edible fungus residues in cow bedding is the key point to be protected in the present invention.

In the above application, adopted edible fungus residues are edible fungus residues subjected to industrialized production; and preferably, the edible fungus residues are at least one of needle mushroom residues, pleurotus eryngii residues, hypsizigus marmoreus residues and shiitake mushroom residues.

The biggest characteristic of the present invention is that, the cow bedding only contains a single kind of raw materials, that is, the edible fungus residues, and other kinds of raw materials are not introduced.

Moisture content of the above edible fungus residues is 8-12%.

The edible fungus residues serving as the cow bedding in the present invention are edible fungus residues subjected to industrialized production.

The edible fungus residues are fungus residues that are aired until the moisture content is 8- 12%.

The edible fungus residues are at least one of the needle mushroom residues, pleurotus eryngii residues, hypsizigus marmoreus residues and shiitake mushroom residues.

A height of the bedding is 0.2-0.5 m; and preferably, the height of the bedding is 0.3 m.

The fungus residue bedding provided by the present invention has a ratio 1:(3.5-4.5) of large pores to small pores, volume-weight of 0.16-0.23 g/cm?, total porosity of 65-71%, aeration porosity of 12-16%, and water-holding porosity of 53-58%.

A using method of the cow bedding includes the following steps: (1) airing edible fungus residues until moisture content is 8-12%, preferably about 10%, and selecting mildew-free fungus residues for later use; (2) laying the edible fungus residues in a dairy barn, and making a height of the formed bedding as 0.2-0.5 m; and (3) in a using process of the bedding, when the bedding collapses, supplementing the bedding in time so that the thickness is 0.2-0.5 m.

The present invention has beneficial effects as follows: (1) Recycling is realized, and the utilization rate is increased: Reutilization problems of cow dung wastes and fungus residue wastes are solved, the bedding may directly return to the field, lots of wastes are not accumulated in a cattle farm, a condition that the wastes cannot be recycled is avoided, and high-valued efficient comprehensive recyclability of agricultural wastes is improved; (2) Treatment steps are reduced: In the present invention, the fungus residues are utilized in a form of bedding to serve as the cow bedding, and the cow bedding is only composed of the edible fungus residues, that is, a single kind of raw materials, so that the bedding does not need to be subjected to other treatments, the treatment steps of the bedding are reduced, the operation is simple, and practicality is high; (3) Safety of milk produced by cows is enhanced: According to the bedding in the present invention, an incidence rate of cow mastitis can be obviously decreased, cow health is facilitated, and drinking safety of dairy products is ensured; (4) A comfort level of the cows is improved: A mass of data provided in embodiments of the present invention proves that, the bedding in the present invention obviously increases the comfort level of the cows, so it can infer that milk yield of the cows is further increased; (5) Resources are saved, and cost is low: Waste edible fungus residues are taken as raw materials in the present invention. The edible fungus residues are wide in source and low in cost, and can solve a cost increase problem mentioned in the background that diseases or allergies of the cows need to be prevented by adding the bacteria solution due to easy bacterium breeding of common bedding; (6) After used as the cow bedding, the bedding in the present invention may further serve as a crop growing substrate, and reusability is high; and in addition, an intensive degree of the cow bedding in the present invention is high.

Description of Drawings Fig. 1 is a photo of a bedding in Embodiment 1 during use; Fig. 2 is a photo of a bedding in Embodiment 2 during use;

Fig. 3 is a rarefaction curve of different bedding samples; Fig. 4 is a T test histogram among diversity index groups of different beddings; Fig. 5 is a community barplot analysis chart of different beddings; Fig.8 is a Venn analysis chart of different beddings; 5 Fig.7 is a PCoA analysis chart of different beddings; and Fig.8 is a comparison histogram among different bacterial community beddings (bacterial genus of the top 15 relative abundance). Detailed Description To enable those skilled in the art to well understand the present invention, the present invention is further described below in combination with specific embodiments. Embodiment 1 Making and using methods of a cow bedding include the following specific steps: (1) airing needle mushroom residues until moisture content is about 10%, and selecting mildew-free needle mushroom residues for later use; (2) laying the needle mushroom residues in a dairy barn, and making a height of the whole bedding as about 0.5 m, wherein a particle size of the aired needle mushroom residues is about mm; and 20 (3) in a using process of the bedding, when the bedding collapses, supplementing the bedding in time until the thickness is about 0.5 m. Embodiment 2 The difference from Embodiment 1 is that the edible fungus residues are pleurotus eryngii residues, and the rest is the same as Embodiment 1. Embodiment 3 The difference from Embodiment 1 is that the edible fungus residues are hypsizigus marmoreus residues, and the rest is the same as Embodiment 1.

Embodiment 4 The difference from Embodiment 1 is that the edible fungus residues are shiitake mushroom residues, and the rest is the same as Embodiment 1. Embodiment 5 The difference from Embodiment 1 is that the edible fungus residues are beech mushroom residues, and the rest is the same as Embodiment 1.

Embodiment 6 With respect to the bedding in the present invention, the inventor conducts the following experiments: Cow dung beddings are collected from treatment plants of Dongying Dadi Dairy Industry after solid-liquid separation, fermentation finished plants after solid-liquid separation treatment and normal dairy barns.

Fungus residue beddings are collected from industrialized beech mushroom residues after crushing and airing in Shandong Hua'ao Group, and fungus residues after cows lie in bed for a month (obtained by adopting the method in Embodiment 5).

Three sampling points are randomly selected in each plant and dairy barn, and bedding sample collection is performed. During collection, inner, middle and outer parts of the beddings are uniformly mixed and filled in sterile plastic packaging bags, and sampling records (such as time, location, numbers and the like) are made on the bags. The sampled bedding samples in the sterile plastic packaging bags are taken back to a laboratory, and the bags are dried in an air dry oven at 45°C for determining physical properties of the beddings.

Samples 1, 2 and 3 are parallel samples of the collected cow dung subjected to solid-liquid separation, and samples of the cow dung of cows to stay in bed after solid-liquid separation (the collected cow dung is also collected within one month after the cows lie in bed).

Determination results of six basic physicochemical indexes of common beddings (fermented cow dung after solid-liquid separation) and fungus residue bedding samples show that the bedding samples are acidic and have great moisture content differences, and moisture content of the fungus residue bedding is only 14.352%. During evaluation of bed-lying indexes of the cows, significant differences exist between the bed-lying usage rate and cow comfort index of the common beddings and the fungus residue beddings, and the fungus residue beddings are better than the common beddings. In a matrix utilization aspect, a ratio of large pores to small pores of the fungus residue beddings is about 1:5.1, and crops may normally grow; and a ratio of large pores to small pores of the common beddings is about 1:19.7, and growing demands of normal crops cannot be met.

(1) With respect to the bed-lying usage rate of the cows, the inventor conducts the following experiments: The bed-lying usage rate of the cows or the in-bed rate is a state of the cows within 2 h after milking.

The bed-lying usage rate is a ratio of the quantity of lying cows to the quantity of cows in contact with the lying cows in the cow house after feeding cows are deducted.

The common beddings refer to the fermented cow dung after solid-liquid separation.

The fungus residue beddings refer to beech mushroom residue beddings made according to the method in Embodiment 5.

In contrast experiments of the common beddings and the fungus residue beddings, all the other conditions are kept the same, and only the beddings are different for facilitating comparison. Table 1 Comparison of Bed-Lying Usage Rate of Cows under Comparison of Beddings in Embodiments and Common Beddings Teaiment Wean [PE sonfoance el | 7 ver spines evel | Fungus residue | 78% A em I A Commented [ee [5 Je | It can be seen from data in the above table that, the longer the bed lying time of the cows is, the more the milk production is, so that the higher the usage rate is, the higher the milk yield is. The bed-lying usage rate of the cows using the fungus residue beddings is obviously higher than that of the cow dung bedding subjected to solid-liquid separation, and significant difference exists. (2) With respect to the bed-lying usage rate of the cows, the inventor conducts the following experiments: The cow comfort index is a ratio of the quantity of lying cows to the quantity of cows in contact with the lying cows in the cow house (the cows in contact with the lying cows in the cow house include cows that stand, lie down and stand across the bed). Table 2 Comparison of Bed-Lying Comfort of Cows under Comparison of Bedding in Embodiment 5 and Common Beddings

CI LC LC UE Fungus residue | 76% A me A A Commonbedding |S% [5 8 It can be seen from Table 2 that, the aired fungus residue bedding has obviously higher cow comfort than that of the cow dung subjected to solid-liquid separation, and significant difference exists, which indicates that cow welfare is high, and the comfort level is high. Lying of the cows is particularly important to milk production of the cows. The lower limit of lying time of the cows per day should not be lower than 12 h, ideal lying time is 13-14 h, and due to each additional 1 h of lying time, the milk production may be correspondingly increased by about 1 kg. A precondition of increasing the lying time of the cows is to provide qualified bed lying for the cows. Through the two indexes, that is, the bed-lying usage rate of the cows and the cow comfort, it may obviously show that, when the cows lie down on the fungus residue bedding for a longer time, lactation of the cows is facilitated.

(3) With respect to the moisture content of the bedding, the inventor conducts the following experiments: After the common bedding and the bedding in Embodiment 5 are used for one month, the two beddings are respectively collected, the moisture of the two beddings is determined, and results are as follows: Table 3 Moisture Content of Common Bedding Table 4 Moisture Content of Fungus Residue Bedding in Embodiment 5 Fungus residue | Moisture content Average moisture content ve a It can be seen from the above table that, according to moisture content data comparison, because the moisture content in the fungus residue bedding is relatively low, it speculates that a microbial community number in the fungus residue bedding is small, homologous pathogenic bacteria are few, and health of the cows is facilitated.

(4) Detection of indexes such as volume weight and porosity A ratio of large pores to small pores: the large pores refer to a space that can be occupied by air in the matrix, that is, aeration pores; The small pores refer to a space that can be occupied by moisture in the matrix, namely water-holding pores, also called capillary porosity; and the moisture will be held in the matrix via the pores by utilizing a capillary action.

A ratio of the aeration pores to the water-holding pores is called the ratio of large pores to small pores and may reflect a condition of the moisture and air in the matrix. Generally, the diameter of the aeration pores is generally more than 0.1 mm, the diameter of the water-holding pores is generally in a range of 0.001-0.1 mm, and crops may well grow when the ratio of large pores to small pores is in a range of 1:(1.5-4).

Range values of the various physical indexes of a cultivation substrate should be as follows: the volume weight is 0.6-0.8 g/cm3, the total porosity is 60-70%, and the water-holding capacity is appropriate at 55-75%.

Appropriate volume weight of low plants and indoor growing plants is 0.1-0.5 g/cm}.

Through comparison of the above indexes, the bedding in the present invention is suitable to serve as a cultivation substrate, particularly as the cultivation substrate of the low plants and indoor growing plants.

After the common bedding and the bedding in Embodiment 5 are used for one month, the two beddings are respectively collected, the indexes of the two beddings, such as the volume weight and the porosity, are determined, and results are as follows: Table 5 Detection Results of Indexes of Fungus Residue Bedding such as Volume Weight and Porosity Fungus Volume TP (total | AP WHP Water-air Ratio of residue weight porosity %) | (aeration (water- ratio large pores bedding (g/cm?) porosity %) | holding to small (on [ow [wm [wwe [wm [wm [ow (5) pH detection After the common bedding and the bedding in Embodiment 5 are used for one month, the two beddings are respectively collected, the pH values of the two beddings are determined, and results are as follows: Table 6 pH values of fungus residues, bedding in Embodiment 5 and common beddings Cee |e (6) Microbial detection results After the common bedding and the bedding in Embodiment 5 are used for one month, the two beddings are respectively collected, microbes in the two beddings are determined, and detection results are as follows: Sample number: Nainiu: cow dung of cows after lying in bed; Gu-ye: unfermented cow dung after solid-liquid separation; Fajiao: fermented cow dung after solid-liquid separation; Junzha: fungus residues; Diwuzu: fungus residues after bed lying of cows.

1. Diversity analysis: By performing clustering operations on sequences of different bedding samples, the sample sequences are classified in many groups according to similarity each other, and bio-information statistical analysis is performed at 97% of OTU under a similarity level. Under a condition that the same sequence is extracted, the higher the OTU number is, the higher the species richness is. A sequence of the species richness from a higher one to a lower one is gu- ye>nainiu>fajiao>diwuzu>junzha.

Fig. 4 shows that, significant differences exist among diversity indexes of the 5 groups, wherein a very significant difference exists between gu-ye and junzha.

Referring to Fig. 3, the rarefaction curve tends to be flat, which indicates that the sampling quantity is rational, and the detection results may really reflect bacterial communities of different beddings.

2. Community composition of different beddings before and after bed lying of cows By performing sequencing and clustering analysis on the microbial community of the 5 samples, corresponding bacterial communities involve five kinds of bacteriophyta (such as Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Chloroflexi), and include 6 classes, 13 catalogues, 32 families and 48 genuses. On a classification level of genus, a dominant bacterial community of the cow bedding before bed lying is an undetected bacterial genus and has relative abundance of 66.02%, followed by Pseudomonas (31.53%), Serratia (30.64%), Weissella (13.98%) and the like (Table 7) in sequence; and a dominant bacterial community of the cow bedding after bed lying is Lactobacillus and has relative abundance of 36.40%, followed by the undetected bacterial genus (35.68%), Corynebacterium_1 (26.61%), Lysinibacillus (12.39%) and the like (Table 8) in sequence.

Table 7 Community Composition and Relative Abundance of Cow Bedding Before Bed Lying (Bacterial Communities Having Top 10 Relative Abundances)

Table 8 Community Composition and Relative Abundance of Cow Bedding After Bed Lying (Bacterial Communities Having Top 10 Relative Abundances)

3. Bacterial community composition differences of different beddings Fig. 5 shows abundances of 5 groups of bedding samples on a bacterial genus level. Relative abundances of bacterial communities of different beddings have obvious differences. For example, a dominant genus of the fungus residue bedding (junzha) sample is Serratia and has relative abundance of 30.63%, followed by Pseudomonas (24.92%), Weissella (13.97%), Enterobacter (10.75%), Pantoea (8.05%) and the like in sequence. A dominant genus of the fungus residue bedding (diwuzu) sample after bed lying of cows is Lactobacillus and has relative abundance of 36.37%, followed by Corynebacterium_1 (22.15%), Lysinibacillus (7.88%), Pediococcus (7.07%), undetected genus Others (6.88%) and the like in sequence. After solid- liquid separation, a dominant genus of the unfermented cow dung {(gu-ye) sample is the undetected genus Others and has relative abundance of 34.31%, followed by Corynebacterium_1 (7.09%), Aerococcaceae (4.67%), Romboutsia (4.3%), Bravhybacterium (4.03%) and the like in sequence. After solid-liquid separation, a dominant genus of the fermented cow dung (fajiao) sample is the undetected genus Others and has relative abundance of 25.94%, followed by Pseudoxanthomonas (9.09%), Planifilum (9.01%), Bacillus (7.45%), Pseudomonas (6.19%), Acinetobacter (5.9%) and the like in sequence. A dominant genus of the cow dung bedding (nainiu) sample after bed lying of cows is the undetected genus Others and has relative abundance of 28.8%, followed by Solibacillus (8.76%), Glutamicibacter (6.35%), Brachybacterium (6.17%), Bacillus (5.63%), Flavobacterium (5.11%) and the like in sequence. The five groups of bedding samples are subjected to Venn chart (Fig. 6) statistics based on statistical analysis. Numbers of common and unique species in the samples are counted. It should be intuitively seen that, a sequence of bacterial species contained in the five groups of samples is gu_ye>nainiu>fajiao>diwuzu>junzha in sequence from a higher one to a lower one. The number of bacterial species in the fungus residue bedding for cows that do not lie in bed is less than that in the bedding subjected to solid-liquid separation. The number of bacterial species in the fermentation finished cow dung bedding is totally 115. Compared with the traditional cow dung bedding subjected to solid-liquid separation and fermentation, the fungus residue bedding has advantages that the number of the contained bacterial species is obviously decreased. Therefore, the fungus residue bedding has an obvious improvement effect of preventing mastitis disease and other health problems of the cows.

4. Differences among different bacterial community beddings The community composition of the five groups of samples is analyzed by a PCoA chart (Fig. 7), which may indicate differences and distances among the five groups of samples. Horizontal and vertical coordinates represent two selected principal coordinate components, and percent represents contribution values of the principal coordinate components to the sample composition differences. Points of different colors or shapes represent different grouped samples. The closer the two sample points are, the more similar the composition of the two sample species is. It may be obviously seen that, regardless of the fermented or unfermented cow dung subjected to solid- liquid separation or cow dung of the cows that lie in bed, the sample difference is not great, and the composition similarity is relatively high; while the bed-lying and non-lying species in the fungus residue samples have great differences, and no composition exists, thereby greatly decreasing introduction of homologous pathogenic bacteria and decreasing disease risk of the cows. By performing difference analysis on 15 bacterial genus having the top 15 relative abundances (Fig. 8), in the Pseudomomas and Serratia, very significant differences exist among the 5 bedding samples; and in Lactobacillus, Corynebacterium_1, Weissella, Enterobacter, Lysinibacillus, Brachybacterium, Isoptericola, Pseudoxanthomonas, Planifilum, Solibacillus, Glutamicibacter and Pantoes, significant differences exist among the 5 bedding samples. It may be seen from the above test data that, when the bedding in the present invention serves as the cow bedding, bacterial colonies are few, and controllability is high; while in the cow dung bedding, proportions of unknown bacterial colonies are relatively high, and hidden safety hazards existing in aspects such as health of the cows are high. Embodiment 7 The bedding in Embodiment 1 and cow dung porosity indexes are detected by the inventor, and specific results are as follows: Table 9 Sample Porosity Comparison in Embodiment 1 Sample TP (Total | AP (Aeration | WHP (Water- | Water-air porosity %) porosity %) holding ratio en ee a are as sa [ease Men [maes [eseer [ae [oe | Table 10 Indexes of Bedding Such as Volume Weight, Porosity, TP, AP and WHP Sample Volume | TP (Total | AP (Aeration | WHP Water-air Ratio of large weight | porosity %) porosity %) (Water- ratio pores to small (g/cm?) holding pores Fungus 0.197 67.690 14.805 51.219 0.25111 1:4.8 residue bedding in Embodiment Fungus 0.199 67.35733 11.112 56.24533 0.200427 1:51 residue bedding in Embodiment Common 0.320 63.92433333 | 3.088666667 | 60.83566667 | 0.051292884 | 1:19.7 py TEE Table 10 is a summary table of Table 5 and Table ©; the values are the mean of the three parallel samples, and * in the volume weight shows that a significant difference exists in the volume weight of the fungus residue bedding and the common bedding.

It may be seen from the data in the above table that, since the aeration porosity of the cow dung are relatively low, it may be deduced that the cow dung bedding is poor in breathability; non- uniformity of oxygen content of the inner, middle and outer parts will be caused; and lots of anaerobic reactions are carried out insides. If the temperature rises in summer, lots of anaerobic bacteria grow in the cow dung, thereby making a certain effect on mastitis and in-bed time of the COWS.

Generally, the diameter of the aeration pores is generally more than 0.1 mm, the diameter of the water-holding pores is generally in a range of 0.001-0.1 mm, and crops may well grow when the ratio of large pores to small pores is in a range of 1:(1.5-4).

Aeration pores: the small pores refer to a space that can be occupied by moisture in the matrix, namely water-holding pores, also called capillary porosity; and the moisture will be held in the matrix via the pores by utilizing a capillary action. The ratio of the aeration pores to the water-

holding pores is called the ratio of the large pores to the small pores and may reflect a condition of the moisture and the air in the matrix.

Appropriate volume weight of low plants and indoor growing plants is 0.1-0.5 g/cm3. The total porosity is 60-70%, and the water-holding capacity is 55-75%. The crops may well grow in a range 1:(1.5-4) of the ratio of the large pores to small pores.

After the bedding is used by the cows that lie in bed at a later stage, the indexes may serve as excellent indexes for judging whether the bedding can be directly applied to soilless culture or taken as a soilless culture substrate, thereby forming circular agriculture.

Claims (10)

CONCLUSIONS 1. An application of edible fungus residues in a cowshed bedding. The use of the edible fungus residues in the bedding material according to claim 1, wherein the edible fungus residues are edible fungus residues subjected to industrialized production, and preferably at least one of coniferous mushroom residues, pleurotus eryngii residues , remains of hypsizigus marmoreus and remains of shiitake mushrooms. 3. Cowshed litter, which contains only one type of raw material, namely the remains of edible fungi. The cowshed litter according to claim 3, wherein the moisture content of the residues of the edible fungus residues is 8-12%. The cow shed bedding according to claim 3, wherein the residues of the edible fungi are residues of edible fungi that have been subjected to industrialized production. The cowshed litter according to claim 3, wherein the edible fungal residues are fungal residues which are aerated until the moisture content is 8-12%. The cowshed bedding of claim 3, wherein the edible fungal residues are at least one of coniferous mushroom residues, pleurotus eryngii residues, hypsizigus marmoreus residues, and shiitake mushroom residues. The cow shed bedding according to claim 3, wherein the height of the shed bedding is 0.2 - 0.5 m, wherein the height of the shed bedding is preferably 0.3 m. The cow shed litter according to claim 3, wherein the shed litter of mold residues has a large pore to small pore ratio of 1:(3.5-4.5), a volumetric weight of 0.16 - 0.23 g/cm 3 , an overall porosity of 65 - 71%, aeration porosity of 12 - 16% and water retention porosity of 53 - 58%. 10. A method of applying cow shed litter, the method comprising the steps of: (1) aerating edible mold residues to the moisture content of 8 - 12% amounts, and selecting mold residues that are free of mildew for later use; (2) laying the remains of the edible fungi in a milking parlor and raising the formed litter to a height of 0.2-0.5 m; and (3) in a ground cover using process, when the ground cover collapses, replenishing the litter in a timely manner so that the thickness is kept at 0.2-0.5m.