KR102678703B1 - 수처리 장치, 초순수 제조장치 및 수처리 방법 - Google Patents
수처리 장치, 초순수 제조장치 및 수처리 방법 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- KR102678703B1 KR102678703B1 KR1020187012824A KR20187012824A KR102678703B1 KR 102678703 B1 KR102678703 B1 KR 102678703B1 KR 1020187012824 A KR1020187012824 A KR 1020187012824A KR 20187012824 A KR20187012824 A KR 20187012824A KR 102678703 B1 KR102678703 B1 KR 102678703B1
- Authority
- KR
- South Korea
- Prior art keywords
- water
- activated carbon
- treatment device
- water treatment
- quaternary ammonium
- Prior art date
Links
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 186
- 229910021642 ultra pure water Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 239000012498 ultrapure water Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 171
- 125000001453 quaternary ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 66
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- 229920003176 water-insoluble polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 58
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 claims description 58
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 claims description 27
- 230000001546 nitrifying effect Effects 0.000 claims description 27
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000003456 ion exchange resin Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 229920003303 ion-exchange polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 19
- NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-bis(ethenyl)benzene;1-ethenyl-2-ethylbenzene;styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1.CCC1=CC=CC=C1C=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920003169 water-soluble polymer Polymers 0.000 claims 4
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 40
- 239000003957 anion exchange resin Substances 0.000 description 22
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 19
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 description 14
- XKMRRTOUMJRJIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonia nh3 Chemical compound N.N XKMRRTOUMJRJIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 9
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 9
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- -1 ammonium ions Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000003100 immobilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000001223 reverse osmosis Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000003512 tertiary amines Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002125 Sokalan® Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000005349 anion exchange Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000015271 coagulation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005345 coagulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000007872 degassing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005188 flotation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003673 groundwater Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000002768 hydroxyalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000008235 industrial water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 230000029058 respiratory gaseous exchange Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000108 ultra-filtration Methods 0.000 description 2
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- GAWIXWVDTYZWAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N C[CH]O Chemical group C[CH]O GAWIXWVDTYZWAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000013162 Cocos nucifera Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000060011 Cocos nucifera Species 0.000 description 1
- JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl urethane Chemical compound CCOC(N)=O JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UEEJHVSXFDXPFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-dimethylaminoethanol Chemical group CN(C)CCO UEEJHVSXFDXPFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001453382 Nitrosomonadales Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001328 Polyvinylidene chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O ammonium group Chemical group [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 238000011001 backwashing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005341 cation exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012258 culturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002147 dimethylamino group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])N(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 238000000855 fermentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004151 fermentation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000002538 fungal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004029 hydroxymethyl group Chemical group [H]OC([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 229910001410 inorganic ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000250 methylamino group Chemical group [H]N(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003214 poly(methacrylonitrile) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000768 polyamine Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005033 polyvinylidene chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002203 pretreatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002062 proliferating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008213 purified water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- GCLGEJMYGQKIIW-UHFFFAOYSA-H sodium hexametaphosphate Chemical compound [Na]OP1(=O)OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])OP(=O)(O[Na])O1 GCLGEJMYGQKIIW-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- GETQZCLCWQTVFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylamine Chemical group CN(C)C GETQZCLCWQTVFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003672 ureas Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002349 well water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020681 well water Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J41/00—Anion exchange; Use of material as anion exchangers; Treatment of material for improving the anion exchange properties
- B01J41/04—Processes using organic exchangers
- B01J41/05—Processes using organic exchangers in the strongly basic form
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J41/00—Anion exchange; Use of material as anion exchangers; Treatment of material for improving the anion exchange properties
- B01J41/04—Processes using organic exchangers
- B01J41/07—Processes using organic exchangers in the weakly basic form
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J41/00—Anion exchange; Use of material as anion exchangers; Treatment of material for improving the anion exchange properties
- B01J41/08—Use of material as anion exchangers; Treatment of material for improving the anion exchange properties
- B01J41/12—Macromolecular compounds
- B01J41/14—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J47/00—Ion-exchange processes in general; Apparatus therefor
- B01J47/02—Column or bed processes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/42—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by ion-exchange
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/02—Aerobic processes
- C02F3/06—Aerobic processes using submerged filters
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/02—Aerobic processes
- C02F3/10—Packings; Fillings; Grids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/34—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage characterised by the microorganisms used
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
- Y02W10/10—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Biological Treatment Of Waste Water (AREA)
- Water Treatment By Sorption (AREA)
- Treatment Of Water By Ion Exchange (AREA)
- Purification Treatments By Anaerobic Or Anaerobic And Aerobic Bacteria Or Animals (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2015224114A JP6737583B2 (ja) | 2015-11-16 | 2015-11-16 | 水処理装置、超純水製造装置及び水処理方法 |
| JPJP-P-2015-224114 | 2015-11-16 | ||
| PCT/JP2016/083563 WO2017086252A1 (ja) | 2015-11-16 | 2016-11-11 | 水処理装置、超純水製造装置及び水処理方法 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| KR20180081513A KR20180081513A (ko) | 2018-07-16 |
| KR102678703B1 true KR102678703B1 (ko) | 2024-06-25 |
Family
ID=58718879
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| KR1020187012824A KR102678703B1 (ko) | 2015-11-16 | 2016-11-11 | 수처리 장치, 초순수 제조장치 및 수처리 방법 |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP6737583B2 (zh) |
| KR (1) | KR102678703B1 (zh) |
| CN (1) | CN108349764B (zh) |
| TW (1) | TWI706917B (zh) |
| WO (1) | WO2017086252A1 (zh) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP6983582B2 (ja) * | 2017-08-30 | 2021-12-17 | オルガノ株式会社 | 浄水器用カートリッジ及び軟化用浄水器 |
Family Cites Families (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5995987A (ja) * | 1982-11-22 | 1984-06-02 | Ebara Infilco Co Ltd | 排煙脱硫脱硝廃水の処理方法 |
| JPS6168198A (ja) * | 1984-09-11 | 1986-04-08 | Hitachi Plant Eng & Constr Co Ltd | 廃水処理剤 |
| JPH0839058A (ja) * | 1994-07-28 | 1996-02-13 | Kurita Water Ind Ltd | 半導体洗浄排水の処理方法 |
| JP3200314B2 (ja) * | 1994-11-29 | 2001-08-20 | オルガノ株式会社 | 有機物含有酸性排水処理装置 |
| GB9925215D0 (en) * | 1999-10-26 | 1999-12-22 | Cerestar Holding Bv | Process for the manufacture of citric acid |
| JP2007313492A (ja) * | 2006-04-26 | 2007-12-06 | Kurita Water Ind Ltd | 溶解性ｃｏｄ成分含有水の処理方法及び装置 |
| CN101285046B (zh) * | 2007-04-09 | 2011-08-17 | 天津科技大学 | 一种诱变菌株白色链霉菌TUST2及利用该诱变菌株生产ε-聚赖氨酸及其盐的方法 |
| CN101939262A (zh) * | 2007-11-06 | 2011-01-05 | 栗田工业株式会社 | 超纯水制造方法和装置以及电子部件构件类的清洗方法和装置 |
| JP5844960B2 (ja) | 2009-12-25 | 2016-01-20 | 株式会社三共 | 遊技機 |
| KR20130014493A (ko) * | 2010-03-05 | 2013-02-07 | 쿠리타 고교 가부시키가이샤 | 수처리 방법 및 초순수 제조 방법 |
| CN102191188A (zh) * | 2010-03-10 | 2011-09-21 | 中国科学院福建物质结构研究所 | 一种培养细菌的方法及其应用 |
| CN102869619B (zh) * | 2010-04-30 | 2016-03-02 | 栗田工业株式会社 | 水处理方法和超纯水制造方法 |
| JP5914964B2 (ja) * | 2010-10-18 | 2016-05-11 | 栗田工業株式会社 | 超純水製造方法 |
| CN104529075A (zh) * | 2014-12-29 | 2015-04-22 | 日照金禾博源生化有限公司 | 一种改进的柠檬酸废水处理工艺 |
-
2015
- 2015-11-16 JP JP2015224114A patent/JP6737583B2/ja active Active
-
2016
- 2016-11-11 WO PCT/JP2016/083563 patent/WO2017086252A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2016-11-11 KR KR1020187012824A patent/KR102678703B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2016-11-11 CN CN201680066592.4A patent/CN108349764B/zh active Active
- 2016-11-16 TW TW105137486A patent/TWI706917B/zh active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2017087184A (ja) | 2017-05-25 |
| TW201731770A (zh) | 2017-09-16 |
| TWI706917B (zh) | 2020-10-11 |
| WO2017086252A1 (ja) | 2017-05-26 |
| KR20180081513A (ko) | 2018-07-16 |
| CN108349764A (zh) | 2018-07-31 |
| CN108349764B (zh) | 2021-07-30 |
| JP6737583B2 (ja) | 2020-08-12 |
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