KR100544354B1 - 난연성 피혁-유사 시트 기재 및 그 제조 방법 - Google Patents
난연성 피혁-유사 시트 기재 및 그 제조 방법 Download PDFInfo
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- KR100544354B1 KR100544354B1 KR1020030037648A KR20030037648A KR100544354B1 KR 100544354 B1 KR100544354 B1 KR 100544354B1 KR 1020030037648 A KR1020030037648 A KR 1020030037648A KR 20030037648 A KR20030037648 A KR 20030037648A KR 100544354 B1 KR100544354 B1 KR 100544354B1
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- B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
- B32B5/22—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed
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- D06N3/00—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof
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- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/36—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyesters
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- B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
- B32B5/02—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
- B32B5/022—Non-woven fabric
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- D04H1/435—Polyesters
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
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- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
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- D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
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- D04H1/498—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres entanglement of layered webs
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- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M11/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising
- D06M11/32—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with oxygen, ozone, ozonides, oxides, hydroxides or percompounds; Salts derived from anions with an amphoteric element-oxygen bond
- D06M11/36—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with inorganic substances or complexes thereof; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment, e.g. mercerising with oxygen, ozone, ozonides, oxides, hydroxides or percompounds; Salts derived from anions with an amphoteric element-oxygen bond with oxides, hydroxides or mixed oxides; with salts derived from anions with an amphoteric element-oxygen bond
- D06M11/45—Oxides or hydroxides of elements of Groups 3 or 13 of the Periodic System; Aluminates
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- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M13/00—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
- D06M13/244—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with compounds containing sulfur or phosphorus
- D06M13/282—Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with compounds containing sulfur or phosphorus with compounds containing phosphorus
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06N3/00—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof
- D06N3/0002—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof characterised by the substrate
- D06N3/0013—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof characterised by the substrate using multilayer webs
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06N3/00—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof
- D06N3/0056—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof characterised by the compounding ingredients of the macro-molecular coating
- D06N3/0063—Inorganic compounding ingredients, e.g. metals, carbon fibres, Na2CO3, metal layers; Post-treatment with inorganic compounds
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- B32B2262/0276—Polyester fibres
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- D06M—TREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
- D06M2200/00—Functionality of the treatment composition and/or properties imparted to the textile material
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y10T442/20—Coated or impregnated woven, knit, or nonwoven fabric which is not [a] associated with another preformed layer or fiber layer or, [b] with respect to woven and knit, characterized, respectively, by a particular or differential weave or knit, wherein the coating or impregnation is neither a foamed material nor a free metal or alloy layer
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract
Description
인 함유 화합물을 공중합한 난연성 폴리에스테르를 이용하여 섬유를 형성하는 것은 상기 이외에도 종래부터 알려져 있고 (예를 들면,일본 특개소51-82392호 공보,특개소55-7888호 공보,특공소55-41610호 공보,특개2001-164423호 공보를 참조), 또한 폴리우레탄 분자중에 인 화합물 유래의 구조 단위를 도입한 난연성 폴리우레탄도 알려져 있다 (예를 들면 일본 특개평9-194559호 공보 참조). 그렇지만 이러한 특허 문헌에는 난연성 폴리에스테르 섬유나 난연성 폴리우레탄을 난연성 피혁-유사 시트 기재의 제조에 이용하는 것은 일체 개시되고 있지 않으며, 따라서 부드럽고 고급스러운 느낌이 우수한 촉감을 가지면서 난연성이 우수하고 게다가 내마모성이나 박리강도 등의 표면 강도 역시 뛰어난 난연성 피혁-유사 시트 기재를 제공하는 것에 관하여 이러한 특허 문헌에는 전혀 기재도 시사도 되어 있지 않다.
(B) 그 폴리에스테르 극세섬유(a)와 난연성 폴리에스테르 극세섬유(b)가 질량비(a)/(b)=70/30∼0/100의 범위로 된 결합 부직포의 내부에,난연성 부여 성분을 함유하는 탄성중합체(c)를 포함시킨 층;
을 갖는 난연성 피혁-유사 시트 기재로서,난연성 피혁-유사 시트 기재에서 폴리에스테르 극세섬유(a): 난연성 폴리에스테르 극세섬유(b)의 질량비가 10:90∼90:10인 것을 특징으로 한 난연성 피혁-유사 시트 기재이다.
(I) 난연성 부여 성분을 함유하지 않는 단섬유 섬도 0.5dtex 이하의 폴리에스테르 극세섬유(a)를 형성할 수 있는 극세섬유 형성 섬유(ao)와 난연성 부여 성분을 함유하는 단섬유 섬도 0.5dtex 이하의 난연성 폴리에스테르 극세섬유(b)를 형성할 수 있는 극세섬유 형성 섬유(bo)가 질량비(a)/(b) =100/0∼40/60의 범위로 된 결합 부직포(NWao)와, 상기의 극세섬유 형성 섬유(ao)와 극세섬유 형성 섬유(bo)가 질량비(a)/(b) =70/30∼0/100의 범위로 된 결합 부직포(NWbo)를 제조하는 공정,
또한,본 발명은 난연성 피혁-유사 시트 기재를 제조할 때,
그 중에서도 난연성 폴리에스테르 극세섬유(b)는 난연성 부여 공중합 성분을 갖는 공중합 폴리에스테르로부터 형성되는 것이, 방사시나 난연성 피혁-유사 시트 기재 및 인공 피혁을 제조하기 위한 여러 공정에 있어서 난연성 부여 성분의 탈락이 생기지 않는 측면에서 바람직하다.특히,난연성 폴리에스테르 극세섬유(b)는 할로겐을 함유하지 않는 인함유 화합물에서 유래한 공중합 단위를 분자 중에 가지는 공중합 폴리에스테르로부터 형성되는 것이 바람직하고,이에 의하여 난연성 부여 성분의 탈락 방지라는 상기의 효과와 아울러,할로겐에 의한 환경오염의 문제 등을 방지할 수 있게 된다.
본 발명의 층(A)를 구성하는 결합 부직포는 난연성 부여 성분을 함유하지 않는 단섬유 섬도 0.5dtex 이하의 폴리에스테르 극세섬유(a)와 난연성 부여 성분을 함유하는 단섬유 섬도 0.5dtex 이하의 난연성 폴리에스테르 극세섬유(b)가 질량비(a)/(b)=100/0∼40/60의 범위가 되어야 한다.
본 발명의 난연성 피혁-유사 시트 기재로는 비난연화 폴리에스테르 극세섬유(a) 및 난연성 폴리에스테르 극세섬유(b) 와,이러한 극세섬유로 형성된 결합 부직포의 내부에 함유된 탄성 중합체(c)가 실질적으로 접착되지 않고,극세섬유가 탄성 중합체(c)에 구속되지 않고 분리된 상태인 것이 바람직하다.극세섬유와 탄성 중합체(c)가 접착하지 않음으로써, 극세섬유가 탄성 중합체에 구속되지 않아 움직임의 자유도가 증가하고 천연 피혁과 유사한 유연한 촉감을 부여할 수 있다.
난연성 피혁-유사 시트 기재의 두께는 용도에 따라 임의로 선택할 수 있지만 촉감,강도,취급 용이성 등의 관점에서 일반적으로 0.5∼2.0mm 정도인 것이 바람직하고,0.6∼1.5mm 정도인 것이 보다 바람직하다.
또한, 탄성 중합체의 함침 공정과 극세섬유화 공정의 순서에 대해서도,제조법(1)과 마찬가지로 이 순서 또는 반대 순서로 행해도 된다.
제조예 | ||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
폴리에스테르용 원료 배합 (중량부) | ||||
테레프탈산 | 69.1 | 57.7 | 61.6 | 66.3 |
에틸렌글리콜 | 30.9 | 25.9 | 27.7 | 29.7 |
반응성 인계 난연제 | 0 | 16.4 | 10.7 | 4.0 |
폴리에스테르중의 인 원자 함유량 (ppm) | 0 | 3000 | 8000 | 12000 |
실시예 | ||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
극세섬유 중 인 원자 농도(ppm) 층(A) 중의 폴리에스테르 극세섬유 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6000 |
층(B) 중의 폴리에스테르 극세섬유 | 8000 | 12000 | 8000 | 6000 |
피혁 유사 시트 기재 극세섬유(a)/극세섬유(b)의 질량비 | 20/80 | 60/40 | 20/80 | 50/50 |
인 원자 농도 (ppm) | 6400 | 4800 | 8000 | 6000 |
폴리우레탄 중의 수산화알루미늄량1) | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 |
물성 ㆍ난연성 피혁 유사 시트 기재 | 자기소화성 | 자기소화성 | 자기소화성 | 자기소화성 |
염색 스웨이드 인공 피혁 | 자기소화성 | 자기소화성 | 자기소화성 | 자기소화성 |
ㆍ내마모성 (마모량; mg) | 25 | 32 | 28 | 29 |
ㆍ마모시험 후의 외관 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
ㆍ염색 스웨이드조 인공피혁의 촉감 | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ |
1) 폴리우레탄 100 질량부에 대한 수산화 알루미늄의 질량부 |
실시예 | 비교예 | ||
5 | 1 | 2 | |
극세섬유 중 인 원자 농도(ppm) 층(A) 중의 폴리에스테르 극세섬유 | 5140 | 8000 | 0 |
층(B) 중의 폴리에스테르 극세섬유 | 5140 | 8000 | 12000 |
피혁 유사 시트 기재 극세섬유(a)/극세섬유(b)의 질량비 | 40/30 | 0/100 | 40/60 |
인 원자 농도 (ppm) | 5140 | 8000 | 7200 |
폴리우레탄 중의 수산화알루미늄 량1) | 50 | 50 | 0 |
물성 ㆍ난연성 피혁 유사 시트 기재 | 자기소화성 | 자기소화성 | 이연성 |
염색 스웨이드 인공 피혁 | 자기소화성 | 자기소화성 | 이연성 |
ㆍ내마모성 (마모량; mg) | 27 | 195 | 35 |
ㆍ마모시험 후의 외관 | 4 | 1 | 4 |
ㆍ염색 스웨이드조 인공피혁의 촉감 | ○ | ○ | ○ |
1) 폴리우레탄 100 질량부에 대한 수산화 알루미늄의 질량부 |
Claims (12)
- (A) 난연성 부여 성분을 함유하지 않는 단섬유 섬도 0.5dtex 이하의 폴리에스테르 극세섬유(a)와 난연성 부여 성분을 함유하는 단섬유 섬도 0.5dtex 이하의 난연성 폴리에스테르 극세섬유(b)가 질량비(a)/(b)=100/0∼40/60의 범위로 된 결합 부직포의 내부에 난연성 부여 성분을 함유하는 탄성 중합체(c)를 포함시킨 층; 및 (B) 상기 폴리에스테르 극세섬유(a)와 상기 난연성 폴리에스테르 극세섬유(b)가 질량비(a)/(b)=70/30∼0/100의 범위로 된 결합 부직포의 내부에 난연성 부여 성분을 함유하는 탄성 중합체(c)를 포함시킨 층을 갖는 난연성 피혁-유사 시트 기재로서,상기 난연성 피혁-유사 시트 기재에서 폴리에스테르 극세섬유(a):난연성 폴리에스테르 극세섬유(b)의 질량비가 10:90∼90:10 인 것을 특징으로 하는 난연성 피혁-유사 시트 기재.
- 제1항에 있어서,폴리에스테르 극세섬유(a)의 인장 강도가 1.6g/dtex 이상인 것을 특징으로 하는 난연성 피혁-유사 시트 기재.
- 제1항 또는 제2항에 있어서,난연성 폴리에스테르 극세섬유(b)가 인 함유 화합물을 공중합한 공중합 폴리에스테르로 된 극세섬유인 것을 특징으로 하는 난연성 피혁-유사 시트 기재.
- 제3항에 있어서,난연성 폴리에스테르 극세섬유(b)를 형성하는 공중합 폴리에스테르 중의 인 원자 농도가 6,000∼50,000ppm 인 것을 특징으로 하는 난연성 피혁-유사 시트 기재.
- 제3항에 있어서,폴리에스테르 극세섬유(a)와 난연성 폴리에스테르 극세섬유(b)의 합계 질량에 대한 인 원자의 농도가 3,000∼20000ppm 인 것을 특징으로 하는 난연성 피혁-유사 시트 기재.
- 제1항에 있어서,탄성 중합체(c)에 포함된 난연성 부여 성분이 수산화 알루미늄인 것을 특징으로 하는 난연성 피혁-유사 시트 기재.
- 제6항에 있어서,수산화 알루미늄의 합계 함유량이 탄성 중합체(c)의 합계 100 질량부에 대하여 10∼200 질량부인 것을 특징으로 하는 난연성 피혁-유사 시트 기재.
- 난연성 피혁-유사 시트 기재의 제조에 있어서,(I) 난연성 부여 성분을 함유하지 않는 단섬유 섬도 0.5dtex 이하의 폴리에스테르 극세섬유(a)를 형성할 수 있는 극세섬유 형성 섬유(ao)와 난연성 부여 성분을 함유하는 단섬유 섬도 0.5dtex 이하의 난연성 폴리에스테르 극세섬유(b)를 형성할 수 있는 극세섬유 형성 섬유(bo)가 질량비(a)/(b)=100/0∼40/60의 범위로 된 결합 부직포(NWao)와,상기 극세섬유 형성 섬유(ao)와 상기 극세섬유 형성 섬유(bo)가 질량비(a)/(b)=70/30∼0/100의 범위로 된 결합 부직포(NWbo)를 제조하는 공정,(II) 결합 부직포(NWao) 및 결합 부직포(NWbo)를 적층하는 공정,(III) 결합 부직포에 난연성 부여 성분을 함유하는 탄성 중합체(c)를 부여하는 공정,(IV) 극세섬유 형성 섬유(ao)와 상기 극세섬유 형성 섬유(bo)를 폴리에스테르 극세섬유(a) 및 난연성 폴리에스테르 극세섬유(b)로 변환하는 공정을 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 난연성 피혁-유사 시트 기재의 제조 방법.
- 난연성 피혁-유사 시트 기재의 제조에 있어서,(V) 난연성 부여 성분을 함유하지 않는 폴리에스테르 성분과 난연성 성분을 함유하는 폴리에스테르 성분이 실질적으로 접촉하지 않는 상태의 횡단면 구조를 갖고, 극세섬유화 후에 난연성 부여 성분을 함유하지 않는 단섬유 섬도 0.5dtex 이하의 폴리에스테르 극세섬유(a)와 난연성 부여 성분을 함유하는 단섬유 섬도 0.5dtex 이하의 난연성 폴리에스테르 극세섬유(b)가 질량비(a)/(b)=100/0∼40/60의 범위로 존재하는 극세섬유 형성 섬유(eo)로 된 결합 부직포(NWeo)와, 난연성 부여 성분을 함유하지 않는 폴리에스테르 성분과 난연성 성분을 함유하는 폴리에스테르 성분이 실질적으로 접촉하지 않는 상태의 횡단면 구조를 갖고,극세섬유화 후에 상기 폴리에스테르 극세섬유(a)와 상기 난연성 폴리에스테르 극세섬유(b)가 질량비(a)/(b)=70/30∼0/100 의 범위로 존재하는 극세섬유 형성 섬유(fo)로 된 결합 부직포(NWfo)를 제조하는 공정,(VI) 결합 부직포(NWeo) 및 (NWfo)를 적층하는 공정,(VII) 결합 부직포(NWeo) 및 (NWfo)에 난연성 부여 성분을 함유하는 탄성 중합체(c)를 포함시키는 공정,(VIII) 극세섬유 형성 섬유(eo)와 극세섬유 형성 섬유(fo)를 폴리에스테르 극세섬유(a) 및 난연성 폴리에스테르 극세섬유(b)로 변환하는 공정을 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 난연성 피혁-유사 시트 기재의 제조 방법.
- 제1항 내지 제7항 중 어느 한 항에 기재된 난연성 피혁-유사 시트 기재를 이용하여서 된 스웨이드조 인공피혁.
- 제1항 내지 제7항 중 어느 한 항에 기재된 난연성 피혁-유사 시트 기재를 이용하여서 된 은부조 인공피혁.
- 제10항의 스웨이드조 인공피혁 또는 제11항의 은부조 인공피혁을 표면재로 사용한 의자류 또는 차량용 좌석류.
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TW526303B (en) * | 2000-01-06 | 2003-04-01 | Kuraray Co | Artificial leather shoe and artificial leather suited therefor |
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JP2002294571A (ja) * | 2001-03-30 | 2002-10-09 | Kuraray Co Ltd | 難燃性皮革様シート基体およびその製造方法 |
JP4212787B2 (ja) * | 2001-07-02 | 2009-01-21 | 株式会社クラレ | 皮革様シート |
JP3851210B2 (ja) * | 2002-04-17 | 2006-11-29 | 株式会社クラレ | 難燃性皮革様シート基体およびその製造方法 |
US7829486B2 (en) * | 2003-02-06 | 2010-11-09 | Kuraray Co., Ltd. | Stretchable leather-like sheet substrate and process for producing same |
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- 2003-06-05 EP EP20030012205 patent/EP1371774B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-06-05 DE DE2003602938 patent/DE60302938T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-06-11 TW TW92115820A patent/TWI241372B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-06-11 KR KR1020030037648A patent/KR100544354B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2003-06-12 CN CNB031427391A patent/CN1236136C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
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EP1371774B1 (en) | 2005-12-28 |
DE60302938D1 (de) | 2006-02-02 |
TW200408749A (en) | 2004-06-01 |
EP1371774A2 (en) | 2003-12-17 |
DE60302938T2 (de) | 2006-09-21 |
US7091139B2 (en) | 2006-08-15 |
TWI241372B (en) | 2005-10-11 |
US20030232555A1 (en) | 2003-12-18 |
EP1371774A3 (en) | 2005-03-23 |
CN1469002A (zh) | 2004-01-21 |
CN1236136C (zh) | 2006-01-11 |
KR20030096033A (ko) | 2003-12-24 |
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