JPWO2017002645A1 - 光電変換素子、およびこれを用いた太陽電池 - Google Patents
光電変換素子、およびこれを用いた太陽電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JPWO2017002645A1 JPWO2017002645A1 JP2017526288A JP2017526288A JPWO2017002645A1 JP WO2017002645 A1 JPWO2017002645 A1 JP WO2017002645A1 JP 2017526288 A JP2017526288 A JP 2017526288A JP 2017526288 A JP2017526288 A JP 2017526288A JP WO2017002645 A1 JPWO2017002645 A1 JP WO2017002645A1
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Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2004—Light-sensitive devices characterised by the electrolyte, e.g. comprising an organic electrolyte
- H01G9/2009—Solid electrolytes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
- C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
- C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D493/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system
- C07D493/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
- C07D493/04—Ortho-condensed systems
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D495/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07D495/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
- C07D495/04—Ortho-condensed systems
-
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Abstract
Description
<1>光吸収剤を含む感光層を導電性支持体上に有する第一電極と、前記第一電極に対向する第二電極とを有し、前記光吸収剤は、周期表第1族元素またはカチオン性有機基Aのカチオン、前記周期表第1族元素以外の金属原子Mのカチオン、およびアニオン性原子または原子団Xのアニオンを有するペロブスカイト型結晶構造を持つ化合物を含み、前記第一電極と前記第二電極の間に、正孔輸送材料を含む正孔輸送層を有する光電変換素子であって、前記正孔輸送材料は環数が4以上である縮合多環芳香族基を有する化合物を含み、前記縮合多環芳香族基の少なくとも2つの環は硫黄原子、窒素原子、セレン原子及び酸素原子よりなる群から選択される少なくとも1つの原子を含む複素環であり、前記縮合多環芳香族基は部分構造としてベンゼン環、ナフタレン環、アントラセン環及びフェナントレン環よりなる群から選択される少なくとも1つの構造を含む、光電変換素子。
式W中、LWは下記式L−1〜式L−25のいずれかで表される二価の連結基又は2以上の下記式L−1〜L−25のいずれかで表される二価の連結基が結合した二価の連結基を表し、RWは水素原子または置換基を表す。
<1>〜<9>のいずれか1つに記載の光電変換素子を具備する太陽電池。
本明細書において、各式の表記は、化合物の化学構造の理解のために、一部を示性式として表記することもある。これに伴い、各式において、部分構造を、(置換)基、イオンまたは原子等と称するが、本明細書において、これらは、(置換)基、イオンまたは原子等のほかに、上記式で表される(置換)基もしくはイオンを構成する元素団、または、元素を意味することがある。
本発明の光電変換素子は、導電性支持体および導電性支持体上に設けられた感光層を有する第一電極と、第一電極に対向する第二電極と、第一電極と第二電極の間に正孔輸送層とを有する。
第一電極1は、導電性支持体11と感光層13とを有し、光電変換素子10において作用電極として機能する。
導電性支持体11は、導電性を有し、感光層13等を支持できるものであれば特に限定されない。導電性支持体11は、導電性を有する材料、例えば金属で形成された構成、または、ガラスもしくはプラスチックの支持体11aとこの支持体11aの表面に形成された導電膜としての透明電極11bとを有する構成が好ましい。
本発明においては、光電変換素子10A〜10Cのように、好ましくは、透明電極11bの表面に、すなわち、導電性支持体11と、多孔質層12、感光層13または正孔輸送層3等との間に、ブロッキング層14を有している。
ブロッキング層14を、光吸収剤を担持する足場として機能させることもできる。
このブロッキング層14は、光電変換素子が電子輸送層を有する場合にも設けてもよい。例えば、光電変換素子10Dの場合、ブロッキング層14を導電性支持体11と電子輸送層15との間に設けてもよい。
本発明においては、光電変換素子10A、および10Bのように、好ましくは、透明電極11b上に多孔質層12を有している。ブロッキング層14を有している場合はブロッキング層14上に多孔質層12を形成することが好ましい。
本発明においては、光電変換素子10Dのように、透明電極11bの表面に電子輸送層15を有していてもよい。
Methyl Ester(PC61BM)等のフラーレン化合物、ペリレンテトラカルボキシジイミド(pelylene tetracarboxylic diimide:PTCDI)等のペリレン化合物、その他、テトラシアノキノジメタン(tetracyanoquinodimethane:TCNQ)等の低分子化合物、または、高分子化合物等が挙げられる。
感光層13は、好ましくは、多孔質層12(光電変換素子10Aおよび10B)、ブロッキング層14(光電変換素子10C)、または電子輸送層15(光電変換素子10D)の各層の表面(感光層13が設けられる表面が凹凸の場合の凹部内表面を含む)に設けられる。
感光層13は、光吸収剤として、「周期表第一族元素またはカチオン性有機基A」と、「周期表第一族元素以外の金属原子M」と、「アニオン性原子または原子団X」と、を有するペロブスカイト化合物(ペロブスカイト型光吸収剤ともいう)を少なくとも1種含有する。
式中、R1aは置換基を表す。R1aは、有機基であれば特に限定されるものではないが、アルキル基、シクロアルキル基、アルケニル基、アルキニル基、アリール基、ヘテロアリール基または下記式(A2)で表される基が好ましい。なかでも、アルキル基、下記式(A2)で表すことができる基がより好ましい。
式中、Aは周期表第一族元素またはカチオン性有機基を表す。Mは周期表第一族元素以外の金属原子を表す。Xはアニオン性原子または原子団を表す。
式(I−2):A2MX4
式(I−1)および式(I−2)において、Aは周期表第一族元素またはカチオン性有機基を表し、式(I)のAと同義であり、好ましいものも同じである。
式(III):MX2
式(II)中、Aは周期表第一族元素またはカチオン性有機基を表し、式(I)のAと同義であり、好ましいものも同じである。式(II)中、Xはアニオン性原子または原子団を表し、式(I)のXと同義であり、好ましいものも同じである。
Shirai, and Tsutomu Miyasaka, “Organometal Halide Perovskites as Visible−Light Sensitizers for Photovoltaic Cells”, J.Am.Chem.Soc.,2009,131(17),6050−6051も挙げられる。
本発明の光電変換素子は、光電変換素子10A〜10Dのように、第一電極1と第二電極2との間に正孔輸送層3を有する。正孔輸送層3は、好ましくは第一電極1の感光層13と第二電極2の間に設けられる。
第二電極2は、太陽電池において正極として機能する。第二電極2は、導電性を有していれば特に限定されず、通常、導電性支持体11と同じ構成とすることができる。強度が十分に保たれる場合は、支持体11aは必ずしも必要ではない。
本発明においては、第一電極1と第二電極2との接触を防ぐために、ブロッキング層14に代えて、または、ブロッキング層14と共に、スペーサーやセパレータを用いることもできる。また、第二電極2と正孔輸送層3の間に正孔ブロッキング層を設けてもよい。
本発明の太陽電池は、本発明の光電変換素子を用いて構成される。例えば図1A、図2〜図4に示すように、外部回路6に対して仕事させるように構成した光電変換素子10を太陽電池として用いることができる。第一電極1(導電性支持体11)および第二電極2に接続される外部回路6は、公知のものを特に制限されることなく用いることができる。
本発明の光電変換素子および太陽電池は、公知の製造方法、例えば非特許文献1、J.Am.Chem.Soc.,2009,131(17),p.6050−6051、Science,338,p.643(2012)等に記載の方法によって製造できる。
感光層13を設ける方法は、湿式法および乾式法が挙げられ、特に限定されない。本発明においては、湿式法が好ましく、例えば、ペロブスカイト型光吸収剤を含有する光吸収剤溶液に接触させる方法が好ましい。この方法においては、まず、感光層を形成するための光吸収剤溶液を調製する。光吸収剤溶液は、ペロブスカイト化合物の原料であるMX2とAXとを含有する。ここで、A、MおよびXは式(I)のA、MおよびXと同義である。この光吸収剤溶液において、MX2とAXとのモル比は目的に応じて適宜に調整される。光吸収剤としてペロブスカイト化合物を形成する場合、AXとMX2とのモル比は、1:1〜10:1であることが好ましい。この光吸収剤溶液は、MX2とAXとを所定のモル比で混合した後に加熱することにより、調製できる。この形成液は通常溶液であるが、懸濁液でもよい。加熱する条件は、特に限定されないが、加熱温度は30〜200℃が好ましく、70〜150℃がさらに好ましい。加熱時間は0.5〜100時間が好ましく、1〜3時間がさらに好ましい。溶媒または分散媒は後述するものを用いることができる。
正孔輸送層3は、正孔輸送材料を含有する正孔輸送材料溶液を塗布し、乾燥して形成することができる。正孔輸送材料溶液は、塗布性に優れる点、および多孔質層12を有する場合は多孔質層12の孔内部まで侵入しやすい点で、正孔輸送材料の濃度が0.1〜1.0M(モル/L)であることが好ましい。
支持体11aとしての厚さ2.2mmのガラス基板上に、透明電極11bとして膜厚300nmのフッ素ドープSnO2導電膜を形成し、導電性支持体11を作製した。
チタニウム ジイソプロポキシド ビス(アセチルアセトナート)の15質量%イソプロパノール溶液(アルドリッチ社製)を1−ブタノールで希釈して、0.02Mのブロッキング層用溶液を調製した。
調製した0.02Mのブロッキング層用溶液を用いてスプレー熱分解法により、450℃にて、導電性支持体11のSnO2導電膜上に膜厚100nmの酸化チタンからなるブロッキング層14を形成した。
平均粒径20nmのアナターゼ型酸化チタンのエタノール分散液に、エチルセルロース、ラウリン酸およびテルピネオールを加えて、酸化チタンペーストを調製した。
調製した酸化チタンペーストをブロッキング層14の上にスクリーン印刷法で塗布し、焼成した。この酸化チタンペーストの塗布および焼成をそれぞれ2回行った。1回目の焼成を130℃で1時間行い、2回目の焼成を500℃で1時間行った。得られた酸化チタンの焼成体を40mMのTiCl4水溶液に浸した後、60℃で1時間加熱し、続けて500℃で30分間加熱して、膜厚250nmのTiO2からなる多孔質層12を形成した。
以上のようにして成膜した多孔質層12の上に以下のようにして感光層を形成し、第一電極1を作製した。
CH3NH3PbI3のペロブスカイト化合物は、既述した製造方法で用いた材料のうち、CH3NH3BrをCH3NH3Iに、PbBr2をPbI2にそれぞれ変更して調製した。
180mgの2,2’,7,7’−テトラキス−(N,N−ジ−p−メトキシフェニルアミン)9,9’−スピロビフルオレン[spiro−OMeTAD]を1mLのクロロベンゼンに溶解させた。このクロロベンゼン溶液に、170mgのリチウム−ビス(トリフルオロメタンスルホニル)イミドを1mLのアセトニトリルに溶解させて調製したアセトニトリル溶液の37.5μLと、17.5μLのt−ブチルピリジン(t-butylpyridine:TBP)とを加えて混合し、正孔輸送材料溶液を調製した。次いで、感光層上に、調製した正孔輸送層用溶液をスピンコート法により塗布し、乾燥して、膜厚100nmの固体状の正孔輸送層を成膜した。
正孔輸送材料の具体例として既述した化1〜化51のうち、下記表1に示す正孔輸送材料を用い、感光層上に100nmの厚さの正孔輸送層をそれぞれ成膜した。この際、蒸着法を用いた。
正孔輸送材料の具体例として既述した化52〜57の正孔輸送材料を用いた以外、比較例1と同様に塗布法を用いて、感光層上に100nmの厚さの正孔輸送層をそれぞれ成膜した。
正孔輸送層3上に金を蒸着して、膜厚0.3μmの第二電極2を作製した。
このようにして、比較例1および実施例1〜38の光電変換素子10を製造した。
維持率88%以上92%未満:B+
維持率83%以上88%未満:B
維持率78%以上83%未満:C
維持率70%以上78%未満:D
維持率70%未満:E
結果を下記表1に示す。
Society,116,925(1994)、Journal of Chemical Society,221(1951)、Org.Lett.,2001,3,3471、Macromolecules,2010,43,6264、Tetrahedron,2002,58,10197、特表2012−513459号公報、特開2011−46687号公報、Journal of Chemical Research.miniprint,3,601−635(1991)、Bull.Chem.Soc.Japan,64,3682−3686(1991)、Tetrahedron Letters,45,2801−2803(2004)、欧州特許公開第2251342号明細書、欧州特許公開第2301926号明細書、欧州特許公開第2301921号明細書、韓国特許公開第10−2012−0120886号公報、J.Org.Chem.,2011,696、Org.Lett.,2001,3,3471、Macromolecules,2010,43,6264、J.Org.Chem.,2013,78,7741、Chem.Eur.J.,2013,19,3721、Bull.Chem.Soc.Jpn.,1987,60,4187、J.Am.Chem.Soc.,2011,133,5024、Chem.Eur.J.2013,19,3721、Macromolecules,2010,43,6264−6267、J.Am.Chem.Soc.,2012,134,16548−16550などが挙げられる。
[0214]
具体的な正孔輸送材料としては、下記の化1〜化57が挙げられる。
[0215]
Claims (10)
- 光吸収剤を含む感光層を導電性支持体上に有する第一電極と、前記第一電極に対向する第二電極とを有し、
前記光吸収剤は、周期表第1族元素またはカチオン性有機基Aのカチオン、前記周期表第1族元素以外の金属原子Mのカチオン、およびアニオン性原子または原子団Xのアニオンを有するペロブスカイト型結晶構造を持つ化合物を含み、
前記第一電極と前記第二電極の間に、正孔輸送材料を含む正孔輸送層を有する光電変換素子であって、
前記正孔輸送材料は環数が4以上である縮合多環芳香族基を有する化合物を含み、
前記縮合多環芳香族基の少なくとも2つの環は硫黄原子、窒素原子、セレン原子及び酸素原子よりなる群から選択される少なくとも1つの原子を含む複素環であり、
前記縮合多環芳香族基は部分構造としてベンゼン環、ナフタレン環、アントラセン環及びフェナントレン環よりなる群から選択される少なくとも1つの構造を含む、光電変換素子。 - 前記正孔輸送材料は前記部分構造としてベンゼン環、ナフタレン環、及びフェナントレン環よりなる群から選択される少なくとも1つの構造を含む、請求項1に記載の光電変換素子。
- 前記縮合多環芳香族基は環数が4〜6である、請求項1又は2に記載の光電変換素子。
- 前記縮合多環芳香族基を構成する少なくとも2つの複素環はそれぞれ1個のヘテロ原子を含む、請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の光電変換素子。
- 前記正孔輸送材料は、式1〜式16で表される少なくとも1種の化合物を含む、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の光電変換素子。
式2中、X2a及びX2bはそれぞれ独立に、NR2i、O原子又はS原子を表し、A 2aはCR2g又はN原子を表し、A2bはCR2h又はN原子を表し、R2a〜R2iはそれぞれ独立に、水素原子又は置換基を表す。
式3中、X3a及びX3bはそれぞれ独立に、S原子、O原子又はNR3gを表し、A 3a及びA3bはそれぞれ独立に、CR3h又はN原子を表す。R3a〜R3hはそれぞれ独立に、水素原子又は置換基を表す。
式4中、X4a及びX4bはそれぞれ独立に、O原子、S原子又はSe原子を表し、4p及び4qはそれぞれ独立に、0〜2の整数を表し、R4a〜R4j、R4k及びR4mはそれぞれ独立に、水素原子又は置換基を表す。
式5中、X5a及びX5bはそれぞれ独立に、NR5i、O原子又はS原子を表し、A 5aはCR5g又はN原子を表し、A5bはCR5h又はN原子を表し、R5a〜R5iはそれぞれ独立に、水素原子又は置換基を表す。
式6中、X6a〜X6dはそれぞれ独立に、NR6g、O原子又はS原子を表し、R6 a〜R6gはそれぞれ独立に、水素原子又は置換基を表す。
式7中、X7a及びX7cはそれぞれ独立に、S原子、O原子、Se原子又はNR7iを表し、X7b及びX7dはそれぞれ独立に、S原子、O原子又はSe原子を表し、R7 a〜R7iはそれぞれ独立に、水素原子又は置換基を表す。
式8中、X8a及びX8cはそれぞれ独立に、S原子、O原子、Se原子又はNR8iを表し、X8b及びX8dはそれぞれ独立に、S原子、O原子又はSe原子を表し、R8 a〜R8iはそれぞれ独立に、水素原子又は置換基を表す。
式9中、X9a及びX9bはそれぞれ独立に、O原子、S原子又はSe原子を表し、R 9a〜R9jはそれぞれ独立に、水素原子又は置換基を表す。
式10中、X10a及びX10bはそれぞれ独立に、S原子、O原子、Se原子又はNR10iを表し、R10a〜R10iはそれぞれ独立に、水素原子又は置換基を表す。
式11中、X11a及びX11bはそれぞれ独立に、S原子、O原子、Se原子又はNR11nを表し、R11a〜R11k、R11m及びR11nはそれぞれ独立に、水素原子又は置換基を表す。
式12中、X12a及びX12bはそれぞれ独立に、S原子、O原子、Se原子又はNR12nを表し、R12a〜R12k、R12m及びR12nはそれぞれ独立に、水素原子又は置換基を表す。
式13中、X13a及びX13bはそれぞれ独立に、S原子、O原子、Se原子又はNR13nを表し、R13a〜R13k、R13m及びR13nはそれぞれ独立に、水素原子又は置換基を表す。
式14中、X14a〜X14cはそれぞれ独立に、S原子、O原子、Se原子又はNR 14iを表し、R14a〜R14iはそれぞれ独立に、水素原子又は置換基を表す。
式15中、X15a〜X15dはそれぞれ独立に、S原子、O原子、Se原子又はNR 15gを表し、R15a〜R15gはそれぞれ独立に、水素原子又は置換基を表す。
式16中、X16a〜X16dはそれぞれ独立に、S原子、O原子、Se原子又はNR 16gを表し、R16a〜R16gはそれぞれ独立に、水素原子又は置換基を表す。 - 前記式1中、R1a〜R1fのうち少なくとも1つ、前記式2中、R2a〜R2iのうち少なくとも1つ、前記式3中、R3a〜R3hのうち少なくとも1つ、前記式4中、R 4a〜R4j、R4k及びR4mのうち少なくとも1つ、前記式5中、R5a〜R5iのうち少なくとも1つ、前記式6中、R6a〜R6gのうち少なくとも1つ、前記式7中、R7a〜R7iのうち少なくとも1つ、前記式8中、R8a〜R8iのうち少なくとも1つ、前記式9中、R9a〜R9jのうち少なくとも1つ、前記式10中、R10a〜R1 0hのうち少なくとも1つ、前記式11中、R11a〜R11k、R11m及びR11nのうち少なくとも1つ、前記式12中、R12a〜R12k、R12m及びR12nのうち少なくとも1つ、前記式13中、R13a〜R13k、R13m及びR13nのうち少なくとも1つ、前記式14中、R14a〜R14iのうち少なくとも1つ、前記式15中、R15a〜R15gのうち少なくとも1つ、前記式16中、R16a〜R16gのうち少なくとも1つは下記式Wで表される基である、請求項5に記載の光電変換素子。
−LW−RW (W)
式W中、LWは下記式L−1〜式L−25のいずれかで表される二価の連結基又は2以上の下記式L−1〜L−25のいずれかで表される二価の連結基が結合した二価の連結基を表し、RWは水素原子または置換基を表す。
- 前記正孔輸送材料は前記一般式L−2’またはL−6’で表される置換基を有する、請求項7に記載の光電変換素子。
- 前記正孔輸送材料は炭素数8以上の直鎖アルキルまたは炭素数4以上の分枝アルキル部位を有する、請求項1〜8のいずれか1項に記載の光電変換素子。
- 請求項1〜9のいずれか1項に記載の光電変換素子を具備する太陽電池。
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