JPH10286261A - 適合電力制御を備えた電気外科手術用ゼネレータ - Google Patents

適合電力制御を備えた電気外科手術用ゼネレータ

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Publication number
JPH10286261A
JPH10286261A JP10011493A JP1149398A JPH10286261A JP H10286261 A JPH10286261 A JP H10286261A JP 10011493 A JP10011493 A JP 10011493A JP 1149398 A JP1149398 A JP 1149398A JP H10286261 A JPH10286261 A JP H10286261A
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JP
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Prior art keywords
output power
impedance
tissue
power
electrosurgical
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JP4191810B2 (ja
Inventor
David Lee Gines
デイヴィッド・リー・ジンズ
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Valleylab Inc
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Valleylab Inc
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Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H03ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03LAUTOMATIC CONTROL, STARTING, SYNCHRONISATION, OR STABILISATION OF GENERATORS OF ELECTRONIC OSCILLATIONS OR PULSES
    • H03L5/00Automatic control of voltage, current, or power
    • H03L5/02Automatic control of voltage, current, or power of power
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B18/04Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
    • A61B18/12Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
    • A61B18/1206Generators therefor
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B2018/00636Sensing and controlling the application of energy
    • A61B2018/00696Controlled or regulated parameters
    • A61B2018/00702Power or energy
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B2018/00636Sensing and controlling the application of energy
    • A61B2018/00696Controlled or regulated parameters
    • A61B2018/00761Duration
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B2018/00636Sensing and controlling the application of energy
    • A61B2018/00773Sensed parameters
    • A61B2018/00875Resistance or impedance
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B2018/00636Sensing and controlling the application of energy
    • A61B2018/00773Sensed parameters
    • A61B2018/00886Duration
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B18/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body
    • A61B18/04Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating
    • A61B18/12Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by heating by passing a current through the tissue to be heated, e.g. high-frequency current
    • A61B18/1206Generators therefor
    • A61B2018/124Generators therefor switching the output to different electrodes, e.g. sequentially

Abstract

(57)【要約】 (修正有) 【解決手段】電気外科手術用ゼネレータには組織14が
乾燥するまで組織のインピーダンスを循環的なパターン
で上昇させたり下降させたりする出力電力制御システム
10を有し、この利点は熱的広がり及び黒焦げが低減さ
れ、電気外科的血管封止及び組織接合に対して改善され
た性能を提供する。出力電力は組織インピーダンスのフ
ィードバックを備えた制御システムによって循環的に印
加され、組織のインピーダンスは、組織が完全に乾燥状
態になるまで、組織の状態に依存して、数回出力電力の
循環的パターンに従う。高電力が印加されて組織を高イ
ンピーダンスに到達させ、そして次に電力はインピーダ
ンスが低下するのを可能にするために低減される。 【効果】制御システムは出力電力が組織のインピーダン
スに応答して変調されるという意味において組織に適合
している。

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】
【0001】
【発明の属する技術分野】この発明は、適合電力制御を
備えた電気外科手術用ゼネレータに、更に詳細には組織
が完全に乾燥するまで組織のインピーダンスを循環的に
上昇させたり低下させたりする方法で出力電力を制御す
る電気外科手術用ゼネレータに関係している。
【0002】
【従来の技術】電気外科手術用ゼネレータは患者の組織
を切断したり凝固させたりするために外科医によって使
用される。高周波電力が電気外科手術用ゼネレータによ
って発生されて電気外科用器により手術場所に加えられ
る、単極式及び二極式形態が電気外科的処置においては
普通である。
【0003】電気外科手術用ゼネレータは、典型的には
電力供給回路、前面パネルインターフェース回路、及び
RF出力段回路で構成されている。電気外科手術用ゼネ
レータのための多くの電気的設計がこの分野では知られ
ている。いくつかの電気外科手術用ゼネレータ設計にお
いては、RF出力段はRMS出力電力を制御するために
調整されることができる。RF出力段を制御する方法
は、デューティサイクルを変化させること、又はRF出
力段への駆動信号の振幅を変化させることを含むことが
できる。RF出力段を制御する方法はここではRF出力
段への入力を変化させるものとして記述されている。
【0004】直径の小さい血管及び維管束を封止するた
めに電気外科用技術が使用されてきた。電気外科用エネ
ルギーの別の適用は組織接合である。この適用において
は、組織の二つの層がつかまれて共に締め付けられなが
ら電気外科用電力が印加される。二つの層はそれによっ
て互いに接着される。組織接着は血管封止に類似してい
るが、血管又は導管は必ずしもこの方法で封止される必
要はない。例えば、外科的吻合術についてはステープル
の代わりに組織接合を使用することができる。電気外科
用電力は組織接合又は血管封止中に組織に乾燥効果を生
じる。ここで使用されたように、用語「電気外科的乾
燥」は一般的な電気外科的凝固、乾燥、血管封止、及び
組織接合を含む任意の組織乾燥を包含するつもりであ
る。
【0005】電気外科的乾燥に関連した問題の一つは熱
的効果による望ましくない組織の損傷である。手術場所
にある組織は電気外科用電流によって加熱される。手術
場所に隣接した健康な組織は、あまりにも多量の熱が手
術場所に蓄積することが許されるならば、熱的に損傷さ
れた状態になることがある。熱は隣接した組織に伝導し
て大領域の組織壊死を引き起こすかもしれない。これは
熱的広がりとして知られている。熱的広がりの問題は、
電気外科用具が傷つきやすい解剖学的組織に近接して使
用されるときに重要になる。それゆえに、熱的広がりを
低減した電気外科手術用ゼネレータは首尾よい手術結果
のためのよりよい機会を提供することになるであろう。
【0006】電気外科的乾燥に関連したもう一つの問題
は外科用具における焼痂の蓄積である。焼痂は、乾燥し
てその後熱により黒焦げになった組織から生成した、電
気外科用具における堆積物である。外科用具は焼痂で覆
われたときには多くの場合有効性を失うことになる。焼
痂の蓄積は、手術場所に発生する熱が少ない場合には低
減され得るであろう。
【0007】開業医は、組織の電気的インピーダンスの
測定値が組織の乾燥状態の良好な指標であることを知っ
ている。幾つかの市販で入手可能な電気外科手術用ゼネ
レータはインピーダンスの測定値に基づいて出力電力を
自動的に終了させることができる。乾燥の最適点を決定
するための幾つかの方法がこの分野において知られてい
る。一つの方法は閾値インピーダンスを設定して、組織
の測定インピーダンスがこの閾値を越えたときに電力を
終了させる。もう一つの方法はインピーダンスにおける
動的変動に基づいて電力を終了させる。
【0008】組織のインピーダンスの動的変動について
の論述は、「ニューロサージカル・レビュー」7:2〜
3、187〜190ページ、1984年、所載のバルフ
ォース及びバーグダール著の「自動制御二極式電気凝
固」(Vallfors and Bergdahl,
“Automatically Controlled
Bipolar Electrocoagulatio
n,”Neurosurgical Review
7:2〜3、pp.187〜190、1984)という
論文に見いだされることができる。バルフォース論文に
おける図2は組織の加熱中における時間の関数としての
インピーダンスを示している。バルフォースは組織のイ
ンピーダンス値が凝固の瞬間において最小値に近づくこ
とが判明したと報告している。この観察に基づいて、バ
ルフォースは最小インピーダンスを監視して、その後組
織の黒焦げを回避するために出力電力を終了させるため
のマイクロコンピュータを示唆している。
【0009】「ジャーナル・オブ・ニューロサージェ
リ」75:1、148〜151ページ、1991年7
月、所載のバーグダール及びバルフォース著「凝固及び
自動コンピュータ化二極式凝固器の開発についての研
究」(Bergdahl andVallfors,
“Studies on Coagulation a
ndDevelopment of an Autom
atic Computerized Bipolar
Coagulator,”Journal ofNe
urosurgery,75:1、148〜151、J
uly 1991)という2番目の論文は組織のインピ
ーダンス特性及びこれの電気外科的血管封止への応用を
論述している。このバーグダール論文はインピーダンス
が凝固の瞬間において最小値を有することを報告してい
た。バーグダール論文はまた、2ないし2.5ミリメー
トルより大きい直径の動脈を安全に凝固させることが可
能ではないことを報告していた。この発明は、より大き
い直径の血管の電気外科的血管封止を可能にすることに
よってこの制限を克服するのに役立つ。
【0010】米国特許第5540684号はバルフォー
ス及びバーグダールの開示内容に類似した方法で組織を
電気外科的に処置するための方法及び装置を開示してい
る。米国特許第5540684号は、組織インピーダン
スが最小値に達した後に、自動的にRF出力をオフにす
ることに関連した問題を扱っている。記憶装置が最大及
び最小インピーダンス値を記録し、そしてアルゴリズム
が出力電力を終らせるための最適時点を計算する。
【0011】米国特許第4191188号は可変波高率
の電気外科手術用ゼネレータを開示している。波高率は
電気外科的波形の凝固有効性と関連していることが明ら
かにされている。
【0012】米国特許第5472443号は温度につい
ての組織インピーダンスの変動を開示している。組織の
インピーダンスは温度が増大されるにつれて低下し、そ
してその後上昇することが示されている。米国特許第5
472443号は、体液中に含まれた塩類が解離してい
ると考えられ、これによって電気的インピーダンスを減
小させている場合の相対的に低い方の温度領域(図2に
おける領域A)を示している。相対的に次に高い方の温
度領域(領域B)は、組織における水分が沸騰して蒸発
し、インピーダンスを上昇させた場合である。相対的に
最高の領域(領域C)は、組織が黒焦げになって、イン
ピーダンスのわずかな低下をもたらした場合である。
【0013】
【発明が解決しようとする課題】臨床的に有効な出力を
発生し、そして更に、手術場所における熱及び熱的広が
りの量を低減する電気外科手術用ゼネレータを有するこ
とが望ましいであろう。血管封止及び組織接合手術のた
めのより良い質の封止を生成する電気外科手術用ゼネレ
ータを有することもまた望ましいであろう。最少限の量
の電気外科用エネルギーを使用することによって組織を
乾燥させる電気外科手術用ゼネレータを有することもま
た望ましいであろう。
【0014】
【課題を解決するための手段】この発明は、血管を電気
外科的に封止すること、導管を封止すること、組織を接
合して乾燥させることの質及び信頼性を増大するための
改良された出力電力制御器を有する電気外科手術用ゼネ
レータに関する。詳細には、出力電力は、組織が完全に
乾燥するまで、組織のインピーダンスを繰り返して上昇
させたり低下させたりする方法で制御される。出力電力
及び組織インピーダンスは両方共、出力電力を循環させ
て、これにより組織インピーダンスの循環過程を生じさ
せるようになっている制御システムの一部分である。こ
の発明のための基礎は、電気外科用電力を印加されたと
きには組織の電気的インピーダンスが通常上昇し、また
電気外科用電力が低減され又は終了させられたときには
組織の電気的インピーダンスが通常低下するという実験
的観察である。現在入手可能な電気外科手術用ゼネレー
タは、電力が印加されているときの組織の上昇するイン
ピーダンスを監視している。しかしながら、出願人は組
織が乾燥するまで繰り返して組織のインピーダンスを積
極的に上昇させたり下降させたりする電力制御システム
を備えた電気外科手術用ゼネレータを設計する最初の人
である。
【0015】電気外科用電力の印加は、組織のインピー
ダンスを極小値まで低下させそしてその後単調に上昇さ
せることが知られている。電気外科用電力があまりにも
長い間印加されたならば,組織は黒焦げになって電極に
くっつくことがある。従来の設計がインピーダンス測定
における最初の極小値の後で出力電力を終わらせていた
のに対して、この発明は積極的に数個のインピーダンス
極小値を発生させている。この発明において、電力は、
インピーダンス限界、時間限界に基づいて、又はゼネレ
ータからの出力電力における変化に対する組織の反応性
に基づいて終了させることができる。
【0016】この発明の利点は減小したレベルの組織黒
焦げを伴って組織を凝固させることができることであ
る。この発明の別の利点は改善された組織封止特性を有
することである。この発明の更に別の利点は、熱的広が
りを減小し、そしてそれにより隣接した組織への損傷を
低減することである。この発明の更に別の利点は電気外
科用具における黒焦げ蓄積の傾向を低減することであ
る。この発明の更に別の利点は、大きい血管及び導管が
電気外科的に封止され得ることである。
【0017】組織のインピーダンスは、出力電力、出力
電圧、出力電流、温度及び手術用把持具により及ぼされ
た組織における圧力を含む幾つかの要因に依存して、上
昇したり下降したりすることができると考えられる。こ
の発明は、電力が出力電圧又は出力電流を変化させるこ
とによって調整され得る場合に、電気外科用電力印加に
帰せられ得る組織のインピーダンスにおける変化を扱っ
ている。この発明は、組織が完全に乾燥するまで、組織
インピーダンスを繰り返して増大させたり減小させたり
する。この発明は組織インピーダンス測定値からのフィ
ードバッグに基づいた方法で出力電力を調整する。
【0018】この発明に従って、組織のインピーダンス
は電気外科用電力の比較的低い周波数の循環過程に応答
して上昇したり下降したりする。電気外科用電力は比較
的低い周波数で上昇させられたり低下させられたりし
(ここでは又「循環させられる」として言及する)、こ
れにより組織のインピーダンスは、組織が乾燥状態にな
るまで、ほぼ同じ周波数で上げ下げされる。電気外科用
電力が上げ下げされる方法は制御システム設計の周知の
原則を組み込んだ幾つかの方法で完成されることができ
る。
【0019】この発明における電力循環過程の周波数
は、一般的に100キロヘルツないし1メガヘルツの範
囲にある、電気外科用波形のRF変調周波数とは異なっ
ている。この発明の電力循環過程の周波数はまた、一般
的に約1000ヘルツより上の周波数範囲にある、組織
に凝固効果を引き起こすゼネレータのデューティサイク
ルとは異なっている。この発明における電力循環過程の
周波数範囲は典型的には1ヘルツと20ヘルツとの間に
ある。この発明の電気外科手術用ゼネレータのRF変調
及びデューティサイクリングは両方共この発明の電力循
環過程と同時に行われ得る。
【0020】電気外科用電力が上げ下げされる(すなわ
ち、循環させられ又は変調される)周波数はあまり高く
あるべきではない。そうでなければ、組織のインピーダ
ンスは付加的利点を招来する振幅に応答して上がり下が
りすることができない。同様に、周波数は低すぎるべき
ではなく、そうでなければ、組織がなんらの評価できる
変調を伴わないで乾燥するので、この発明の有利な面が
明白にならない。この発明の有効周波数の範囲は「熱的
帯域幅」と呼ばれてきた。
【0021】組織インピーダンスの特性は、ことによる
と組織の熱的時定数と関係がある。組織及び水蒸気にお
ける水分含有量を含む、組織インピーダンスに影響を及
ぼす付加的な要因がある。高い測定インピーダンスによ
って示されるように、組織が乾燥した後に、更に電気外
科用電力を印加すると望ましくない黒焦げを生じること
になる。それゆえに、電気外科用電力を終わらせるため
の適当な特点を決定するためにインピーダンス監視を行
うことが望ましい。インピーダンス監視はまた、電気外
科用電力の変調周波数が自動的に調整されて熱的帯域幅
内に保たれるようにするためにも望ましい。
【0022】発明者によって理論化されたことである
が、電気外科的乾燥中の熱的広がりは少なくとも三つの
方法で生成される。第1は接合場所からの直接の熱伝導
を通してである。第2は接合場所を出て行く熱い蒸気に
起因する。このメカニズムは、水蒸気の高い移動度のた
めに、ことによると第1のものよりはるかに重要であ
る。第3のメカニズムは接合場所からの電流の側方広が
りである。理論づけされていることであるが、第3のメ
カニズムは電流の比較的大部分を側方へ流れるように強
制する、あご部間に高インピーダンス経路を生成する水
蒸気に起因している。この発明は熱的広がりを減小する
方法で出力電力を制御する。
【0023】この発明はすべての電気外科手術用ゼネレ
ータに関連している。この発明は特に、電気外科的接合
及び血管封止にはもちろん、二極式電気外科用応用例に
適切であることが判明している。熟練した開業医は、組
織乾燥が電気外科的方法によって行われる場合には必
ず、この発明の価値を認めるであろう。
【0024】
【実施例】この発明は、連続的にではなく循環的な方法
で電力を印加することによって、各区域における熱的広
がりを低減することのできる適合振動電力曲線を開示し
ている。減小電力印加の期間中に、熱エネルギーは散逸
することを許され、これが直接の熱伝導を低減する。ま
た、水蒸気が比較的小さいバーストで接合場所を出て行
き、これは一つの大きいバーストよりも少ない熱的損傷
を生じる。最後に、電気外科用器具のあご部間のインピ
ーダンスが低く保たれ、これは電流があご部間でより直
接的に流れることを可能にする。
【0025】黒焦げもまた低減される。高電圧は組織黒
焦げの一因となり、これが電気外科手術用ゼネレータの
出力電圧を120ボルトに制限すること及びそれを電力
循環過程中により低い値に周期的に低減することが望ま
しい理由である。相対的に低い電圧はまた、電気火花又
はアークが組織を通過して新たに封止され又は接合され
た組織における小さい穴を焼き抜くので重要である。
【0026】接合場所に置ける透明性、又は清明さは成
功した封止完了の表示子として同定されてきた。それは
また封止が成功であるかどうかに関して外科医に視覚的
フィードバックを与える。予備的研究の成果の示すとこ
ろでは、この方法はまた接合場所の透明性を増大するこ
とができる。これに対する理由は未知であるが、黒焦げ
の減少のために接合場所がより透明に維持されるように
なることは合理的であるように思われる。
【0027】図1に言及すると、適合振動電力制御シス
テム10の構成図が示されている。文字Aにより示され
た線は制御システム10に対する指令入力信号を表して
いる。指令入力信号Aは望ましくは周期的関数であり、
実施例において、周期は組織の動力学に依存して変化す
ることができる。信号Aは望まれた組織インピーダンス
を表している。組織インピーダンスの測定値は線Bによ
って表されている。加合せブロック11は指令入力信号
を測定組織インピーダンスと比較して差信号Cを発生す
る。加合せブロック11は制御システム技術者には一般
に知られているような電気的比較器回路で構成されるこ
とができる。
【0028】差信号Cは制御信号Dを発生する制御器1
2へ入力されればよい。制御信号Dは、R.F.出力段
13の状態を変化させることによって、電気外科手術用
ゼネレータの出力電力を調整し又は終わらせる。制御器
12は制御信号の振幅に基づいて電力終了のための条件
を決定するマイクロプロセッサにおけるアルゴリズムで
構成されることができる。代替的且つ等価的に、制御器
12は、測定組織インピーダンスBの振幅に基づいて電
力を終わらせるために、測定組織インピーダンスBに直
接接続されてもよい。制御器12は制御システム技術者
には知られている比例、積分及び微分制御法則の任意の
組合せで構成されることができる。「オンオフ」制御法
則のような、他の形式の制御法則は有効な等価的であ
る。
【0029】一実施例においては、指令入力信号Aは循
環的パターン、例えば正弦波又は方形波を持っている。
指令入力信号Aの循環的性質は、制御システム10に、
有利な外科的効果を達成するように循環的方法で出力電
力を調整させる。制御器12は差信号Cを監視して出力
電力Eの応答を決定する。一実施例において、差信号C
が大きく且つインピーダンス測定値Bが閾値より上にあ
るときには、制御器12が出力電力Eを終了させる。
【0030】制御信号Dは望ましくは、R.F.出力段
13に接続されている。制御信号Dは望ましくは、R.
F.出力段における駆動電圧を変化させて、これにより
図1に線Eとして示された電気外科手術用ゼネレータか
らのRMS出力電力を変化させる。代替的且つ等価的に
制御信号DはR.F.出力段13のデューティサイクル
を変化させて、これによりRMS出力電力を実質的に変
化させる。電流を変化させることのような、R.F.出
力段からのRMS出力電力を変化させる他の手段は電気
技術者に知られている。
【0031】ゼネレータのR.F.出力段13は電気外
科手術用ゼネレータに電力レベルEを患者の組織14に
対して出力させる。組織14は乾燥状態になり、これに
よって図1にFで示された電気的インピーダンスを変化
させる。組織の電気的インピーダンスFはインピーダン
ス測定回路15により測定されて測定組織インピーダン
スBとして報告される。インピーダンス測定回路15は
電気的インピーダンスを測定し又は評価する任意の形式
の電気回路でよい。測定組織インピーダンスBは望まし
くは実際の組織インピーダンスFに比例した電気信号で
ある。
【0032】電気技術者は電気外科手術用ゼネレータか
らの出力電力が幾つかの方法で調整され得ることを容認
するであろう。例えば、出力電力の振幅が調整され得
る。別の例では、出力電力はデューティサイクル又は波
高率を変えることによって調整されることができる。出
力電力における変化又は調整は、ここで示されたよう
に、電気外科手術用ゼネレータの出力電力の実効値(R
MS値)における任意の変化又は調整を指すつもりで用
いられている。
【0033】動作の際、制御システム10は、有利な効
果を達成するために、望ましくは数サイクルの間組織イ
ンピーダンスを循環させるように設計されている。それ
ゆえに、指令入力信号Aは正弦波のような、循環的に変
化する信号である。組織の循環的インピーダンス特性の
一例は図7に示されている。循環的インピーダンス特性
を生じさせたゼネレータ出力電力は図6に示されてい
る。この発明の循環的特性は、出力電力が図2に示され
且つ組織インピーダンスが図3に示されている標準的な
電気外科手術用ゼネレータと対比させられることができ
る。
【0034】この発明は、連続的にではなく循環的な方
法で電力を印加することによって、各区域における熱的
広がりを減小させることができる適合振動電力曲線を開
示している。減小電力印加の期間中に熱エネルギーは散
逸することが許され、これが直接的熱伝導を低減する。
また、水蒸気が比較的小さいバーストで接合場所を出て
行き、これは一つの大きいバーストよりも少ない熱的損
傷を生じる。最後に、電気外科用器具のあご部間のイン
ピーダンスが低く保たれ、これは電流があご部間でより
直接的に流れることを可能にする。
【0035】黒焦げはこの発明によって低減されると考
えられる。高電圧は組織黒焦げの一因となり、これが電
気外科手術用ゼネレータの出力電圧を120ボルトに制
限すること及びそれを電力循環過程中により低い値に周
期的に低減することが望ましい理由である。相対的に低
い電圧また、電気火花又はアークが組織を通過して新た
に封止され又は接合された組織における小さい穴を焼き
抜くので重要である。
【0036】接合場所における透明性、又は清明さは成
功した封止完了の表示子として同定されてきた。それは
また、封止が成功であるかどうかに関して外科医に視覚
的フィードバックを与える。予備的研究の成果の示すと
ころでは、この方法はまた接合場所の透明性を増大する
ことができる。これに対する理由は未知であるが、黒焦
げの減少のために接合場所がより透明に維持されるよう
になることは合理的であるように思われる。
【0037】出力電力対負荷インピーダンスのプロット
は「電力曲線」と呼ばれる。標準的電力曲線の代表例
は、図10に示されている。低いインピーダンスにおい
ては、出力は一般的に電流制限され、これは図10にお
いて「定電流」線分として示されている。中間範囲のイ
ンピーダンスにおいては、電気外科手術用ゼネレータは
図10における「定電力」線分により示されたように、
出力電圧を調整することによって出力電力を一定レベル
に維持する電力制御システムを有している。結局、負荷
インピーダンスは大きくなり、従って出力電圧は容認で
きないほど高い出力電圧を印加することなしでは維持さ
れることができない。それゆえ、電圧限界に達して、出
力電力は、出力電流が低下しており且つ出力電圧が限界
値にあるので低下する。出力電力の低下は図10におい
て、「定電圧」線分として示されている。
【0038】この発明は、図11に示されたような適合
振動電力曲線を有する電気外科手術用ゼネレータに関係
がある。この適合振動電力曲線は電気外科手術用ゼネレ
ータにおける電力制御システムによって生成される。こ
の制御システムの設計細部は制御システム技術者には周
知である幾つかの方法で実施されることができる。
【0039】図11に線分Iで示された適合振動電力曲
線の第1部分は標準的電力曲線に類似しており、ここで
は、ゼネレータはAとして示された最大電力限界が達成
されるまで低インピーダンス負荷へ電流を印加する。線
分Bで示された電力曲線の次の「脚部」においては、出
力電流が低下し始め、そして出力電圧はゼネレータがA
で記されたレベルに定出力電力を維持するように出力電
圧を調整するので上昇し始める。ゼネレータは次に組織
における沸騰の開始を示す標識を捜し始める。そのよう
な標識はインピーダンスにおける非常に急な上昇、又は
120ボルトのような高い電圧値を含んでいる。インピ
ーダンス曲線の極大値は図11において文字Kで示され
ている。Cで記され且つV=120Vと標識付けされた
点線は、ゼネレータが望ましい電圧限界値である120
ボルトの電圧限界値を維持するとすれば、生じ得る出力
電力を示している。V=120Vの線に従う代わりに、
ゼネレータにおける制御器は出力電力を低下させる。こ
れは一実施例においては出力電圧限界値を零と70ボル
トとの間、望ましくは線分Dに示されたように50ボル
トに低下させることによって実施されることができる。
制御システムの別の実施例においては、出力電力は出力
電流低減及び/又は出力電圧低減の他の組合せによって
低減されることができる。
【0040】低い方の電圧限界値のゆえに、出力電力は
図11においてHで示されたレベルまで低下する。実施
例において、Hは零ワットであればよい。この低い方の
出力電力において、乾燥が停止して組織インピーダンス
は低下し始める。50ボルトの望ましい低い方の電圧限
界値は点線Eで示され且つ「V=50ボルト」と記され
たように使用されることができる。インピーダンスがJ
で示された極小値に達すると、又は設定された時間の後
に、電力制御システムは出力電力を再びレベルAに上昇
させるが、このレベルには好適な実施例においては12
0ボルトの出力電圧制限値に対応している。このよう
に、出力電力は再びレベルAまで上昇し、そしてインピ
ーダンスは沸騰の開始又はインピーダンス閾値が達成さ
れるまで再び上昇する。線分B、D及びEを一体化した
電力曲線の循環的部分はこの発明の重要な部分であり、
組織が乾燥させられるまで続けられる。組織が乾燥する
と、電力はインピーダンスが点Lに達したときに図示さ
れたように終了する。実施例において、点Lは点Kと実
質上同じである。
【0041】図11に示された特性は図6、7、8及び
9において観察され得る。図6における120ワットと
20ワットとの間の電力振動は、図11における電力レ
ベルAと電力レベルHとの間の循環的移動に対応してい
る。図7におけるインピーダンス振動は、図11におけ
るインピーダンスレベルKとインピーダンスレベルJと
の間の循環的移動に対応している。制御システム技術者
により理解されることであろうが、図11は高度に理想
化されており、循環的特性は常に正確に同じ極大値及び
極小値に達するとはかぎらないであろう。これは図6に
おいて観察されることができ、ここでは電力曲線の極大
値は必ずしも120ボルトに達しているとはかぎらない
であろう。
【0042】次の諸現象が発生することは発明者によっ
て理論づけされている。最初の高い出力電力は組織にお
ける沸騰を開始させる。後続の低い出力電力は沸騰を維
持するのに不十分であり、従って組織における沸騰は停
止する。沸騰が停止した後、組織が完全に乾燥していな
ければ、インピーダンスは低い方の値に低下する。次
に、低いインピーダンスが出力電力の増大を可能にし、
これは組織を沸騰点まで再加熱する。電圧もまたこの過
程中に高い方に引かれ、そして電力曲線が沸騰の開始を
検出して電圧を望ましくは再び50ボルトに低下させる
まで高くとどまる。この過程は組織が完全に乾燥するま
で続く。振動は低い出力電力が後続する高い出力電力の
1サイクルである。
【0043】図2から図5までは標準的な電力曲線を用
いた組織標本における実験結果を示している。図6から
図9までは適合振動電力曲線を用いた実験結果を示して
いる。この発明の一般的性質は図2を図6と比較するこ
とによって理解されることができる。図2は組織に連続
的に印加される100ワットの電気外科用出力を示して
いる。組織が乾燥するにつれて、組織のインピーダンス
が上昇し、そして図2における出力電力は20ワットよ
り下に低下するのが見られる。対照的に、図6は約10
0ワットから約20ワットまで変化する振動する出力電
力を示している。組織インピーダンスにおける効果は図
3を図7と比較することによって理解され得る。標準的
な電力曲線から生じる組織インピーダンスは、ことによ
ると最初の低下後、図3において連続的に増大するよう
に示されている。適合振動電力曲線から生じる組織イン
ピーダンスは図7において振動するように示されてお
り、従って幾つかの極大値を持っている。
【0044】出力電圧及び出力電流は適合振動電力曲線
においては循環的特性を示している。この循環的特性は
標準的な電力曲線においては欠如している。図4及び図
8は標準的な電力曲線と適合振動電力曲線との間の出力
電流における差異を示すために比較されることができ
る。それぞれの場合において、最大出力電流は2アンペ
アRMSより上に上昇する。図5及び図9は標準的な電
力曲線と適合振動電力曲線との間の出力電圧における差
異を示すために比較されることができる。望ましくはそ
れぞの場合において、120ボルトである電圧限界値は
組織封止部に小さい穴を残すかもしれないようなアーク
発生を防止する。
【0045】適合振動電力曲線の一実施例において、ゼ
ネレータは、出力電圧が120ボルトに達したときに、
常に出力電圧限界値を50ボルトまで一時的に低下させ
る。これは出力電力における低減を生じさせ、そして組
織が完全には乾燥していなければ、組織インピーダンス
における対応する有意の低減を生じさせる。組織インピ
ーダンスにおける低減の後、出力電圧限界値は120ボ
ルトに再設定されて、出力電力における上昇を可能にす
る。出力電力におけるこの低減及びその後の上昇は循環
過程を構成する。
【0046】電気外科手術用ゼネレータの設計者たちは
インピーダンスが組織の乾燥状態の良い表示子であるこ
とを知っている。しかしながら、老練な熟練工たちはイ
ンピーダンスに関して正確な値を計算することは必要で
ないかもしれないことを容認するであろう。組織インピ
ーダンスに比例した電気的測定値は機能上の等価物とし
て使用されることができる。一実施例においては、制御
システムは時間及び出力電圧の測定値に基づいて適合振
動電力曲線を適当に生成することができる。
【0047】表1は標準的な電力曲線を適合振動電力曲
線と比較した二組の試験の間の比較を示している。試験
1は標準的な電力曲線の使用を示しており、且つ試験2
は適合振動電力曲線の使用を示している。大きさはミリ
メートル単位の血管直径を示しており、バースト圧力は
p.s.i.単位で測定されており、くっつき、黒焦
げ、及び透明さは0から3までに階級づけされた主観的
な測度であり(この場合0はくっつき及び黒焦げに関し
ては低い値を表し、また0は透明さに関しては良くない
値を表している)、そしてtsはミリメートル単位で測
定された熱的広がりを示している。
【0048】
【表1】
【0049】表1は適合振動電力曲線(試験2)が標準
的な電力曲線(試験1)に比べて幾つかの利点を有して
いることを例証している。最も顕著なのは低量の熱的広
がり、すなわち、標準的な電力曲線に対しては2.11
mmの平均値、及び適合振動電力曲線に対しては1.6
5mmの平均値である。接合部のくっつき、黒焦げ及び
透明さに対する主観的な測度は、適合振動電力曲線が標
準的な電力曲線に比べて改善を示している。
【0050】一般に、この発明は組織を治療する電気外
科手術用ゼネレータであって、電気外科手術用ゼネレー
タは負荷インピーダンスの測定値を発生するための回
路、及びこの測定値に応答して負荷インピーダンスの多
数の振動を誘起するための手段を有する出力電力制御器
を含んでいる。負荷インピーダンスは電気外科手術用ゼ
ネレータにより処理されている組織のインピーダンスを
指している。負荷インピーダンスの測定値を発生するた
めの回路はアナログ式又はディジタル式であることがで
き、そして一般的には出力電圧センサ及び出力電流セン
サを必要とする。出力電圧は負荷インピーダンスの測定
値を計算するために出力電流によって除算される。
【0051】負荷インピーダンスの多数の振動を誘起す
るための手段は望ましくは、出力電圧を選択的に制御し
て出力電力の適当な振動を生じさせるようにすることの
できる制御システムを含んでいる。多くの電気外科手術
用ゼネレータにおいて、出力電力制御回路は絶縁変圧器
の一次側に接続された調整可能な電圧供給源を備えてい
る。この変圧器の二次巻線は出力共振回路に接続されて
いる。電圧供給源には変圧器への電圧を変えるための調
整器があり、これによって電気外科手術用ゼネレータの
出力電圧が変えられる。電圧供給源を制御するためには
ディジタル信号が使用される得る。
【0052】多数の振動を誘起するための手段は望まし
くは、フィードバック制御システムを含んでおり、この
場合フィードバックは負荷インピーダンスの測定値であ
る。この制御システムは望ましくはマイクロプロセッサ
におけるアルゴリズムを含んでいる。このマイクロプロ
セッサにおけるアルゴリズムは、負荷インピーダンスを
監視して負荷インピーダンスが出力電力の変化に応答し
ている様子を決定することができる。
【0053】好適な実施例において、制御システムは1
20ボルトRMSの出力電圧限界値を設定し、そして次
に使用者希望の設定値、例えば100ワットに合わせて
出力電力を制御する。インピーダンスが相対的に低いと
きには、高電流が120ボルト未満の出力電圧と組み合
わされて、100ワットの希望電力が与えられる。イン
ピーダンスが上昇するにつれて出力電流は低下し、そし
て出力電圧は希望出力電力を維持するために回路によっ
て増大される。120ボルトの電圧限界値に達すると、
制御システムは出力電圧を低い値、望ましくは50ボル
トまで自動的に低下させる。これは出力電力を実効上低
下させる。組織が完全に乾燥していなければ、この低目
の出力電力はインピーダンスを有意に低下させる。負荷
インピーダンス最小値が検出されると、又は設定時間の
後に、出力電圧限界値は制御システムによって120ボ
ルトに再設定され、そして循環過程は繰り返される。実
験により判明していることであるが、負荷インピーダン
スの振動は1ないし20ヘルツの周波数範囲で発生し、
この範囲はこの明細書では熱的帯域幅と呼ばれてきた。
一実施例においては、制御システムは、3秒であった設
定時間の後に出力電力を終わらせる。代替的に、制御シ
ステムは、インピーダンスが2000オームの閾値に達
したときに、電力を終わらせることができる。もう一つ
の代替方法は、インピーダンスが出力電力の低下に応答
して実質上低下していないことをインピーダンスの測定
値が示したときに、出力電力を終了させることである。
【0054】この発明は任意の形式の電気外科的凝固に
適用可能である。熱的広がりの減小、焼痂蓄積の減少、
及び乾燥の改善を含む、この発明の利点は単極式及び二
極式電気外科手術用ゼネレータ出力の両方に適用される
ことができる。特定の好適な実施例が図示され且つ記述
されたが、要求される保護の範囲は諸請求項にある。
【図面の簡単な説明】
【図1】この発明による適合振動電力曲線の構成図表示
である。
【図2】時間の関数として出力電力を示した、標準的な
血管封止手術に関する実験データの標本である。
【図3】時間の関数として負荷インピーダンスを示し
た、標準的な血管封止手術に関する実験データの標本で
ある。
【図4】時間の関数として出力電力を示した、標準的な
血管封止手術に関する実験データの標本である。
【図5】時間の関数として出力電圧を示した、標準的な
血管封止手術に関する実験データの標本である。
【図6】時間の関数として出力電力を示した、適合電力
制御ゼネレータに関する実験データの標本である。
【図7】時間の関数として負荷インピーダンスを示し
た、適合電力制御ゼネレータに関する実験データの標本
である。
【図8】時間の関数として出力電流を示した、適合電力
制御ゼネレータに関する実験データの標本である。
【図9】時間の関数として出力電圧を示した、適合電力
制御ゼネレータに関する実験データの標本である。
【図10】標準的な電気外科手術用ゼネレータに関する
電力曲線の表示である。
【図11】適合振動電力曲線の表示である。

Claims (10)

    【特許請求の範囲】
  1. 【請求項1】 電気的インピーダンスを有する負荷にR
    MS値を有する出力電力を印加するための電気外科手術
    用ゼネレータであって、 前記電気的インピーダンスを示している測度を生成する
    ために前記負荷に電気的に接続されたインピーダンス測
    定回路(15)、 前記負荷に出力電力を印加するために前記負荷に接続さ
    れたRF出力段であって、前記RMS値を調整するため
    の入力を備えている前記RF出力段(13)、 前記測定回路に電気的に接続され且つ前記入力に電気的
    に接続された制御器であって、前記測度に応答して入力
    を調整することによって前記電気的インピーダンスの多
    数の振動を誘起するための手段を備えている前記制御
    器、を含んでいる電気外科手術用ゼネレータ。
  2. 【請求項2】 前記インピーダンスの多数の振動が1な
    いし20ヘルツの周波数範囲において発生し、且つ入力
    電力が振幅を有していて入力がこの振幅を調整し、且つ
    出力電力がデューティサイクルを有していて入力がこの
    デューティサイクルを調整し、且つ前記インピーダンス
    が閾値に達したときに又は事前設定の時間の後に前記出
    力電力を終了させるための手段を制御器(12)が有し
    ている、請求項1のゼネレータ。
  3. 【請求項3】 前記出力電力が出力電圧で構成されてい
    て、入力がこの出力電圧を調整する、請求項1のゼネレ
    ータ。
  4. 【請求項4】 出力段(13)から組織(14)に出力
    電力を印加するために組織を備えた回路に電気的に接続
    されている、組織を処置するための電気外科手術用ゼネ
    レータであって、前記組織が出力電力に対して可変イン
    ピーダンスを呈するように構成された前記電気外科手術
    用ゼネレータであって、 前記可変インピーダンスの測度を生成するために組織
    (14)を備えた回路に電気的に接続されたインピーダ
    ンス測定回路、 前記出力電力を調整するための、電気外科手術用ゼネレ
    ータにおけるフィードバック制御システムであって、前
    記測度に応答して前記出力電力を循環的に変化させて前
    記可変インピーダンスを循環的に上昇させたり下降させ
    たりするために前記インピーダンス測定回路に接続され
    且つ出力段(13)に接続されている前記フィードバッ
    ク制御システム、を含んでいる電気外科手術用ゼネレー
    タ。
  5. 【請求項5】 可変インピーダンスを有する負荷におけ
    る電気外科用出力電力を自動的に制御するための方法で
    あって、 RMS値を有する電気外科用出力電力を発生すること、 前記出力電力を負荷に接続すること、 前記可変インピーダンスの測度を生成すること、 1ないし20ヘルツの周波数で前記RMS値を循環的に
    上昇させたり下降させたりすることによって、このRM
    S値に追従している測度に応答して前記出力電力を制御
    すること、の諸段階を含んでいる電気外科用出力電力を
    自動的に制御する方法。
  6. 【請求項6】 前記出力電力が出力電圧で構成されてお
    り、更に前記出力電圧を上昇させたり下降させたりする
    ことによって前記RMS値を上昇させたり下降させたり
    すること、の段階を含んでいる、請求項5の方法。
  7. 【請求項7】 0ボルトと150ボルトとの間の範囲に
    おいて前記出力電圧を上昇させたり下降させたりするこ
    との段階を更に含んでいる、請求項6の方法。
  8. 【請求項8】 前記可変インピーダンスが閾値より上に
    上昇したときに、前記出力電力を終了させることの段階
    を更に含んでいる、請求項5の方法。
  9. 【請求項9】 事前設定の時間後に、前記出力電力を終
    了させることの段階を更に含んでいる、請求項5の方
    法。
  10. 【請求項10】 可変インピーダンスを有し且つ熱的
    帯域幅を有する負荷における電気外科手術用ゼネレータ
    からの出力電力を自動的に制御するための方法であっ
    て、 RMS値を有する電気外科用出力電力を発生すること、 前記出力電力を前記負荷に接続されること、 前記可変インピーダンスの測度を生成すること、 前記測度に応答して、前記RMS値を、熱的帯域幅の範
    囲内にある周波数で繰り返して上昇させたり下降させた
    りすることによって前記出力電力を制御すること、の諸
    段階を含んでいる電気外科手術用ゼネレータからの出力
    電力を自動的に制御するための方法。
JP01149398A 1997-04-09 1998-01-23 適合電力制御を備えた電気外科手術用ゼネレータ Expired - Fee Related JP4191810B2 (ja)

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DE69831525T2 (de) 2006-06-22
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US6033399A (en) 2000-03-07
US6228080B1 (en) 2001-05-08
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US20080281315A1 (en) 2008-11-13
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