JPH08165183A - Organic fertilizer containing chitin calcium - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE: To provide a method for activating culturing soil and plant tissues such as rice in paddy field, a melon and a lawn and accelerating growth by blending an organic fertilizer with chitin calcium. CONSTITUTION: Chitin calcium powder derived from removing protein from chitinous substance is mixed with an organic fertilizer and the resultant fertilizer is blended with culturing soil to activate the soil and accelerate growth of plants.

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to an organic fertilizer containing a powder of chitin calcium that promotes the growth of plants such as rice, melon and lawn. More specifically, the present invention relates to providing an organic fertilizer obtained by mixing powder of chitin calcium obtained from chitin, which is a main component of shrimp, crab shell, etc., and promoting the growth of plants by applying the fertilizer.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art Microorganisms that cause damage to plant roots in soil, which is the basis of plant growth, include bacteria, filamentous fungi and viruses, and parasitic nematodes as small animals. These can be mentioned, but when a plant changes its environment and becomes inactive and inactive, and the self-defense mechanism of the plant fails, the plant becomes infected and becomes ill.

Recently, it has been found that chitin and chitosan trigger the expression of this plant self-defense mechanism. When a plant comes into contact with harmful pathogens and insects, the enzyme chitinase is secreted from the inside of the plant, and a defense mechanism that decomposes the cell wall and epidermis is expressed. Many plant species contain chitinase, an enzyme that decomposes chitin, and when stress such as invasion of pathogenic bacteria is applied to the plant, the enzyme chitinase possessed by the plant itself destroys the cells of pathogenic fungi, and also the growth of fungi. The action of various substances called phytoalexins that inhibit the growth of cells inhibits the growth of pathogenic fungal cells.

[0004] When a plant can grow healthy, it has a strong resistance and is not infected, and no disease occurs. Therefore,
The healthy activation of cells in the plant and keeping the cells in a strong resistant state improve the self-defense mechanism of the plant and are necessary for promoting the growth of the plant. To do so, it is necessary to improve the root growth of plants, activate cells, and create soil that promotes plant growth.

As a means for activating the soil, organic fertilizers, chemical fertilizers, etc. are usually applied. Recently, the cultivation of organic fertilizers has attracted attention as a natural-oriented movement. When organic fertilizer is applied to the soil, the number of microorganisms inhabiting the soil suddenly increases, and amino acids, low molecular weight nucleic acids, organic acids, other vitamins, hormones, etc. are secreted around the roots of plants. It activates soil and plants.

Therefore, it can be hypothesized that the application of chitin or chitosan, which has the physiological function of expressing the self-protection mechanism of plants as an organic substance, as a fertilizer may be effective for plant growth. There are cases where crab and shrimp shells containing a large amount of chitin, which is the trigger, are used instead of fertilizer, but because the shell is inconvenient to handle and the effect is extremely slow, etc. Decomposes by chemical treatment to obtain its main component, chitin,
In addition, chitosan or chitosan oligosaccharides obtained by decomposing chitin by chemical or enzymatic treatment are directly applied to plants to prevent the occurrence of plant diseases or reduce their damage. Is being done.

However, the conventional chemical treatment method for obtaining chitin depends on chemical treatment with acid or alkali,
As a result, there is an industrially or environmentally problematic problem that calcium is removed, and that the enzyme treatment method separates and purifies the enzyme from microorganisms, so that the cost is high. It was rational to effectively utilize the microorganisms, and for that reason, it was considered to supply the chitin in a state where the microorganisms in the soil could utilize it as easily as possible.

[0008]

Therefore, an object of the present invention is to supply chitin in a state where microorganisms in the soil can utilize it as easily as possible, and utilize the microorganisms in the soil to activate the cultivated soil, It is intended to provide means for activating cells of plants such as paddy rice, melon and lawn to promote growth.

[0009]

[Means for Solving the Problems] In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the present inventors have made an organic fertilizer containing powder of chitin-calcium, which is a complex of chitin and calcium prepared from chitin of shrimp shell, in paddy soil. It was found that the growth of paddy rice was promoted when the paddy rice was grown by applying the above. That is, the present invention has found that the growth of a plant is promoted by applying an organic fertilizer containing a powder of chitin calcium prepared from chitin and growing the plant.
Therefore, the present invention is an organic fertilizer containing a powder of chitin calcium, by applying it, rice, lawn, a powder of chitin calcium that promotes the growth of plants characterized by accelerating the growth of plants such as melons. It is an organic fertilizer containing. Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail.

The present invention is an organic fertilizer containing calcium chitin powder. Organic fertilizer containing chitin calcium powder prepared from shrimp and crab shell chitin is mixed into cultivated soil, and the soil is improved to a soil containing low molecular decomposition products produced by the decomposition of chitin calcium by microorganisms in the soil. By doing so, the activity of microorganisms is activated, the function of the roots of plants is made alive, the activation of cells is promoted, and the growth is promoted. Therefore, in the present invention, instead of directly spraying a low molecular weight degradation product obtained by decomposing by a conventional chemical treatment method to a plant, a powder of chitin calcium is mixed with itself or an organic substance such as compost or ash. By promoting the growth of plants by utilizing the improved soil containing a low molecular weight degradation product produced by enzymatic decomposition of microorganisms living in the soil.

The chitin calcium used in the present invention is a powder obtained by removing the protein from the chitin prepared from the shells of shrimp and crab while calcium is left behind. The chitin consists of shells such as shrimp and crab, as well as biopolymers contained in cell walls such as shells of squid, insects such as butterflies and silkworms, and fungi such as mushrooms. About 30% or more of chitin, 30%
Protein and 16% calcium.

[0012] Since the method for obtaining chitin from the chitin having such a constitution is usually a method for performing decalcification treatment for removing calcium and deproteinization treatment for removing protein, calcium is removed. . The chitin calcium of the present invention is obtained by treatment while leaving calcium in the chitin. As its preparation method, instead of decalcifying chitin, an alkaline treatment is carried out with a surfactant such as sodium fatty acid and a solution such as sodium carbonate to obtain only the protein (JP-A-5-271303), Alternatively, there is a method of removing only the protein with a proteolytic enzyme.

Chitin calcium is a complex in which chitin and calcium coexist and is white. Calcium exists as calcium carbonate, part of which is decomposed into calcium ions and carbon dioxide, and the calcium ions are considered to exist in a coordinate bond with chitin. Chitin is a polymer having N-acetylglucosamine as a constituent molecule, is insoluble in water, and becomes N-acetylchitooligosaccharide when decomposed by the enzymes chitinase and lysozyme. Also,
Chitin becomes chitosan by the enzyme diacetylase,
Chitosan is a polymer with glucosamine as its constituent molecule,
It is soluble in acid, and when it is decomposed by the enzyme chitosanase, it becomes a chitooligosaccharide with 2 to 10 glucosamine bonds. N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylchitobiose, which are decomposition products of chitin, and chitooligosaccharides, which are decomposition products of chitosan, have a nitrogen-containing amino group and a carbon skeleton similar to glucose. Microorganisms utilize these decomposition products as nitrogen and carbon components for constructing cells and as an energy source. Further, it is known that these decomposition products have physiological activities such as immunopotentiating action and antibacterial action.

When an organic substance containing a powder of chitin calcium is mixed with soil, it is attacked by a myriad of microorganisms living in the soil, the organic substance is decomposed, and bacteria, yeasts and the like that eat chitin calcium grow therein. Eat more chitin calcium. At the same time, since the pathogenic bacteria such as Fusarium are eaten, the soil is improved. That is, when chitin calcium is eaten by microorganisms in soil, it is decomposed by the enzymes chitinase, chitosanase, and diacetylase possessed by the microorganisms to produce low-molecular decomposed products such as N-acetylchitooligosaccharides and chitooligosaccharides. . Calcium is produced as calcium ions. These are taken into the body of the microorganism and secreted to the outside at the same time. Some microorganisms secrete mucilage, and the soil secretions of these cells aggregate with each other to form aggregates, which are then aggregated into low molecular weight degradation products, calcium ions, amino acids, and low molecular weight nucleic acids. The soil structure is improved by expanding the soil that has absorbed nutrients such as organic acids, organic acids, vitamins, hormones, etc., to improve drainage and air circulation, and to improve water retention. When plant roots grow there, the secreted chitooligosaccharides and calcium ions are absorbed from the roots of the plant along with other nutrients, improving the roots of the roots of the plant, making the cells alive and less susceptible to disease. To do. At this time, calcium is released and absorbed by the roots of plants, and is involved as a trace component in promoting growth.

The amount of chitin calcium mixed is determined by the nature of the soil and the type of plant, but may be the same as the concentration of root secretions of the plant. For rice which will be described later, in the chitin calcium application ku against chitin calcium-free application ku observed growth promoting effect in rice, further ^{200g / m 2, 500g / m} 2 application Ward, compared with chemical fertilizer, The effects of the chitin-calcium application area on the growth of paddy rice were comparable to those of the chemical fertilizer area.

Examples of microorganisms having chitinase in the soil include bacteria such as Serratia marcescens,
Vibrio bacterium, Aeromonas hydrophila, Streptomyces fungi, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, etc., fungi such as fungi and yeast are mentioned. Examples of the microorganism having chitosanase include Myxobacter, Bacillus, Streptomyces, Penicillium and the like. Some of these microorganisms can be isolated, purified and grown,
It can be added to soil mixed with chitin calcium to increase the growth of microorganisms, improve the soil to produce chitin decomposition products and chitosan decomposition products, and apply it to plants to increase the welfare effect of promoting plant growth. it can. Further, it is possible to further enhance the effect by mixing the improved soil with other organic fertilizer.

Although the mechanism by which the degradation products of chitin calcium are absorbed by plant roots is not clear, the degradation products of chitinase are absorbed in the form of N-acetylglucosamine and the disaccharide N-acetylchitobiose. It is possible that Moreover, the mechanism by which these degradation products activate plant cells is not yet known.

The present inventors have cultivated paddy rice in paddy soil mixed with chitin calcium, and have revealed that the application of chitin calcium has a growth promoting effect on the growth of paddy rice. . Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to Examples. The present invention is not limited to the embodiments.

[0019]

[Examples] 1. Powder of chitin calcium prepared from shrimp shell was spread on paddy soil, and the mixture was plowed by a machine and mixed. 2, the test plot is divided into 5 plots, and the mixing amount is 10
It was carried out as follows. Chitin calcium 100 kg 〃 200 〃 〃 500 〃 chemical fertilizer (N: P: K component amount, 9.8 kg: 14.
1 kg: 12.8 kg) Control group (no application group) 3, Type of rice, sowing 1994, 5, 24 “Nihonbare” was sowed in a nursery box and mechanically transplanted to a paddy field at 〃6,3. 4. Growth survey From 1994, 7 and 12 (40 days after transplantation), it was carried out about every 2 weeks. One test plot was divided into 5 blocks, and 6 strains were collected each. The collected sample was disassembled into leaves, stems, dead leaves, and ears, and the leaves were measured for leaf area by an automatic leaf area meter (Model AMK-B manufactured by Hayashi Denko KK). Then, each part was dried by ventilation at 90 ° C. for 48 hours, and the dry weight was measured. 5, in order to perform the growth analysis, shoot dry weight (TDW, g / m ^2, the total dry weight of each part per 1 m ²⁾ leaf area index (LAI, leaf area per 1 m ²⁾ specific leaf area (SLA, cm ² / g, leaf area / dry matter weight of leaf) Growth rate (CGR, g / m ² / day, T per day
The amount of increase in DW) was calculated.

The results are as follows.

Table 1 shows the plant height, leaf weight, dead leaf weight of paddy rice on 1994, 9, 21 (111 days after transplantation).
It shows stem weight, spike weight, TDW, LAI, SLA and CGR. In addition, hot weight, TDW, LAI, SLA
For CGR and CGR, the measurement results for each survey day are shown in Figure 1.
~ 4. Also, in this experiment, the "heading period" of all test plots was 1994, 8, 16 (74 days after transplantation).
And is indicated by a dotted line in the graph. The upper part in the upper left graph of FIG. 1 shows TDW, and the lower part thereof shows the panicle weight. In the graph, the symbol ◯ indicates 100 kg of chitin calcium and × indicates 200 kg of chitin calcium.
, □ indicates chitin calcium 500 kg, ◇ indicates chitin calcium compound fertilizer, and Δ indicates no application.

The above-ground dry weight (TDW) was not so different at the 40th day after transplantation, but after that, there was no treatment, 100 g / m ² of 2 plots and other 3 plots (200 g).
/ M ² plot, 500 g / m ² plot, chemical fertilizer plot).

As for TDW, as in the case of TDW, the non-application section, the 2 sections of 100 g / m ² and the other 3 sections (200 g / m 2)
^There is a clear difference between the ² wards, the 500 g / m ² ward, and the chemical fertilizer ward. In addition, although the leaf weight was small, the panicle weight and TDW did not differ much from those of the chemical fertilizer plots, and the better growth was due to the effect of chitin calcium on the growth of paddy rice. Can be seen.

The leaf area index (LAI) is 500 g / m ^2.
In the plot, the maximum value was shown immediately after heading and the tendency was to decrease sharply thereafter. Compared with the chemical fertilizer group, the value after the heading stage of the chitin calcium application group showed a remarkable decrease, and the specific leaf area (SLA) showing the leaf thickness showed the same tendency. This is probably because the fertilizer was applied to the chemical fertilizer plots but not to the chitin calcium-applied plots because the carbohydrates stored in the leaves promoted the transfer to the ears.

Regarding the growth rate (CGR), the growth rate of the chitin calcium-applied group was significantly higher than that of the chemical fertilizer group in the initial stage. Also chemical fertilizer plot and 5
In the 00g / m ² ward, the overall price has remained high,
A decrease in the chitin calcium application area has been observed since entering the school period.

From the above results, the growth promoting effect of paddy rice was observed in the group to which chitin calcium was applied as compared to the non-application group.
In addition, it was revealed that it has the same or more promoting effect on the growth of paddy rice as compared to the chemical fertilizer plot.

[0027]

[Table 1]

[0028]

As described above, according to the present invention, it has been found that the cultivated soil mixed with the organic fertilizer containing the powder of chitin calcium becomes an effective soil for promoting the growth of plants. That is, cultivated soil mixed with organic fertilizer containing powder of chitin calcium, chitin calcium is a hydrolase chitinase of microorganisms in the soil, chitosanase,
It is decomposed by diacetylase etc. to become low molecular weight decomposition products such as N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides and chitooligosaccharides, and calcium becomes calcium ions, which improve the function of microorganisms, reduce pathogenic bacteria, and secrete chitooligosaccharides. It The secreted oligosaccharides are absorbed by the roots of plants together with other nutrients, improving the roots' elasticity,
It makes the cells alive and promotes plant growth.

[Brief description of drawings]

[1] shoot dry weight ^{(TDW, g / m 2,} 1m 2 per total dry weight of each part) and a graph showing the panicle weight.

FIG. 2 Leaf area index (LAI, leaf area per 1 m ² ).
It is a graph which shows.

FIG. 3 is a graph showing specific leaf area (SLA, cm ² / g, leaf area / leaf dry matter weight).

FIG. 4 is a graph showing growth rate (CGR, g / m ² / day, increase in TDW per day).

Claims (4)

[Claims] 1. An organic fertilizer characterized by containing powder of chitin calcium. 2. The organic fertilizer according to claim 1, which contains soil obtained by mixing powder of chitin calcium. 3. The organic fertilizer according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the growth of a plant is promoted by applying the method according to claim 1 or 2. 4. The organic fertilizer according to claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the powder of chitin calcium is a complex of chitin and calcium.