JPH03228888A - Production of organic fermented fertilizer - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE:To obtain the org. fermented fertilizer which contains ample chitosans and is expected as a soil conditioner by mixing Crustacea, Insecta, shellfish, etc., with the humus obtd. after easily decomposable org. matter is subjected to a fermentation treatment by thermophilic bacteria and subjecting the mixture to an aerated fermentation treatment with soil bacteria of Heterotorph genus as media. CONSTITUTION:The living bodies, skins, shells, residues after processing, etc., of the Crustacea (e.g. crabs, shrimps, mantis shrimps), Insecta (e.g. beetles, silkworms, cockroaches, etc.), mollusk (e.g. hard clams, little clams, krills, oysters, cuttlefishes, etc.) are mixed in a figured state with the humus obtd. after the easily decomposable org. matter (e.g. cattle dung, sewer sewage, night soil sludge, food residues, fish scrap, etc.) is subjected to the fermentation treatment at >=70 deg.C. The soil bacterial belonging to the Heterotorph genus (more particularly radiation bacteria, such as actymonyces) are incorporated into this mixture and the mixture is subjected to the fermentation treatment under the supply of air, by which the org. fermented fertilizer contg. the amble chitosan components is obtd.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a method for producing an organic fermented fertilizer rich in water-soluble chitosan components, and a product thereof.

An object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing an organic fertilizer rich in chitosan components by a fermentation method and a product thereof.

In recent years in Japan, the decline in soil fertility in farmland, mountains, and fields has become a problem, and the spread of organic farming is being encouraged as a way to improve this problem.

In order to promote organic farming, a large amount of organic fertilizer is required as an agricultural material, and in light of this situation, various organic fertilizers have recently been produced.

The effectiveness of organic fertilizer is that by applying organic fertilizer to the soil, it increases the organic matter content in the soil, thereby breeding soil microorganisms that contribute to agricultural production, while also providing fertilizers such as nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potassium necessary for plant growth. The goal is to form a soil matrix that biochemically produces components.

Plant growth is achieved through the assimilation of carbon dioxide through photosynthetic reactions and the absorption of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potassium, but the mechanism of nutrient absorption carried out by plant roots is still largely unknown.

Traditionally, nutrient absorption by plants has been explained by mineral theory (the theory of inorganic nutrient absorption).

According to this theory of nutrient absorption, the nutritional elements of plants are nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potassium, and it has been said that nutrient absorption carried out by plant roots takes place in an inorganic form.

However, recent research on plant physiology using radioactive isotopes has shown that nutrient absorption by plants is not inorganic but 1.
Rather, it was found that organic components such as amino acids, nucleic acids, and lower fatty acids are directly absorbed as nutrients. In particular, various soil bacteria live around plant roots.
These bacterial groups reproduce using waste products excreted from plant roots as a nutritional source, and the plant roots also reuse organic components such as lower fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleic acids secreted by the bacterial group as a nutritional source for the plant. It has become clear that plants and soil bacteria have a symbiotic relationship with each other.

Considering the biochemical soil environment around plant roots, it is said that the soil environment suitable for plant growth should be an organic soil form suitable for the propagation of various soil bacteria. This is the reason.

For this reason, organic farming, which involves applying large amounts of organic fertilizer, is understood to be a meaningful means of promoting healthy plant growth.

However, the present inventor knows from practical experience in agriculture that applying a large amount of organic fertilizer is not necessarily a means of improving soil fertility.

The reason for this is that the soil bacteria that contribute to plant growth do not necessarily match the bacterial group that reproduces using organic fertilizer as a nutrient source; rather, some types of bacteria have a negative effect on plant growth. be.

Various bacteria breed on the surface of plant roots in search of secretions excreted from the roots, but the relationships between these bacterial groups and plant roots vary, and some are beneficial while others are harmful. many. For example, rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi, which are considered beneficial bacteria, maintain a close symbiotic relationship in the areas where they come into contact with plant roots.
I! Bacteria consume these as important nutritional sources.

In return, bacteria secrete carbohydrates, amino acids, vitamins, and nucleic acids, which plants ingest as important nutritional sources.

However, pathogenic bacteria exchange nutrients! ,
In the process, it has a negative impact on plant roots.

For example, Fusarium oxysporum, a type of pathogenic filamentous fungus, causes damage by dissolving the elongating plant roots with cellulolytic enzymes secreted by the filamentous fungus, resulting in necrosis of plant tissues.

As seen in this example, although plant roots and the soil bacteria that spread around them have a nutritional symbiotic relationship, they can also be a source of plant diseases.

Conventionally, it has been thought that fertilizing with animal manure, green grass, etc. is a good way to improve soil fertility, and the larger the amount used, the greater the effect. However, the present inventor believes that the nature of the organic matter to be fertilized is more important than the amount of organic matter to be fertilized. We recognize the importance of fertilizing with organic matter. In particular, it is known from experience that fertilizing with a bacterial fermentation product containing actinomycetes, which have extremely strong antibacterial and bacteriostatic effects, is effective in preventing epidemics of plants.

Plant diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria cannot be easily suppressed by defensive measures such as chemical pesticides. The outbreak of plant diseases is often caused by filamentous fungi, such as white spot disease,
Purple crest disease, seedling damping off, potato black bruising, tomato wilt, Brassica clubroot disease, cucumber vine splitting disease, and Solanaceae hemi-wilt are all caused by filamentous fungi.

The proliferation of pathogenic filamentous fungi can be suppressed by actinomycetes. Its suppressive power is due to the chitinase enzyme produced by actinomycetes, which dissolves the cell walls of filamentous fungi and inhibits their growth. Therefore, plant diseases are difficult to develop from soil environments where actinomycetes are multiplying at high density.

The antibacterial effects found in compost are mainly derived from the actinomycetes that live in the compost, and compost with a high content of actinomycetes has a high ability to protect plants from epidemics.

From the viewpoint of epidemic prevention measures against plant diseases as described above, the present inventor has been researching a method for producing a bacterial fertilizer with a high content of actinomycetes. Until now, we have produced bacterial fertilizer with a high content of actinomycetes from livestock manure, sewage sludge, food residue, etc.

Through these experiences, he learned the fermentation technology to increase the content of actinomycetes, but he also discovered that chitosan, a type of dietary fiber, has the ability to significantly improve the antibacterial effect of actinomycetes.

Chitosan is a type of chitin. Chitin was discovered in the early 19th century by the French historian Braconeau, and was named chitin by the French scientist Ozier, from the Greek word for envelope, due to its structural characteristics.

Chitin is a polymeric polysaccharide with a molecular weight of 100 or more, in which more than 5,000 N-acetyl-B-D-glucosamine residues are bonded, and chitosan is an N-acetyl compound thereof.

Chitin is a skeletal component of molluscs such as octopuses and squids, crustaceans such as beetles, and shellfish, and it is estimated that 100 billion tons of biomass is produced annually around the world. Recently, chitosan has been attracting attention as a new material in the biotechnology field.

Chitosan has ionic binding properties different from other dietary fibers, and this binding action has a strong ability to adsorb various substances. In particular, chitosan fibers are compatible with human tissue, so they are being used as new materials for surgical threads, artificial skin, contact lenses, and other products.

The present inventor focused on the excellent ionic binding properties of chitosan as described above and considered its agricultural use.

First, the inventor intended to use chitosan's excellent ionic binding properties to increase the stabilization of fertilizer components, promote soil agglomeration, increase water retention, and improve the stability of trace elements such as minerals. The aim was to promote plant growth by increasing the amount of water.

Therefore, when chitosan, which is commercially available as a food additive, was diluted in water and applied as fertilizer to farmland, a remarkable effect on plant growth was observed.

Traditionally, most chitosan has been produced using crab shells as the main raw material, using a chemical process that refines the chitin contained in crab shells with acids and alkalis.

The method is outlined below. In addition to chitin, crab shells contain large amounts of protein and calcium carbonate, and are perishable, so they are dried and crushed into small pieces before being processed. First, crab shells are boiled in a caustic soda solution to remove proteins. This treatment elutes proteins, leaving behind chitin and calcium carbonate. When this residue is then treated with hydrochloric acid, the calcium carbonate dissolves, leaving only chitin. When this chitin is heat-treated with a concentrated caustic soda solution to deacetylate it, the desired chitosan can be purified.

Chitosan purified by this method becomes a pure substance that does not contain impurities such as protein and calcium, and is commercially available as dietary fiber as a food additive. However, the production cost increases due to the use of large amounts of acid and alkaline chemicals in the refining process, making it extremely expensive to use as an agricultural material.

Therefore, the present inventor wondered if it would be possible to commercialize the production of inexpensive chitosan, which has the characteristics of an organic fertilizer, using a biochemical method.

First, the present inventor focused on the phenomenon in which crab shells, etc., become crumbly when buried in soil for a long period of time, and found that this is a deacetylation phenomenon of chitin brought about by heterotrophs living in soil. I learned.

Heterotroph is a general term for other trophic soil bacteria that require organic matter.

The bacteria that make up the soil microflora are a group of bacteria that belong to heterotrophs, and if chitin is stored in the soil that makes up the microflora, the heterotrophs will take in the proteins contained in the chitin and multiply. The process of reproduction results in deacetylation of chitin.

This deacetylation of chitin in soil is slow and takes several tens of days to several months.

Therefore, the present inventor considered whether it would be possible to utilize rapid fermentation using the composting method, which the present inventor has mastered, as a means to rapidly deacetylate chitin.

The first method carried out by the present inventor was based on the usual composting method. First, chitinous materials such as crab shells to be processed were crushed into small pieces, fermentation aids such as rice bran and bran were added, and then the mixture was added to the soil. Bacteria were inoculated, mixed, and fermented while supplying an appropriate amount of air.

In this method, chitinous raw materials such as crab shells were successfully fermented by generating fermentation heat of around 70°C, and a smooth fruit-like fermented product was obtained in about 10 days. However, the fermented product did not become a fermented product rich in chitosan as intended by the present inventors.

The reason why chitosan could not be obtained was that chitin, which should be deacetylated, decomposed and disappeared during the fermentation process, and in particular, it was due to the negative effects of rice bran, bran, etc. added as fermentation aids. I learned. Normally, fermentation aids such as rice bran are added for the purpose of adjusting the moisture content and improving the air permeability of the fermented product, but these substances also act as carbon materials.
When carbon material is added to protein-rich crab shells, etc., it becomes microflora that has a high tendency to decompose proteins, and proteins and chitin become good nutritional sources and are decomposed and lost together. Therefore, the addition of a carbon material that leads to the decomposition and disappearance of chitin is inappropriate as a method for producing chitosan fertilizer.

Therefore, the present inventor has researched a fermentation method that does not cause the loss of chitin, and has developed a biochemical method for producing chitosan fertilizer by considering the following key points obtained from the research results.

First, chitin, which is the raw material for chitosan, is a substance that does not dissolve in water, and direct fertilization of chitin from shells, crab shells, etc. will not improve the soil through chitosan's ionic binding action.

In order to exert the ionic binding effect of chitosan, it is necessary to deacetylate chitin to make chitosan with a low molecular weight.

As a method for deacetylating chitin, decomposition by a group of bacteria belonging to heterotrophs is possible.

Enzymatic decomposition by the bacterial group belonging to the heterotroph group involves not only simple deacetylation, but also the ki-I-zan bond, which combines with antibacterial substances produced by the actinomycetes belonging to the heterotroph group, and exerts a curing effect on plant pathogenic bacteria. become an antibacterial substance.

Telotrophs, which act to dealkylate chitin, reproduce well using fermented metabolites from thermophilic bacteria such as heat-resistant filamentous fungi as a nutritional source.

The contents of the present invention created based on these points are as follows.

■ Easily degradable materials such as livestock dung, sewage sludge, human waste sludge, food residue, and fish meal are fermented with thermophilic bacteria while generating fermentation heat of 70°C or higher. Crabs are added to the humus.
Crustaceans such as shrimp and mantis shrimp, beetles, silkworms, flies,
Insects such as cockroaches, spiders, and butterflies, clams, clams,
By mixing living bodies, skins, processing residues, etc. of molluscs such as krill, oysters, squid, and sea squirts in their tangible state, and fermenting the mixture while blowing air with soil bacteria belonging to heterotrophs. A method for producing organic fermented fertilizer rich in chitosan components.

2. An organic fermented fertilizer rich in chitosan components produced by the method of claim (1).

Next, the content of the present invention will be explained using examples.

FIG. 1 schematically shows the structure of the manufacturing method according to the present invention.

In the figure, 1 is a mixer, 2 is a fermenter, 3 is a vent pipe, 4 is a blower, 5 is a thermometer, 6 is an air control valve, 7 is a mixer, 8 is a fermenter, 9 is a vent pipe, 10 is a Blower, A is easily degradable organic matter, mouth is thermophilic bacteria, C is fermented products (humus) by thermophilic bacteria, 2 is living organisms such as crustaceans, skins, processing residues, and H is soil bacteria belonging to heterotrophs. , He is a fermented product of Ho and is an organic fertilizer rich in water-soluble chitosan, and To and Chi are air.

First, a mixture of easily decomposable organic matter and thermophilic bacteria is fed into the fermenter 2 using the mixer 1. When air is supplied from the blower 4 through the ventilation pipe 3, the fermenter 2
The fermented product inside ferments while generating high heat of over 70℃,
It becomes a brown fermented product.

Next, the fermented product is taken out from the fermenter 2, and is mixed with living organisms of crustaceans such as crabs, insects such as beetles, molluscs such as clams, skins, processing residues, and soil bacteria belonging to heterotrophs. Fermenter 8
put it into. Next, the air from the blower 10 is passed through the ventilation pipe 9.
When supplied through the fermenter 8, soil bacteria multiply at high density using the thermophilic fermentation product as a nutrient source, and as they multiply, the chitin contained in crustaceans etc. is biochemically reduced to low molecular weight. It becomes an organic fermented fertilizer rich in chitosan components.

In the present invention, the operation of mixing raw materials such as crustaceans in their present form into humus obtained by fermenting easily decomposable organic substances with thermophilic bacteria is an important element constituting the present invention.

Humic plants fermented by thermophilic bacteria are biochemically stable substances with a low rate of respiration and 70%
In the high temperature fermentation atmosphere above ℃, extremely limited bacterial species that can tolerate high temperatures, such as heat-resistant filamentous fungi, proliferate, decomposing proteins contained in crustaceans and chitin. The effect of the present invention is improved by promoting the proliferation of heterotrophic bacterial groups, particularly actinomycetes, which are effective for dealkylation.

Therefore, in the present invention, the operation of adjusting the fermentation temperature is an important element constituting the present invention. The fermentation temperature is adjusted by adjusting the amount of air supplied into the fermented product.

The fermentation heat generated by a series of fermentations is biochemical heat of respiration generated by microorganisms, and the amount of heat of respiration is comparable to the amount of heat of oxidation reaction of organic matter. Oxidation of organic matter is more active in an aerobic environment with an abundance of oxygen than in an anaerobic environment with a low amount of oxygen.
When blown in, the amount of respiratory heat generated increases and the temperature of the fermented product rises.

Therefore, in order to generate and maintain fermentation heat of 70°C or higher as in the present invention, it is important to supply an appropriate amount of air into the fermented product.

It is not good to supply too much air or too little; if the amount of air is too low, anaerobic fermentation will occur and the raw materials to be fermented will rot, and if it is too large, the fermented product will be cooled due to too much air. This causes the temperature of the fermented product to drop, making it impossible to maintain high temperature fermentation. Therefore, a thermometer 5 is attached to the fermenter 2 in the cage shown in the example of FIG. 1, and the air supply control valve 6 is adjusted while measuring the temperature inside the fermenter 2 to optimize the amount of air supplied. is important.

The term "humic plant" used in the present invention refers to a fermentation aid for fermenting chitinous raw materials such as crustaceans, insects, and molluscs, and is similar to the bran bed material used for takuan pickles. It's something like this.

This humic plant contains a high density of bacterial groups such as filamentous fungi, actinomycetes, and general bacteria.In particular, it is produced by fermenting easily decomposable organic matter such as livestock manure and food residues at temperatures above 70°C using thermophilic bacteria. Humic plants are produced by fermentation while generating heat, which is an important factor in mediating heterotrophs that cause deacetylation of chitin.

It is important that the chitinous raw material mixed into the humic plant be in a tangible form, and its form may be in the form of living organisms or processed residues.

There is no limit to its freshness, and it may be a living body or a decomposed body.

"Heterotroph" as used in the present invention refers to a group of heterotrophic bacteria that requires organic matter as an energy and carbon source for bacteria to live, and many of the microorganisms that form the soil microflora belong to heterotrophs. It is a group.

Although the bacterial species is not limited, general bacterial species such as Azotobacter, Psedomonas, Bacillus, and Micrococcus, filamentous fungal species such as Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Cotyliobolus, and actinobacterial species such as Streptomyces, Actinomyces, and Actinoplanes are preferred. In particular, actinomycetes such as Actinomyces produce chitinase enzymes that dissolve the cell walls of pathogenic fungi during the breeding process, making them effective in producing chitin and chitosan organic fermented fertilizers that are highly effective in preventing plant diseases. It is.

The fermentation operation and the type of fermentation machine of the present invention are not limited, but a vertical or piled type fermentation machine is used in order to prevent the fermented product from losing its shape, to improve the workability of loading and unloading, to enable high-temperature fermentation, etc. It's good.

Next, examples of the present invention will be shown.

Example 1 Cow dung inoculated with thermophilic bacteria was treated for 7 days while supplying air to generate fermentation heat of 70°C or higher. Silkworm pupa from raw silk waste was added to the humic plant by adding silkworm pupa from raw silk waste to the humic plant for 1 humic plant to silk pupa. When a mixture prepared at a ratio of 1:1 was inoculated with soil bacteria and subjected to aerobic fermentation for 7 days, an organic fertilizer rich in chitosan components as shown in Table 1 was obtained.

Example 2 One pair of crab shells was added to the humus obtained by treating fish meat processing residue inoculated with thermophilic bacteria for 10 days while supplying air to generate fermentation heat of 70°C or higher. When a mixture prepared at a ratio of 1 part crab shell was inoculated with 9 parts soil bacteria and subjected to aerobic fermentation for 7 days, an organic fertilizer rich in chitosan components as shown in Table 2 was obtained.

Example 3 Air was supplied to human waste sludge inoculated with thermophilic bacteria and heated to 70°C.
The humus obtained by the above treatment for 6 days while generating fermentation heat was inoculated with soil bacteria into a mixture of mussels prepared at a ratio of 1 part humic to 1 part mussel, and then subjected to aerobic fermentation for 6 days. However, an organic fertilizer rich in chitosan components as shown in Table 2 was obtained.

Finally, the effects of the present invention will be explained.

The purpose of the present invention is to provide an organic fertilizer rich in chitosan components using a fermentation method, and a method for producing the same.
Due to the simplicity of the manufacturing method, it is judged to be highly effective in terms of productivity and economy.

In particular, chitosan is known to have the ability to stabilize fertilizers, cause soil agglomeration, increase water retention, and stabilize trace elements such as minerals due to its excellent ionic binding properties. In Japan, where the decline in soil fertility is progressing to an extreme level, it is expected to be used as an inexpensive soil improvement material to make farmland fertile.

In addition, the chitinase enzyme produced by actinomycetes that promotes the fermentation process is highly effective in exterminating pathogenic filamentous fungi that are the main cause of plant diseases. It has the effect of increasing durability and sustainability, making it a meaningful substance for plant protection measures.

[Brief explanation of drawings]

FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram schematically showing the configuration of the present invention. Table 1 Fertilizer component value of fermented product Total amount of nitrogen Total amount of phosphoric acid Total potash Organic matter amount Humic acid amount Chitosan amount 2.68 0.65 0.82 68.4 37.5 24.8 Table 2 Fertilizer component value of fermented product Total amount of nitrogen Total amount of phosphoric acid Total potash Organic matter amount Humic acid amount Chitosan amount 4.26% 1.25% 0.57% 72.6% 16.2% 18.5% Table 3 Fertilizer component value of fermented product Total amount of nitrogen Total amount of phosphoric acid Total potash Organic matter amount Humic acid amount Chitosan amount 3.86% 0.89% 0.47% 52.1% 8.16% 2.50%

Claims (1)

[Scope of Claims] 1. Easily decomposable organic matter such as livestock manure, sewage sludge, human waste sludge, food residue, and fish cake is fermented into humus by thermophilic bacteria while generating fermentation heat of 70°C or higher. Crustaceans such as crabs, shrimp, and mantis shrimp; insects such as beetles, silkworms, flies, cockroaches, spiders, and butterflies; living bodies, skin shells, and processing residues of molluscs such as clams, clams, krill, oysters, squid, and sea squirts; etc. A method for producing an organic fermented fertilizer rich in chitosan components by mixing them in a tangible state and fermenting the mixture while blowing air with soil bacteria belonging to heterotrophs. 2. An organic fermented fertilizer rich in chitosan components produced by the method of claim (1).