JPH08157310A - Plant growth promoting agent - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE: To provide an agent containing soil mixed with powder of chitin calcium obtained from a chitinous material which is a main component of e.g. the crust of shrimp and crab and effective for promoting the growth of plant such as melon or lawn. CONSTITUTION: This plant growth promoting agent contains soil mixed with powder of chitin calcium. The chitin calcium powder is preferably a composite material composed of chitin and calcium. The plant growth promoting agent is effective for mixing culture soil with chitin calcium powder prepared from chitinous substance of the crust of shrimp or crab and decomposing the chitin calcium into low-molecular decomposition products by the action of microorganisms living in the soil. At the same time, the agent produces secreted products such as amino acids, low-molecular weight nucleic acids, organic acids, vitamins and hormones in the soil around the plant to activate the root of the plant, promote the activation of the cells and accelerate the growth of the plant.

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a growth promoter for plants such as rice, melon and lawn. Specifically, a plant growth promoter containing soil mixed with powder of chitin calcium obtained from chitin which is a main component of shrimp and crab shell.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art Microorganisms that cause damage to plant roots in soil, which is the basis of plant growth, include bacteria, filamentous fungi and viruses, and parasitic nematodes as small animals. These can be mentioned, for example, when a plant's self-defense mechanism fails when the environment changes and the plant becomes inactive and inactive, it becomes able to infect and become ill.

Recently, it has been found that chitin and chitosan trigger the expression of this plant self-defense mechanism. This is because when a plant comes into contact with harmful pathogenic fungi or insects,
It secretes the enzyme chitinase from the plant body and develops a defense mechanism that decomposes the cell walls and epidermis of harmful pathogens and insects. Many plant species contain chitinase, an enzyme that decomposes chitin, and when stress such as invasion of pathogenic bacteria is applied to the plant, the enzyme chitinase possessed by the plant itself destroys the cells of pathogenic fungi, and also the growth of fungi. The action of various substances called phytoalexins that inhibit the growth of cells inhibits the growth of pathogenic fungal cells.
Also, when plants touch chitin, they induce the production of chitinase enzymes, which decomposes these into low-molecular decomposition products. It is known that this low-molecular-weight decomposition product has physiological activities such as an immunopotentiating action and an antibacterial action.

Therefore, there is also an example in which crab or shrimp shells containing a large amount of chitin, which triggers the expression of the plant self-defense mechanism, is used as a fertilizer instead of the fertilizer. Therefore, chitosan and chitosan oligo are obtained by decomposing crab and shrimp shells by a chemical treatment method to obtain chitin as the main component, and further decomposing chitin by a chemical treatment method or an enzymatic treatment method. By spraying this directly on the plant with sugar etc.,
Plant diseases are being prevented from occurring and their damage is being reduced.

However, the conventional chemical treatment method for obtaining chitin depends on chemical treatment of acid and alkali, resulting in the removal of calcium, and the enzyme treatment method separates and purifies the enzyme from microorganisms. Therefore, there is an industrial or environmental problem such as high price, and it is rational to effectively utilize natural microorganisms for healthy growth of plants. It is to supply microorganisms in the soil in a state where they are easy to use.

[0006]

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Therefore, an object of the present invention is to utilize microorganisms in soil to activate cultivated soil and activate cells of plants such as paddy rice, melon and lawn to promote growth. The purpose is to provide.

[0007]

In order to solve the above-mentioned object, the present inventors applied powder of chitin calcium, which is a complex of chitin and calcium prepared from shrimp shell chitin, to paddy soil. We found that the growth of paddy rice promoted its growth. That is, the present invention has found that plant growth is promoted when the plant is grown in soil mixed with chitin calcium powder prepared from chitin. Therefore, the present invention is characterized in that the soil in which the powder of chitin calcium is mixed is a plant growth promoter, and by applying this, the growth of plants such as rice is promoted. Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail.

The present invention is a plant growth promoter comprising soil mixed with chitin calcium powder. A powder of chitin calcium prepared from the chitinous substance of shrimp and crab shell is mixed with cultivated soil, and at the same time the chitin calcium is decomposed into a low-molecular decomposed product by microorganisms living in the soil, amino acids in the periphery of the plant, By producing secretion products such as low molecular weight nucleic acids, organic acids, other vitamins, hormones, etc., the root functions of plants are activated, the activation of cells is promoted, and the growth is promoted. Therefore, the present invention, instead of directly spraying the low molecular weight degradation products obtained by degrading by conventional chemical treatment methods to plants,
Chitin calcium powder is mixed with soil or ash, etc., and mixed with the soil to utilize the low-molecular decomposition products generated by the enzymatic decomposition of microorganisms living in the soil to improve the roots of plant roots and activate them. By doing so, the plants grow healthy.

The chitin calcium used in the present invention is a powder obtained by removing the protein from the chitin prepared from the shells of shrimp and crab while leaving the calcium in the remaining state. The chitin consists of shells such as shrimp and crab, as well as biopolymers contained in cell walls such as shells of squid, insects such as butterflies and silkworms, and fungi such as mushrooms. It contains more than 30% chitin, 30% protein and 16% calcium. Calcium is usually removed from the chitin having the above-mentioned constitution because the method for obtaining chitin generally involves decalcification treatment for removing calcium and deproteinization treatment for removing protein. The chitin calcium of the present invention is obtained by treatment while leaving calcium in the chitin. As its preparation method, instead of demineralizing the chitin, an alkaline treatment is carried out with a surfactant such as fatty acid sodium and a solution such as sodium carbonate to remove only the protein (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 27130/1993).
3), or a method of removing only the protein with a proteolytic enzyme.

Chitin calcium obtained by deproteinizing chitin is a complex in which chitin and calcium coexist and is white. Calcium as calcium carbonate,
Part of it is decomposed into calcium ions and carbon dioxide, and the calcium ions are considered to exist in a coordinate bond with chitin. Chitin is a polymer having N-acetylglucosamine as a constituent molecule, is insoluble in water, and is decomposed by the enzyme chitinase to become N-acetylchitooligosaccharide. Further, chitin is converted to chitosan by the enzyme diacetylase, and chitosan is a polymer having glucosamine as a constituent molecule, is soluble in acid, and is decomposed by the enzyme chitosanase to become chito-oligosaccharide having 2 to 10 glucosamine bonds. N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylchitobiose, which are decomposition products of chitin, and chitooligosaccharides, which are decomposition products of chitosan, have amino sugars, that is, amino groups containing nitrogen and a carbon skeleton similar to glucose. Microorganisms utilize these decomposition products as nitrogen and carbon components for constructing cells and as an energy source. Further, it is known that this decomposition product has physiological activities such as immunopotentiating action and antibacterial action.

[0011] When chitin calcium powder is mixed with soil, it is attacked by a myriad of microorganisms inhabiting the soil, bacteria and yeast etc. that eat it grow, and further eat chitin calcium. At the same time, since the pathogenic bacteria such as Fusarium are eaten, the soil is improved. That is, when chitin calcium is eaten by microorganisms in soil, it is decomposed by the enzymes chitinase, chitosanase, and diacetylase possessed by the microorganisms to produce low-molecular decomposed products such as N-acetylchitooligosaccharides and chitooligosaccharides. . Calcium is produced as calcium ions. These are taken into the body of the microorganism and secreted to the outside at the same time. Microorganisms become active, and new secretions such as amino acids, low molecular weight nucleic acids, organic acids, vitamins and hormones are secreted. When the roots of the plant grow there, these nutrients are also absorbed by the low molecular weight decomposition products of chitin and calcium ions, improving the roots of the plant, making the cells alive, and causing disease. It makes it harder to catch and promotes growth. At this time, calcium ions are released and absorbed by the roots of the plant, and are involved in promoting growth as a trace component.

The amount of chitin calcium mixed is determined by the nature of the soil and the type of plant, but it may be a concentration similar to the concentration of root exudates of the plant. For rice which will be described later, in the chitin calcium application ku against chitin calcium-free application ku observed growth promoting effect in rice, further ^{200g / m 2, 500g / m} 2 application Ward, compared with chemical fertilizer ground Part dry matter weight and head weight are almost equal,
The effect of the chitin-calcium application area on the growth of paddy rice was comparable to that of the chemical fertilizer area.

Examples of microorganisms having a chitin-degrading enzyme chitinase include bacteria such as Serratia marcescens, Vibrio, Aeromonas hydrophila, Streptomyces fungi, Pycnoporus sinavarinus, fungi such as fungi, mushrooms and yeasts. Examples of the microorganism having the enzyme chitosanase include Myxobacter, Bacillus, Streptomyces, Penicillium and the like. Some of these microorganisms can be separated and purified and grown, and this is added to soil mixed with chitin calcium to improve the growth of microorganisms and improve the soil to produce chitin decomposition products and chitosan decomposition products. As a result, the welfare effect of promoting the growth of plants can be increased.

The mechanism by which the degradation products of chitin calcium are absorbed by plant roots is not clear, but the degradation products of chitinase are absorbed in the form of N-acetylglucosamine and in the form of the disaccharide N-acetylchitobiose. It is possible that Moreover, the mechanism by which these degradation products activate plant cells is not yet known.

The present inventors have clarified that paddy rice is cultivated in paddy soil mixed with powder of chitin calcium, and that the application of chitin calcium has a growth promoting effect on the growth of paddy rice.

The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to examples. The present invention is not limited to the embodiments.

[0017]

【Example】

1. Sprinkle chitin calcium powder prepared from shrimp shell on paddy soil and plow with a machine to mix. 2. The test plots are set up as plots, and the blending amount is as follows per 10 s of paddy soil. Is an application area. Chitin calcium 100 kg 〃 200 〃 〃 500 〃 chemical fertilizer (N: P: K component amount, 9.8 kg: 14.
1 kg: 12.8 kg) Control group (no application group) 3, Type of rice, sowing 1994, 5, 24 “Nihonbare” was sowed in a nursery box and mechanically transplanted to a paddy field at 〃6,3. 4. Growth survey From 1994, 7 and 12 (40 days after transplantation), it was carried out about every 2 weeks. One test plot was divided into 5 blocks, and 6 strains were collected each. The collected sample was disassembled into leaves, stems, dead leaves, and ears, and the leaves were measured for leaf area by an automatic leaf area meter (Model AMK-B manufactured by Hayashi Denko KK). Then, each part was dried by ventilation at 90 ° C. for 48 hours, and the dry weight was measured. 5, in order to perform the growth analysis, shoot dry weight (TDW, g / m ^2, the total dry weight of each part per 1 m ²⁾ leaf area index (LAI, leaf area per 1 m ²⁾ specific leaf area (SLA, cm ² / g, leaf area / dry matter weight of leaf) Growth rate (CGR, g ² / m ² / day, T per day
The amount of increase in DW) was calculated.

The results are as follows.

Table 1 shows the plant height, leaf weight and dead leaf weight of paddy rice on 1994, 9 and 21 (111 days after transplantation).
It shows stem weight, spike weight, TDW, LAI, SLA and CGR. In addition, hot weight, TDW, LAI, SLA
For CGR and CGR, the measurement results for each survey day are shown in Figure 1.
~ 4. Also, in this experiment, the "heading period" of all test plots was 1994, 8, 16 (74 days after transplantation).
And is indicated by a dotted line in the graph. The upper part in the upper left graph of FIG. 1 shows TDW, and the lower part thereof shows the panicle weight. In the graph, the symbol ◯ indicates 100 kg of chitin calcium and × indicates 200 kg of chitin calcium.
, □ indicates chitin calcium 500 kg, ◇ indicates chitin calcium compound fertilizer, and Δ indicates no application.

The above-ground dry weight (TDW) was not so different at the 40th day after transplantation, but thereafter, there was no application, ² with 100 g / m ² and other 3 (200).
g / m ² plot, 500 g / m ² plot, chemical fertilizer plot).

As for TDW, as in the case of TDW, the non-application section, the 2 sections of 100 g / m ² and the other 3 sections (200 g / m 2)
^There is a clear difference between the ² wards, the 500 g / m ² ward, and the chemical fertilizer ward. Although the weight of the leaves is small, the spike weight and T
The difference in DW was not so different from that in the chemical fertilizer plot, and the better growth was due to the effect of chitin calcium on the growth of paddy rice.

The leaf area index (LAI) is 500 g / m ^2.
In the plot, the maximum value was shown immediately after heading and the tendency was to decrease sharply thereafter. Compared with the chemical fertilizer group, the value after the heading stage of the chitin calcium application group showed a remarkable decrease, and the specific leaf area (SLA) showing the leaf thickness showed the same tendency. This is probably because the fertilizer was applied to the chemical fertilizer plots but not to the chitin calcium-applied plots because the carbohydrates stored in the leaves promoted the transfer to the ears.

Regarding the growth rate (CGR), the growth rate of the chitin calcium application group was remarkably higher than that of the chemical fertilizer group in the initial stage. 50 with chemical fertilizer section
In the 0 g / m ² ward, the overall value has remained high, but a decrease in the chitin calcium application zone has been observed since the beginning of the school period.

From the above results, the growth promoting effect of paddy rice was observed in the group to which chitin calcium was applied as compared to the non-application group.
In addition, it was revealed that it has the same or more promoting effect on the growth of paddy rice as compared to the chemical fertilizer plot.

[0025]

[Table 1]

[0026]

As described above, according to the present invention, it was found that the cultivated soil mixed with the powder of chitin calcium is effective as a plant growth promoter. That is, cultivated soil mixed with powder of chitin calcium is decomposed by chitinase, chitosanase, diacetylase, etc., which are hydrolytic enzymes of microorganisms in the soil, and N-acetylchitooligosaccharide,
It becomes a low molecular decomposition product such as chitooligosaccharide, and calcium becomes calcium ion, which further improve the function of microorganisms, reduce pathogenic bacteria, and further produce chitooligosaccharide. The produced oligosaccharides and calcium ions are absorbed by the roots of the plant together with other nutrients, so that the roots of the roots can be improved, the cells can be made alive, and the growth of the plants can be promoted.

[Brief description of drawings]

[1] shoot dry weight ^{(TDW, g / m 2,} 1m 2 per total dry weight of each part) and a graph showing the panicle weight.

FIG. 2 Leaf area index (LAI, leaf area per 1 m ² ).
It is a graph which shows.

FIG. 3 is a graph showing specific leaf area (SLA, cm ² / g, leaf area / leaf dry matter weight).

FIG. 4 is a graph showing growth rate (CGR, g / m ² / day, increase in TDW per day).

Continuation of front page (51) Int.Cl. ⁶ Identification number Office reference number FI technical display location (A01N 63/00 59:06)

Claims (2)

[Claims] 1. A plant growth promoter containing soil in which powder of chitin calcium is mixed. 2. The plant growth promoting agent according to claim 1, wherein the powder of chitin calcium is a complex composed of chitin and calcium.