JP7528034B2 - 領域的に被覆されたフィルター、排気処理システム及び方法 - Google Patents
領域的に被覆されたフィルター、排気処理システム及び方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP7528034B2 JP7528034B2 JP2021128760A JP2021128760A JP7528034B2 JP 7528034 B2 JP7528034 B2 JP 7528034B2 JP 2021128760 A JP2021128760 A JP 2021128760A JP 2021128760 A JP2021128760 A JP 2021128760A JP 7528034 B2 JP7528034 B2 JP 7528034B2
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- exhaust
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- wall
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- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052642 spodumene Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000859 sublimation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008022 sublimation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000019635 sulfation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005670 sulfation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N zirconium(iv) silicate Chemical compound [Zr+4].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] GFQYVLUOOAAOGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
- F01N3/023—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9404—Removing only nitrogen compounds
- B01D53/9409—Nitrogen oxides
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/944—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or carbon making use of oxidation catalysts
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9459—Removing one or more of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, or hydrocarbons by multiple successive catalytic functions; systems with more than one different function, e.g. zone coated catalysts
- B01D53/9477—Removing one or more of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, or hydrocarbons by multiple successive catalytic functions; systems with more than one different function, e.g. zone coated catalysts with catalysts positioned on separate bricks, e.g. exhaust systems
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- F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
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- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
- F01N3/033—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters in combination with other devices
- F01N3/035—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters in combination with other devices with catalytic reactors, e.g. catalysed diesel particulate filters
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- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/105—General auxiliary catalysts, e.g. upstream or downstream of the main catalyst
- F01N3/106—Auxiliary oxidation catalysts
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- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
- F01N3/2066—Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
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- B01D2251/20—Reductants
- B01D2251/206—Ammonium compounds
- B01D2251/2062—Ammonia
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- B01D2255/10—Noble metals or compounds thereof
- B01D2255/102—Platinum group metals
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01D2258/012—Diesel engines and lean burn gasoline engines
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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- F01N2330/00—Structure of catalyst support or particle filter
- F01N2330/30—Honeycomb supports characterised by their structural details
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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- F01N2330/00—Structure of catalyst support or particle filter
- F01N2330/60—Discontinuous, uneven properties of filter material, e.g. different material thickness along the longitudinal direction; Higher filter capacity upstream than downstream in same housing
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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- F01N2340/00—Dimensional characteristics of the exhaust system, e.g. length, diameter or volume of the apparatus; Spatial arrangements of exhaust apparatuses
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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- F01N2510/00—Surface coverings
- F01N2510/06—Surface coverings for exhaust purification, e.g. catalytic reaction
- F01N2510/065—Surface coverings for exhaust purification, e.g. catalytic reaction for reducing soot ignition temperature
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- F01N2570/00—Exhaust treating apparatus eliminating, absorbing or adsorbing specific elements or compounds
- F01N2570/14—Nitrogen oxides
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- F01N2570/00—Exhaust treating apparatus eliminating, absorbing or adsorbing specific elements or compounds
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- F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
- F01N2610/02—Adding substances to exhaust gases the substance being ammonia or urea
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Description
従って、本発明の実施の形態によれば、粒子フィルター(particulate filter)とNOX還元触媒を含む、排気処理システムが提供される。一つ以上の実施の形態では、所定の基材を含む粒子フィルターが設けられるが、上記基材は、フィルターを通って流れる排気流中に含まれる粒子状物質を捕捉するための通路と要素を有し、及び上記基材は、入口端と出口端を有し、上記入口端は、貴金属組成物を、その上に配置した状態で有し、上記貴金属組成物は、約300℃未満の温度で、燃料に火を付け、及びフィルター内に捕捉された粒子状物質を燃焼処理させるために十分な熱を発生させるものである。一実施の形態では、上記貴金属が、少なくとも20g/ft3の積載量(loading amount)で存在し、そして上記フィルターの軸方向長さの50%未満の範囲に広がっている。他の実施の形態では、上記貴金属が、少なくとも30g/ft3の積載量で存在し、そして上記フィルターの軸方向長さの50%未満の範囲に広がっている。他の実施の形態では、上記貴金属が、少なくとも40g/ft3の積載量で存在し、そして上記フィルターの軸方向長さの50%未満の範囲に広がっている。特定の実施の形態では、上記基材が、壁流モノリスの状態であり、この壁流モノリスは、縦方向に伸びる壁部によって境界付けられた、縦方向に伸びる通路を複数有し、上記通路は、開口入口端と閉鎖出口端を有する入口通路、及び閉鎖入口端と開口出口端を有する出口通路を有し、上記壁部は、多孔率が少なくとも40%で、その平均孔径は、少なくとも5ミクロンであり、及び貴金属組成物が壁に浸透し、そして壁部の軸方向長さよりも短い長さで、入口端から出口端へと伸びて入口領域を形成している。
以下に用語について説明する。
粒子フィルターは、種々の形態で具体化することができる。例えば、粒子フィルターは、ハニカム壁流フィルター、粒子状ろ過フィルター、ワイヤーメッシュフィルター、巻ファイバーフィルター、焼結金属フィルター及びフォームフィルターの状態であって良い。特定の実施の形態では、粒子フィルターは、壁流フィルターである。酸化触媒組成物を担持する有用な壁流基材は、微細で、実質的に平行なガス流通路を複数有しており、このガス流通路は、基材の長さ方向軸に沿って伸びている。代表例では、各通路は、基材本体の一端部で閉塞されており、これと交互する通路が反対側の端面で閉塞されている。このようなモノリス担体は、断面の1平方インチ当たり、約700以上の通路を有していて良いが、通路の上述した数は、これよりも少なくても良い。例えば、担体は、1平方インチ当たり約7~600セル、より好ましくは約100~400セル(cpsi)である。セルは、断面が、長方形、正方形、長円形、三角形、六角形であることが可能であり、又は他の多角形形状が可能である。壁流基材は、代表例では、壁厚さが0.002~0.1インチの範囲である。適切な壁流基材の例では、壁厚さは、0.002~0.015インチの範囲である。
粒子フィルター上に形成された酸化触媒は、未燃焼ガス状及び非揮発性炭化水素(すなわち、VOF)及び一酸化炭素の燃焼を提供する如何なる組成物からでも形成可能である。更に、酸化触媒は、NOXのNOの相当割合をNO2に変換するのに効果的であるべきである。ここに使用されているように、「NOXのNOの相当割合のNO2への変換」は、少なくとも20%、及び好ましくは30~60%の範囲を意味する。これらの特性を有する触媒組成物は、この技術分野では公知であり、そして白金族金属、及び卑金属(base
metal)ベースの組成物を含む。排気処理システムに使用して良い酸化触媒組成物の例は、白金族成分(例えば、白金、パラジウム、又はロジウム成分)で、高比表面積の耐火性酸化物担体(例えば、γ-アルミナ)上に分散されたものである。適切な白金族成分は、白金である。
2007年に開始したUSヘビーデューティーディーゼルアプリケーションにとって、エンジン設計と較正(キャリブレーション)は、NOX基準に適合するのに充分なものである。しかしながら、アメリカ合衆国では、(特に2010年に開始する、)より厳格なNOX排出基準は、エンジン設計と較正基準だけでは適合しないと考えられており、そしてNOX還元後処理触媒が必要とされると考えられる。本発明の一つ以上の実施も形態に従うNOX還元触媒は、選択的触媒還元(SCR)触媒、希薄NOX触媒、希薄NOXトラップ(LNT)、又はこれらの組合せを含むことができる。これは、ライトデューティーディーゼルアプリケーションに施す(適用する)ことができる。
(1)標準:
4NH3+4NO+O2→4N2+6H2O
(2)「速い」
4NH3+2NO+2NO2→4N2+6H2O
(3)「遅い」
4NH3+3NO2→3.5N2+6H2O
一つ以上の実施の形態では、NH3破壊触媒は、耐火無機酸化物担体に分散された白金族成分で構成されている。NH3破壊触媒が、モノリス担体に堆積された場合、白金族金属成分は、代表例では、0.1~40g/ft3及び好ましくは、0.5~10g/ft3で存在する。これらの濃度で、白金族金属成分は、アンモニアを酸化してN2を形成するのに効果的であるが、アンモニアのNOXへの酸化を発生させる傾向は少ない。上述のように、組成物中の白金の濃度がより高いと、過剰のアンモニアをNOXに変換する傾向があるが、N2に変換する傾向は少ない。更に白金族成分のより低いレベルが、大気に排出される粒子状物質の塊状化に寄与するサルフェートの形成を最小限にするために望まれる。
以下に実施例を使用して本発明を説明するが、実施例は、本発明を限定するものではない。
本発明に合致する領域化触媒化煤フィルター(CSF)を以下のように製造した。
領域化CSFの積極的再生機能を実証するために、エンジンテストセル内で燃料点火テストを行った。このテストは、エンジンテストセルにターボチャージした7.6リットル、225HPディーゼルエンジンを導入し、そして動力計に連結して行った。
NOX還元触媒機能(例えばSCR)の上流側に設けられた、排気中の領域化触媒化煤フィルター(CSF)は、煤を除去し、そして排気からの炭化水素を変換する機能を有する。ここで、上記炭化水素は、NOX還元反応のためのSCR触媒上の触媒個所に干渉するものである。更に、CSFは、エンジン出口のNOをNO2に酸化可能であり、このことは、上述したいわゆる「迅速な」SCR反応を促進するのに有利である。この反応では、最良の結果を得るために、NOのNO2に対する割合が、1:1であるか、又はNO2の合計NOXに対する割合が0.50であることを必要とする。従って、その出口NO2/NOX割合について、領域化CSFの性能を評価することが重要であった。更に、CSF内で生成したNO2は、CSF内で煤と反応することができ、そしてCSF出口NO2/NOX割合を、フィルター内の煤の蓄積と共に測定することが重要であった。
実施例1-4でテストするために使用した、同一の領域化触媒化煤フィルター(CSF)に、3200rpmの速度及び125Nmのトルクでの、6.6リットル330HPエンジン上で、煤を積載した。煤を積載したフィルター(2.8g/リットル煤)を、実施例2-3で使用した7.6リットル225HPエンジンの排気ラインに配置した。該排気ラインを、積極的再生のために使用した、同一の補足ディーゼル燃料インジェクターを備えていた。エンジンは、1566rpmの速度及び680Nmのトルクに調整されており、303℃のCSF入口排気ガス温度、705std.m3/hrの排気流を形成した。これらの条件下で、フィルターの圧力損失(デルタP)が安定化すると、8.57KPaとして測定された。排気中への補足ディーゼル燃料の導入(1.62g/sec)が確立され、積極的再生を開始した。該積極的再生は、約25分間続いた。この積極低再生の結果を図10に示した。CSF出口排気ガス温度が、補足燃料導入によって、(煤の積極的燃焼にとって適切である)656℃のレベルにまで上昇したことがわかる。デルタPのレベルも排気温度の上昇と共に上昇したが、しかし実行時間の約2分後、約11.5KPaのピークに達し、この後、デルタPは減少し、そして実行(run)の終了時には、出口排気温度が656℃で、約9.3KPaであり、ピークデルタPから2.2KPa減少していた。次に、補足燃料導入を終了させ、そしてCSF出口排気ガス温度は、排気ガス温度(303℃)中のCSFと同じレベルに戻った。この時点でのフィルターのデルタPのレベルは、5.87KPaとして測定され、積極的活性の前のレベルに対して2.70KPa減少していた。積極的再生の後にフィルターを計量すると、フィルター内の煤のレベルは、60%低減していた。このことは、最適化された工程又はテストであるとは考えられないが、しかし、これは、(フィルターデルタPと煤の積載について)領域化触媒化フィルター(CSF)を使用した積極的再生を明確に実証している。
なお、本願は、U.S.暫定特許出願Ser.No.60/868,289(出願日、2006年12月01日)の優先権(利益)、及びU.S.特許出願Ser.No.11/947,324(出願日、2007年11月29日)の優先権を主張する。この記載により、上記文献は、全てここに導入される。
12 NOX還元触媒
13 スリップ酸化触媒
14 バルブ
15 エンジン
16 混合ステーション
18 ライン(矢印)
19 ライン(矢印)
21 ポンプ
22 水性ウレア容器
23 ノズル
24 排気パイプ
30 壁流フィルター基材
53 内壁
54 入口端
56 出口端
58 入口プラグ(入口栓)
60 出口プラグ(出口栓)
62 ガス流62
64 流路入口
66 出口サイド
Claims (3)
- NOX及び粒子状物質を含む、ディーゼルエンジンからの排気流を処理するための排気処理システムであって、
i)フィルターを通って流れる排気流中に含まれる粒子状物質を捕捉するための複数の通路と壁要素を有し、入口端及び出口端を有するフィルターとしての基材、
ii)フィルターより下流側に配置されたNOX還元触媒、
を有し、及び
フィルター中に蓄積した粒子状物質を、積極的再生法によって除去するフィルターの再生システムを有し、該フィルターの再生システムは、
iii)ディーゼルエンジンとフィルターの間に配置され、ディーゼル燃料、アンモニア及びアンモニア前駆体から成る物質の少なくとも1種を含む発熱生成剤を、アトマイズ化した状態で投入する、発熱生成剤の導入箇所、
iv)前記基材の前記入口端上に配置され、300℃未満の温度で前記発熱生成剤に火を付ける貴金属組成物であって、貴金属が、前記貴金属組成物中に、少なくとも1.412g/L(40g/ft3)の積載量で存在し、そして前記フィルターの軸方向長さの50%未満の範囲に広がっている貴金属組成物、
v)前記発熱生成剤の導入箇所と前記フィルターとの間に設けられた、前記発熱生成剤の導入箇所から投入された前記発熱生成剤及び前記排気流の混合を補助し、及び投入された発熱生成剤の燃焼を補助するための補助手段、
を含み、且つ
前記貴金属組成物中の前記貴金属は、PtとPdとから構成され、且つPt:Pd割合は、10:1~4:1の範囲であり、及び
縦方向に伸びる壁部が、触媒被覆物を、貴金属組成物の下側に有し、前記触媒被覆物は、フィルターの軸方向長さの全体に伸びており、及び
前記触媒被覆物は、PtとPdとを、10:1~4:1の範囲のPt:Pd割合で、且つ0.706g/L(20g/ft3)以下の積載量で含み、且つ
前記基材が、壁流モノリスの状態であり、
該壁流モノリスは、縦方向に伸びる壁部によって境界付けられた、縦方向に伸びる通路を複数有し、
前記通路は、開口入口端と閉鎖出口端を有する入口通路、及び閉鎖入口端と開口出口端を有する出口通路を有し、
前記壁部は、多孔率が少なくとも40%で、その平均孔径は、少なくとも5ミクロンであり、及び貴金属組成物が壁に浸透し、そして壁部の軸方向長さよりも短い長さで、入口端から出口端へと伸びて入口領域を形成しており、且つ
前記貴金属が、5.295g/L(150g/ft 3 )以下の積載量で存在し、そして前記フィルターの軸方向長さの50%未満の範囲に広がっている、ことを特徴とする排気処理システム。 - 前記発熱生成剤は、ディーゼル燃料から成ることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の排気処理システム。
- 前記前記発熱生成剤の導入箇所から投入された前記発熱生成剤及び前記排気流の混合を補助し、及び投入された発熱生成剤の燃焼を補助するための補助手段は、インラインミキサーであることを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載の排気処理システム。
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US8800268B2 (en) | 2014-08-12 |
JP2019143632A (ja) | 2019-08-29 |
KR101812438B1 (ko) | 2017-12-26 |
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EP2102461B1 (en) | 2014-04-23 |
KR20160132128A (ko) | 2016-11-16 |
EP2102461A1 (en) | 2009-09-23 |
CA2671279A1 (en) | 2008-10-09 |
WO2008121167A1 (en) | 2008-10-09 |
JP2021191575A (ja) | 2021-12-16 |
KR20090095624A (ko) | 2009-09-09 |
US20080141661A1 (en) | 2008-06-19 |
BRPI0719699B1 (pt) | 2019-09-17 |
JP2010511829A (ja) | 2010-04-15 |
CA2671279C (en) | 2015-06-16 |
MX2009005670A (es) | 2009-08-28 |
JP2017180464A (ja) | 2017-10-05 |
KR20140114407A (ko) | 2014-09-26 |
RU2009124781A (ru) | 2011-01-10 |
MY155114A (en) | 2015-09-15 |
BRPI0719699A2 (pt) | 2013-12-24 |
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