JP7394898B2 - 操作されたウイルスベクターは炎症および免疫応答の誘導を低減する - Google Patents
操作されたウイルスベクターは炎症および免疫応答の誘導を低減する Download PDFInfo
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Description
[02] 本出願は、全ての目的のために参照によりその全体が本明細書に組み入れられる2016年6月8日付けで出願された米国仮出願第62/347,302号の優先権を主張する。
[03] 本発明は、ウイルスベースの療法の分野に関する。特に、本発明は、組換えウイルスに関する。
ODN 2088: TCC TGG CGG GGA AGT(配列番号2);
ODN 4084-F: CCTGGATGGGAA(配列番号3);
ODN INH-1: CCTGGATGGGAATTCCCATCCAGG(配列番号4);
ODN INH-18: CCT GGA TGG GAA CTT ACC GCT GCA(配列番号5);
ODN TTAGGG: TT AGG GTT AGG GTT AGG GTT AGG G(配列番号6);および
G-ODN: CTC CTA TTG GGG GTT TCC TAT(配列番号7)
からなる群から選択することができる。
ODN 2114: TCCTGGAGGGGAAGT(配列番号16);
ODN 4024: TCCTGGATGGGAAGT(配列番号17);
ODN INH-4: TTCCCATCCAGGCCTGGATGGGAA(配列番号18);
ODN INH-13: CTTACCGCTGCACCTGGATGGGAA(配列番号19);
ODN Poly-G: GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG(配列番号20);
ODN GpG: TGACTGTGAAGGTTAGAGATGA(配列番号21);
ODN IRS-869: TCCTGGAGGGGTTGT(配列番号22);
ODN IRS-954: TGCTCCTGGAGGGGTTGT(配列番号23);および
ODN 21158: CCTGGCGGGG(配列番号24)
からなる群から選択することができる。
ODN 2088: TCC TGG CGG GGA AGT(配列番号2);
ODN 4084-F: CCTGGATGGGAA(配列番号3);
ODN INH-1: CCTGGATGGGAATTCCCATCCAGG(配列番号4);
ODN INH-18: CCT GGA TGG GAA CTT ACC GCT GCA(配列番号5);
ODN TTAGGG: TT AGG GTT AGG GTT AGG GTT AGG G(配列番号6);および
G-ODN: CTC CTA TTG GGG GTT TCC TAT(配列番号7)
からなる群から選択される配列と95%同一であってもよい。
ODN 2114: TCCTGGAGGGGAAGT(配列番号16);
ODN 4024: TCCTGGATGGGAAGT(配列番号17);
ODN INH-4: TTCCCATCCAGGCCTGGATGGGAA(配列番号18);
ODN INH-13: CTTACCGCTGCACCTGGATGGGAA(配列番号19);
ODN Poly-G: GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG(配列番号20);
ODN GpG: TGACTGTGAAGGTTAGAGATGA(配列番号21);
ODN IRS-869: TCCTGGAGGGGTTGT(配列番号22);
ODN IRS-954: TGCTCCTGGAGGGGTTGT(配列番号23);および
ODN 21158: CCTGGCGGGG(配列番号24)
からなる群から選択される配列と95%同一であってもよい。
[111] 免疫細胞中でTLR9活性化を特異的に回避する能力を有するAAVベクターを操作するために、本発明者らは、増強緑色蛍光タンパク質(eGFP)をコードするAAVベクターの3’非翻訳領域に、5ヌクレオチド長のスペーサー(AAAAA;配列番号8)によって分離されたc41の2つのコピーを挿入した(図3B)。その後、本発明者らは、野生型AAV-eGFPウイルスおよびAAV-eGFP-c41ウイルス(2つのc41の挿入を内包する)を生産した。両方のウイルスの感染力価は同等であったことから(約109感染単位/ml、HeLa細胞での力価測定によって決定した場合)、ウイルスゲノムへのc41の付加は、遺伝子療法のために大量生産しなければならないウイルスベクターにとって重要な検討事項であるウイルスのパッケージングおよび感染力を妨げなかったことが示唆される。
[112] 炎症応答を測定するために、本発明者らは、AAVのDNAゲノムを感知するTLR9を安定して発現することに加えて、NF-kBの転写制御下でアルカリホスファターゼも発現するHEK293細胞(HEK293 TLR9細胞)を使用した。NF-kBが活性化されると、これは炎症を示すが、培地にアルカリホスファターゼが分泌され、提供された基質に作用して、培地の色に、プレートリーダーで測定可能な変化をもたらす。本発明者らは、HEK293 TLR9細胞を模擬感染させ、またはそれらをAAV-eGFPまたはAAV-eGFP-c41のいずれかで感染させた。文献と一致して、AAV-eGFP感染は、NF-kB活性において小さいが統計学的に有意な増加を誘導した(図4)。対照的に、AAV-eGFP-c41感染は模擬感染細胞と比較して有意差はなかったことから、このウイルスは炎症応答の惹起を回避できたことが示される。
[113] 本発明者らは、フローサイトメトリーを使用して、上記の3つの条件(図4に記載される)をeGFP発現に関して分析した。本発明者らは、AAV-eGFP-c41が、AAV-eGFPより多くの細胞に形質導入されたこと(34.6%GFP+と比較して、52.7%GFP+)を見出した(図5)。加えて、AAV-eGFP-c41感染からのGFP+細胞は、AAV-eGFP感染からのGFP+細胞より約2倍多くのeGFPを発現した(平均蛍光強度[MFI]が、2749に対して5335であった)。
[115] 本発明者らは、TLR9シグナル伝達を遮断することが示されている抑制性(TTAGGG)4モチーフ(配列番号6)を含有する哺乳動物テロメア由来配列である「テロメア」の3つのコピーを挿入した(図6Aおよび図6B)。AAV-eGFP-テロメアウイルスは、HeLa細胞で力価測定した場合、AAV-eGFPおよびAAV-eGFP-c41と類似のウイルス力価を生じたことから、「テロメア」の取り込みは、ウイルスのパッケージングおよび感染力を妨げないことが実証される。
[118] 研究者は、細胞培養においてTLR9シグナル伝達を弱めるために、短い阻害性オリゴヌクレオチド(典型的には10~30ヌクレオチドの長さ)を使用することが多い。しかしながら、これらの阻害性オリゴヌクレオチドが、それより一層大きいウイルスゲノムの状況で(すなわち、配列が、それより一層長い配列に両方の末端において共有結合で連結されている)、官能性を保持するかどうかは不明である。この可能性を試験するために、本発明者らは、増強緑色蛍光タンパク質(eGFP)をコードする自己相補的な(sc)AAVベクターを利用して、ベクターゲノムを内包するプラスミドに、それぞれ細菌および哺乳動物のテロメア由来の「c41」または「テロメア」の3つコピーを挿入した[52、57、58、61](図8Aおよび8B)。scAAVベクターは、マウス肝臓中でTLR9活性化を誘発し、一本鎖(ss)AAVベクターより多くの炎症を誘導するのにより効率的であることが示されていることから、本発明者らはscAAVベクターから始めた。「c41」および「テロメア」は強い二次構造を有すると予測されるため、本発明者らは、阻害性オリゴヌクレオチドのコピー間にAAAAAリンカーを使用した。加えて、3×c41および3×テロメア配列は、ウイルス侵入の間にDNAゲノム中に存在するが、形質導入が成功したときにその後のmRNA転写物から排除されると予想されるため、3×c41および3×テロメア配列を、ポリA配列の後と右の逆方向末端反復(ITR)の上流に配置した(「scAAV-eGFP-3×c41」および「scAAV-eGFP-3×テロメア」)。最終的に、ウイルスゲノム中の阻害性オリゴヌクレオチドの配置が問題になるかどうかを決定するために、本発明者らはまた、左のITRとプロモーターの間に3×テロメアが配置されたベクター(「scAAV-3×テロメア-eGFP」)も作り出した。
[119] 本発明者らは、様々なAAVベクターをAAV2血清型にパッケージングし、初代ヒト単球由来マクロファージを105ウイルスゲノム(vg)/細胞の重複感染度(MOI)で感染させた。予想通りに、本発明者らは、マクロファージのscAAV-eGFP感染が、発熱、アポトーシスおよび炎症の刺激における役割がよく説明されており、TLR9シグナル伝達およびNF-kB活性化の際に生産される原型的な炎症性サイトカインであるTNFのロバストな誘導を上清中で惹起したことを見出した(図9A)。対照的に、scAAV-eGFP-3×41およびscAAV-eGFP-3×テロメアの両方は、TNF誘導を95%を超えて著しく減少させたことから、これらのウイルス中への「c41」または「テロメア」の取り込みは、野生型(WT)ベクターと比較して炎症応答の惹起を回避できたことが示される。さらに、scAAV-3×テロメア-eGFPも95%を超えてTNF誘導を防ぐことができたことから、挿入された阻害性オリゴヌクレオチドは、ウイルスゲノムの他の部分中に配置でき、炎症を遮断する能力を保持できることが実証される。リン酸緩衝食塩水(PBS)での模擬感染、およびTLR9/NF-kBおよび炎症を強く活性化することが公知の市販のCpG含有オリゴヌクレオチドであるODN2006での処理は、それぞれ陰性および陽性対照として役立った。本発明者らが初代ヒトCD14+単球を試験したところ、この場合でもscAAV-eGFPがロバストなTNF誘導を誘発し、一方でscAAV-eGFP-3×c41およびscAAV-eGFP-3×テロメアがTNF誘導のほとんどを無効にしたことを見出した(図9B)。scAAV-3×テロメア-eGFPも同様にTNF誘導を低減したが、阻害は約85%であり、これは、細胞型またはドナー組織間の差に起因する可能性がある。別のドナーから得られた初代CD14+単球においてもTNF誘導の回避が再現された(図9C)。
[122] 遺伝子療法のために肝細胞を形質導入するためには、AAVの静脈内送達が使用されることが多い。以前の研究から、AAVの静脈内投与の際に、マウスの肝臓におけるクッパー細胞(常在する肝臓の抗原提示細胞)は、scAAVゲノムを感知し、1~9時間後に炎症および自然免疫応答を誘発することが可能であることが示されている[36]。これらの応答は、炎症促進性サイトカイン、例えばTNFおよびIL6、ならびにI型インターフェロン、例えばIFN-βなどの誘導を包含する。TLR9-/-マウスは、肝臓においてこれらの炎症および自然免疫応答を呈示しないことから、インビボにおける自然免疫センサーとしてのTLR9の中心的な役割が実証される。加えて、好中球、マクロファージおよびナチュラルキラー(NK)細胞などの免疫細胞は、AAV投与の2時間後に肝臓に浸潤する。本発明者らの操作されたベクターが、インビボで肝臓における炎症を低減できるかどうかを決定するために、本発明者らは、PBSまたは等量のscAAV-eGFPもしくはscAAV-eGFP-3×テロメアを尾静脈注射により投与した。「テロメア」はヒト配列由来であり、臨床用途に好ましい可能性があるため、本発明者らは、インビボでの特徴付けのためにscAAV-eGFP-3×テロメアを選択した。以前の研究と一致して、scAAV-eGFPは、肝臓において、炎症を示すTnfおよびIl6発現の増加(食塩水と比較しておよそ3~10倍)を刺激した(図12A)。対照的に、scAAV-eGFP-3×テロメアは、炎症性マーカーにおける増加をほとんど示さなかったことを示した。それに続く実験で本発明者らがより多くのマウスを試験したところ、scAAV-eGFPは、肝臓において、食塩水と比較して統計学的に有意なTnf誘導を刺激したが、scAAV-eGFP-3×テロメアおよびscAAV-eGFP-3×c41は有意なTnf誘導を刺激しなかったことが見出されたことから(図12Bおよび12C)、それらの肝臓における炎症の惹起を回避する能力が実証される。最終的に、本発明者らは、scAAV-eGFP-3×対照は、scAAV-eGFPと比較して肝臓における炎症を予防できないことを確認した(図10E)。
[123] 次に本発明者らは、一本鎖AAVベクターであるssAAV-eGFPを、プラスミドに、AAAAAリンカーを有する「テロメア」の5つのコピーを挿入し、続いて別の5つのコピーを、ただしアンチセンス方向で挿入することによって操作し、ssAAV-eGFP-5×テロメアを得た(図13)。それによって、ウイルスゲノムのプラスおよびマイナス鎖の両方が等しくウイルス粒子にパッケージングされる可能性が高いため、それぞれのパッケージングされたウイルスゲノムが「テロメア」の5つのコピーを正しい方向で有することが確認される。2つのAAV8ウイルスを生産し精製した。この場合でも本発明者らは2つのベクター間で力価における差を観察しなかったことから、類似のパッケージング効率が示唆される(データは示されていない)。ssAAV-eGFPは、これまでにもマウスにおいて網膜下注射に使用されてきており、眼中の光受容体を効率的に形質導入することから、ssAAV-eGFPを選択した[62]。
動物
[127] C57BL/6マウス(雄、7~9週齢)をJackson Laboratoryから購入し、CD1マウスをCharles River Laboratoriesから購入した。
[128] この研究では、自己相補的な(sc)または一本鎖(ss)AAVベクターが使用された。自己相補的なベクターは、1つのITRにおいて末端分解配列(terminal resolution sequence)を欠如している。全てのベクターゲノムの端部には、AAV2のITRが配置されていた。scAAV-eGFPは、Cell Biolabs(VPK-430)から購入し、以前に説明されている[73]。scAAV-eGFPは、サイトメガロウイルス(CMV)プロモーターから増強型緑色蛍光タンパク質(eGFP)を発現させ、SV40イントロンおよびSV40ポリA配列を包含していた。ssAAV-eGFPは以前に説明されており[62]、元々はHarvard DF/HCC DNA Resource Coreから得られたものである(クローン番号:EvNO00061595)。ssAAV-eGFPは、CMVエンハンサー/プロモーター、ヒトβ-グロビンのイントロン、eGFP、およびβ-グロビンのポリA配列を含有していた。緑膿菌由来の「c41」(5'-TGGCGCGCACCCACGGCCTG-3';配列番号1)および哺乳動物テロメア由来の「テロメア」(5'-TTTAGGGTTAGGGTTAGGGTTAGGG-3';配列番号9;最初のTヌクレオチドは、機能に応じて任意選択である)の配列は、説明されている[52、57、58、61]。広く使用されている「テロメア」オリゴヌクレオチド(Invivogen製造、カタログコード「tlrl-ttag」)は、公開された研究と比較して追加のT(太字)を内包していたため、配列中に包含された。この研究の経過中に、Invivogenは、それらの製造済みの「テロメア」オリゴヌクレオチド(カタログコード「tlrl-ttag151」)中の追加のTを除去した。加えて、「対照」(5'-GCTAGATGTTAGCGT-3';配列番号34)を、TLR9活性化を阻害しない陰性対照配列として使用した(Invivogen、カタログコード「tlrl-2088c」)。
[133] 身元不明の健康なドナーからのヒト末梢血単核細胞(PBMC)を購入した(ZenBio)。この研究は、ハーバード大学医学部(Harvard Medical School)の倫理上のガイドラインに従ってなされた。CD14+単球を、抗CD14磁気マイクロビーズを製造元の説明書(Miltenyi Biotec)に従って使用してPBMCから陽性選択するか、またはStemcell Technologiesから購入した。単球由来マクロファージを得るために、単球を、50ng/mlの組換えヒトマクロファージコロニー刺激因子(rhM-CSF、Peprotechから購入)と共に5~6日培養して、マクロファージに分化させた。単球およびマクロファージを、新鮮なまま使用するか、またはその後の研究のために低温保存した。
[135] HeLa細胞は、AAV2ベクターに関して高度に複製可能であり、AAV2ベクター調製物の形質導入力価を決定するのに一般的に使用されている[76]。簡単に言えば、HeLa細胞を12ウェル中に播種して一晩おいたところ、感染時にはおよそ80%の集密度であった(約3×105個の細胞)。ウイルスを連続的に10倍希釈したもので細胞を示されたMOIで感染させ、48時間インキュベートし、その後、PBS中の1%パラホルムアルデヒドで固定し、続いてGFP+細胞に関してフローサイトメトリー分析を行った。PBS模擬感染細胞を使用して、GFP+シグナルを決定した。
[136] 成体C57BL/6マウスに、これまでに記載されたようにして、PBS100ulを静脈内注射するか、またはAAV2ウイルス(1011vg/動物)を尾静脈注射した[36]。2時間後、動物を殺し、肝臓の右中間葉の一部をRNAlater溶液(Thermo Scientific)中で保存した。10~30mgの機械的に崩壊させた肝臓サンプルから、RNA抽出キット(OMEGA Bio-Tek)を使用することによって全RNAを抽出した。大容量RNA-to-cDNAキット(Thermo Scientific)を用いて類似の量のRNAをcDNAに逆転写し、TaqManファストアドバンストマスターミックス(Thermo Scientific)および市販の予め設計されたプライマー/プローブを示された標的遺伝子(IDT)に対するFAMレポーター色素と共に使用した定量PCR(qPCR)で、類似の量のcDNAをアッセイした。ΔΔCT方法を使用してハウスキーピング遺伝子のActbまたはGapdhに対して正規化することによって各遺伝子の発現レベルを計算し、食塩水が注射されたマウスと比較した倍率レベルとして表した。全てのqPCR反応をリアルプレックス4マスターサイクル(Eppendorf)で行った。
[137] 生後1日目(P1)のCD1新生児の眼への網膜下注射を、これまでに記載されたようにして実行した[74、75]。およそ0.2ulのAAV8ウイルス(眼1つ当たり1.8×108vg)を、FemtoJet(Eppendorf)によって制御された引き角度の(pulled angled)ガラスピペットを使用して網膜下のスペースに導入した。P21で、動物を殺し、解剖して眼杯を取り出した。網膜と眼杯の残部を、肝臓における研究で記載されたようにRNA抽出、逆転写、およびqPCRに供した。GFP発現を組織学的方法で可視化するために、P30で眼を切り出し、4%パラホルムアルデヒド中で2時間固定し、PBS中で3回洗浄した。角膜、レンズ、虹彩、ガラス体および末梢の筋肉を除去することによって眼杯を解剖して取り出した。Keyence BZ-×700顕微鏡で10倍の対物を使用して平坦にマウントした眼杯の画像を撮った。同じ画像化設定において同じ画像化設定で、グループ間の比較に使用する画像を撮った。
[138] 全てのケースにおいて、対応のないスチューデントの両側t検定を使用して、2つの対応のない実験グループ間の差を比較した。<0.05のP値を統計学的に有意とみなした。予め特定された効果量を仮定せず、各条件につき一般的に3から5回の反復を使用した。
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Claims (13)
- (a)阻害性核酸に共有結合で連結されたアデノ随伴ウイルス(AAV)ゲノム、および
(b)治療的遺伝子を含む、組換えウイルスであって、
前記阻害性核酸が、TLR9に結合するがTLR9の活性化を誘発せず、
前記AAVゲノムが、配列番号6又は配列番号9の配列を含む阻害性核酸の複数のコピーを含む、組換えウイルス。 - AAVゲノムが一本鎖である、請求項1に記載の組換えウイルス。
- AAVゲノムが自己相補的である、請求項1に記載の組換えウイルス。
- 各阻害性核酸がリンカー配列によって分離されている、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の組換えウイルス。
- AAVゲノムが5'非翻訳領域を含み、阻害性核酸の複数のコピーが5'非翻訳領域にある、請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の組換えウイルス。
- AAVゲノムが3'非翻訳領域を含み、阻害性核酸の複数のコピーが3'非翻訳領域にある、請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の組換えウイルス。
- 治療的遺伝子が非ウイルス遺伝子である、請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の組換えウイルス。
- 請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載の組換えウイルスを含む、哺乳動物を処置するための組成物。
- (a)阻害性核酸に共有結合で連結された組換えアデノ随伴ウイルス(AAV)ゲノム、および
(b)治療的遺伝子を含む、核酸であって、
前記阻害性核酸がTLR9に結合するがTLR9活性化を誘発せず、
前記AAVゲノムが、配列番号6又は配列番号9の配列を含む阻害性核酸の複数のコピーを含む、核酸。 - AAVゲノムが一本鎖である、請求項9に記載の核酸。
- 前記AAVゲノムが自己相補的である、請求項9に記載の核酸。
- 各阻害性核酸がリンカー配列によって分離されている、請求項9~11のいずれか一項に記載の核酸。
- 請求項9~12のいずれか一項に記載の核酸を含む、哺乳動物を処置するための組成物。
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JP2022066336A (ja) | 2022-04-28 |
CN109451729A (zh) | 2019-03-08 |
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CN109451729B (zh) | 2022-03-22 |
AU2017277647A1 (en) | 2018-12-13 |
JP2019517266A (ja) | 2019-06-24 |
EP3468605A4 (en) | 2020-01-08 |
EP3468605A1 (en) | 2019-04-17 |
JP7034951B2 (ja) | 2022-03-14 |
KR20190017872A (ko) | 2019-02-20 |
US20240043849A1 (en) | 2024-02-08 |
US11339396B2 (en) | 2022-05-24 |
AU2017277647B2 (en) | 2023-07-27 |
US20190177731A1 (en) | 2019-06-13 |
CN114807152A (zh) | 2022-07-29 |
WO2017214378A1 (en) | 2017-12-14 |
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