JP7190171B2 - 燃料電池用触媒、その製造方法、燃料電池用膜電極接合体及びそれを備えた燃料電池 - Google Patents
燃料電池用触媒、その製造方法、燃料電池用膜電極接合体及びそれを備えた燃料電池 Download PDFInfo
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- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium atom Chemical compound [Hf] VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021385 hard carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CATSNJVOTSVZJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptan-2-one Chemical compound CCCCCC(C)=O CATSNJVOTSVZJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004687 hexahydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCC(O)=O FUZZWVXGSFPDMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XTPRURKTXNFVQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexyl(trimethyl)azanium Chemical compound CCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C XTPRURKTXNFVQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007602 hot air drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007731 hot pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000040 hydrogen fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZHBDKVWQJKYIFF-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydron;tetrabutylazanium;difluoride Chemical compound F.[F-].CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC ZHBDKVWQJKYIFF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 230000003100 immobilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007603 infrared drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- PJIYEPACCBMRLZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodine pentafluoride Chemical compound FI(F)(F)(F)F PJIYEPACCBMRLZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940035429 isobutyl alcohol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052743 krypton Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DNNSSWSSYDEUBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N krypton atom Chemical compound [Kr] DNNSSWSSYDEUBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N methanone Chemical compound O=[14CH2] WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UZKWTJUDCOPSNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methoxybenzene Substances CCCCOC=C UZKWTJUDCOPSNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZUZLIXGTXQBUDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyltrioctylammonium Chemical compound CCCCCCCC[N+](C)(CCCCCCCC)CCCCCCCC ZUZLIXGTXQBUDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- ULWOJODHECIZAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-diethylpropan-2-amine Chemical compound CCN(CC)C(C)C ULWOJODHECIZAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NMXXDRKTOJAAQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dimethyl-3-phenylpropan-1-amine Chemical compound CN(C)CCCC1=CC=CC=C1 NMXXDRKTOJAAQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DAZXVJBJRMWXJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dimethylethylamine Chemical compound CCN(C)C DAZXVJBJRMWXJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZUHZZVMEUAUWHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dimethylpropan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCN(C)C ZUHZZVMEUAUWHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VMOWKUTXPNPTEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dimethylpropan-2-amine Chemical compound CC(C)N(C)C VMOWKUTXPNPTEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GNVRJGIVDSQCOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-ethyl-n-methylethanamine Chemical compound CCN(C)CC GNVRJGIVDSQCOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RIVIDPPYRINTTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-ethylpropan-2-amine Chemical compound CCNC(C)C RIVIDPPYRINTTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XHFGWHUWQXTGAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-methylpropan-2-amine Chemical compound CNC(C)C XHFGWHUWQXTGAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052754 neon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N neon atom Chemical compound [Ne] GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MCSAJNNLRCFZED-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitroethane Chemical compound CC[N+]([O-])=O MCSAJNNLRCFZED-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitromethane Chemical compound C[N+]([O-])=O LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SGWCNDDOFLBOQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxidanium;fluoride Chemical compound O.F SGWCNDDOFLBOQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XNLICIUVMPYHGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentan-2-one Chemical compound CCCC(C)=O XNLICIUVMPYHGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-O phosphonium Chemical compound [PH4+] XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 238000001420 photoelectron spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006393 polyether sulfone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000131 polyvinylidene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- FVSKHRXBFJPNKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N propionitrile Chemical compound CCC#N FVSKHRXBFJPNKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001453 quaternary ammonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000012495 reaction gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052706 scandium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N scandium atom Chemical compound [Sc] SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002379 silicone rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004945 silicone rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000012279 sodium borohydride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000033 sodium borohydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021384 soft carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007847 structural defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052713 technetium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKLVYJBZJHMRIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N technetium atom Chemical compound [Tc] GKLVYJBZJHMRIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- XAMMKFSEEQGBIC-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetra(propan-2-yl)azanium Chemical compound CC(C)[N+](C(C)C)(C(C)C)C(C)C XAMMKFSEEQGBIC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MRXQMNWIADOAJY-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrabutylazanium;fluoride;dihydrofluoride Chemical compound F.F.[F-].CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC MRXQMNWIADOAJY-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- CBXCPBUEXACCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraethylammonium Chemical compound CC[N+](CC)(CC)CC CBXCPBUEXACCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HQFTZNVQVRRDLN-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetramethylazanium;fluoride;tetrahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.[F-].C[N+](C)(C)C HQFTZNVQVRRDLN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- OSBSFAARYOCBHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrapropylammonium Chemical compound CCC[N+](CCC)(CCC)CCC OSBSFAARYOCBHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ISLMUNSNHGLMCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributyl(2-methoxyethyl)phosphanium Chemical compound CCCC[P+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCOC ISLMUNSNHGLMCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HOMONHWYLOPSLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributyl(ethyl)phosphanium Chemical compound CCCC[P+](CC)(CCCC)CCCC HOMONHWYLOPSLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HJHUXWBTVVFLQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributyl(methyl)azanium Chemical compound CCCC[N+](C)(CCCC)CCCC HJHUXWBTVVFLQI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XKFPGUWSSPXXMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N tributyl(methyl)phosphanium Chemical compound CCCC[P+](C)(CCCC)CCCC XKFPGUWSSPXXMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IMFACGCPASFAPR-UHFFFAOYSA-O tributylazanium Chemical compound CCCC[NH+](CCCC)CCCC IMFACGCPASFAPR-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- DQWPFSLDHJDLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphate Chemical compound CCOP(=O)(OCC)OCC DQWPFSLDHJDLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KZEXVNKGDKTRPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl(2-methoxyethyl)phosphanium Chemical compound CC[P+](CC)(CC)CCOC KZEXVNKGDKTRPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NVAJXJBNBBWMHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl(methoxymethyl)phosphanium Chemical compound CC[P+](CC)(CC)COC NVAJXJBNBBWMHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SEACXNRNJAXIBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl(methyl)azanium Chemical compound CC[N+](C)(CC)CC SEACXNRNJAXIBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QCLVFLIIJODTJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl(octyl)phosphanium Chemical compound CCCCCCCC[P+](CC)(CC)CC QCLVFLIIJODTJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NFRBUOMQJKUACC-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl(pentyl)azanium Chemical compound CCCCC[N+](CC)(CC)CC NFRBUOMQJKUACC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RGXJWHBYXNYHML-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl(pentyl)phosphanium Chemical compound CCCCC[P+](CC)(CC)CC RGXJWHBYXNYHML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-O triethylammonium ion Chemical compound CC[NH+](CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- WCZKTXKOKMXREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylsulfanium Chemical compound CC[S+](CC)CC WCZKTXKOKMXREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FQFKTKUFHWNTBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N trifluoro-$l^{3}-bromane Chemical compound FBr(F)F FQFKTKUFHWNTBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JOHWNGGYGAVMGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N trifluorochlorine Chemical compound FCl(F)F JOHWNGGYGAVMGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RKBCYCFRFCNLTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N triisopropylamine Chemical compound CC(C)N(C(C)C)C(C)C RKBCYCFRFCNLTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WVLBCYQITXONBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl phosphate Chemical compound COP(=O)(OC)OC WVLBCYQITXONBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ACZOGADOAZWANS-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl(pentyl)azanium Chemical compound CCCCC[N+](C)(C)C ACZOGADOAZWANS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BMTHNVMASXVELE-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl(propan-2-yl)azanium Chemical compound CC(C)[N+](C)(C)C BMTHNVMASXVELE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GETQZCLCWQTVFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylamine Chemical compound CN(C)C GETQZCLCWQTVFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NRZWQKGABZFFKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylsulfonium Chemical compound C[S+](C)C NRZWQKGABZFFKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WLOQLWBIJZDHET-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylsulfonium Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1[S+](C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 WLOQLWBIJZDHET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012953 triphenylsulfonium Substances 0.000 description 1
- YFTHZRPMJXBUME-UHFFFAOYSA-N tripropylamine Chemical compound CCCN(CCC)CCC YFTHZRPMJXBUME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052724 xenon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N xenon atom Chemical compound [Xe] FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/925—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
- H01M4/926—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8663—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for catalytic active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/8668—Binders
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/06—Halogens; Compounds thereof
- B01J27/128—Halogens; Compounds thereof with iron group metals or platinum group metals
- B01J27/13—Platinum group metals
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/50—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their shape or configuration
- B01J35/51—Spheres
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/22—Halogenating
- B01J37/26—Fluorinating
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/921—Alloys or mixtures with metallic elements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/96—Carbon-based electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1004—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by membrane-electrode assemblies [MEA]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Inert Electrodes (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
Description
(F/C)S/(F/C)W<0.8 ・・・(1)
(但し、(F/C)Sは、燃料電池用触媒の表面における炭素原子の原子数に対するフッ素原子の原子数の比を表し、(F/C)Wは、燃料電池用触媒の全体における炭素原子の原子数に対するフッ素原子の原子数の比を表す。)
本実施の形態に係る燃料電池用触媒は、触媒活性種と、当該触媒活性種を担持する担体とを少なくとも有する担持体の構造を有している。また、触媒活性種及び担体の少なくとも何れか一方には、フッ素原子が含まれる。本実施の形態の燃料電池用触媒は、固体高分子型燃料電池等に好適に用いることができる。
先ず、燃料電池用触媒を構成する担体について説明する。
本明細書に於いて「担体」とは、アノード側電極触媒層及び/又はカソード側電極触媒層(以下、単に「電極触媒層」ということがある。)に於いて、触媒活性種の過度な凝集を抑制すること等を目的として用いられる電子伝導性物質を意味する。
次に、本実施の形態に係る触媒活性種について以下に説明する。
本明細書に於いて「触媒活性種」とは、燃料電池内に於ける電気化学反応に於いて、触媒機能を発揮し得る物質を意味する。本実施の形態の触媒活性種は、具体的には、白金、白金合金、及びコアシェル触媒からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の活性種からなる。
本実施の形態において、担体である炭素原子の原子数に対する、触媒活性種及び担体の少なくとも何れか一方に含まれるフッ素原子の原子数の比は、次式(1)の関係を満たすことが好ましい。
(但し、(F/C)Sは、燃料電池用触媒の表面における炭素原子の原子数に対するフッ素原子の原子数の比を表し、(F/C)Wは、燃料電池用触媒の全体における炭素原子の原子数に対するフッ素原子の原子数の比を表す。)
本実施の形態に係る燃料電池用触媒の仕事関数は4~7.5eVであることが好ましく、4~7eVであることがより好ましく、5~6.5eVであることが特に好ましい。燃料電池用触媒の仕事関数が4eV以上であると、電子伝導性を良好に維持することができる。その一方、燃料電池用触媒の仕事関数が7.5eV以下であると、電子伝導性を損なわずに、耐酸化性の向上を図ることができる。尚、燃料電池用触媒の仕事関数は、紫外線光電子分光法等によって測定可能である。
次に、本実施の形態に係る燃料電池用触媒の製造方法について、以下に説明する。
本実施の形態に係る燃料電池用触媒の製造方法としては、担体をフッ素化処理した後に触媒活性種を担持する方法A、担体に触媒活性種を担持した後にフッ素化処理を行う方法B、フッ素化処理した触媒活性種を担体に担持する方法Cが挙げられる。さらに、本実施の形態に於いては、前記方法A及び方法Bに対し、再フッ素化処理を行ってもよい。
触媒活性種を担体に担持させる方法としては特に限定されず、公知の方法を採用することができる。例えば、触媒活性種の前駆体を溶解させた反応液に、担体としての炭素材料を分散させる。分散方法については特に限定されず、公知の方法を採用することができる。次に、この反応液に適切な還元剤を投入し、溶存している前駆体の金属イオン種を還元することにより触媒活性種を担体表面に担持させる。続いて、この反応液を固液分離した後、固形分を乾燥させる。これにより、触媒活性種の担持体が得られる。尚、触媒活性種の炭素材料への担持は、当該触媒活性種及び炭素材料にフッ素原子が導入されているか否かに関わらず可能である。
触媒活性種、炭素材料、又は触媒活性種を担持した炭素材料へのフッ素原子の導入は、フッ素化処理を行うことにより可能である。フッ素化処理を行うことにより、炭素材料の表面や細孔内部に、炭素-フッ素結合によるフッ素基が導入される。従って、例えば、炭素六角網面のエッジ部分に水酸基、カルボニル基又はカルボキシル基等の含酸素官能基を付与する酸化処理とは異なり、炭素材料にダメージを与えたり分解させる等の構造欠陥が生じることなく、その表面をフッ素化することができる。
前記再フッ素化処理は、フッ素化処理された触媒活性種を、フッ素化処理されていない炭素材料に担持したもの、又はフッ素化処理されていない触媒活性種を、フッ素化処理された炭素材料に担持したものに対し、フッ素原子を導入することを目的として行われる工程である。
次に、本実施の形態の燃料電池用触媒を用いた燃料電池について、図1に基づき以下に説明する。図1は、本実施の形態に係る単一セル構造の燃料電池を表す概略断面図である。
本実施の形態の膜電極接合体10は、固体高分子電解質膜11と、当該固体高分子電解質膜11の両面に設けられた一対の電極触媒層12、より具体的にはアノード側電極触媒層(燃料極)12a及びカソード側電極触媒層(空気極)12bとを少なくとも備える。
ガス拡散層13は、電子伝導性を有する多孔質体からなる。電子伝導性を有することにより、燃料電池の反応に由来する電子の移動を可能にしている。また、多孔質体からなることにより、アノード側ガス拡散層13aでは燃料ガスに含まれる水素ガスの良好な拡散を可能にし、カソード側ガス拡散層13bでは酸化剤ガスに含まれる空気の良好な拡散を可能にする。更に、カソード側電極触媒層12bでは、副生する水を排出するための排出路としての機能も果たす。
セパレータ14の材料としては特に限定されないが、燃料ガスに含まれる水素ガス及び酸化剤ガスに含まれる空気に対して不活性であり、ガスシール性が高く、耐食性を付与するものが好ましい。また、電子伝導性が高く、機械的強度に優れたものが好ましい。そのような材料としては、例えば、等方性カーボンや炭素板等からなるカーボン製のものが挙げられる。また、ステンレス等の金属製からなるものも挙げられる。更に、ステンレス、チタン又はアルミニウム等の金属製の部材の表面に、カーボン材料がコーティングされたものを用いてもよい。尚、セパレータ14は燃料である水素と空気を分離する機能を有するものが好ましく、これにより表面にガスの流路を成形することができる。また、セパレータ14の厚さとしては特に限定されず、適宜必要に応じて設定することができる。
ガスケット15は、電極触媒層12及びガス拡散層13の端部に隣接する位置であって、固体高分子電解質膜11とセパレータ14との間に備えられる。燃料電池1がガスケット15を備えることにより、電極触媒層12及びガス拡散層13の端部がシールされ、供給されるガスが、電極触媒層12及びガス拡散層13の端部から漏洩するのを防止することができる。
<担体のフッ素化処理>
PTFE(ポリテトラフルオロエチレン)製容器(容量5mL)に、担体として、比表面積が800m2/gのカーボンブラック(商品名;ケッチェンブラックEC300J、ライオン・スペシャリティー・ケミカルズ株式会社)0.300gを添加し、本容器を電解研磨されたSUS316L製チャンバー(容量30mL)内に設置した。次に、チャンバー内を真空にした後に、窒素ガスを導入した(真空置換)。さらに、窒素気流(20mL/min)下、昇温速度4℃/minでチャンバー内の温度を250℃に昇温させ、1時間の恒温処理を行った。その後、チャンバー内の温度を50℃まで冷却し、1時間の恒温処理を行った。
塩化白金酸六水和物(H2PtCl6・6H2O)0.797gを溶解させた水溶液100mLに対し、フッ素化処理されたカーボンブラック0.300gを添加し、超音波ホモジナイザーを用いて担体を水溶液中に分散させた。この分散液に、1mol/Lの水酸化ナトリウム水溶液を添加し、pHを11~12の範囲に調節した。
本実施例においては、フッ素化処理を行う際の処理ガスにおけるフッ素ガスの濃度を5vol%に変更した。それ以外は、実施例1と同様にして、本実施例に係る燃料電池用触媒を作製した。
本実施例においては、フッ素化処理を行う際の処理ガスにおけるフッ素ガスの濃度を20vol%に変更した。それ以外は、実施例1と同様にして、本実施例に係る燃料電池用触媒を作製した。
本比較例においては、フッ素化処理がされていないケッチェンブラック(担体)に白金が担持された白金担持触媒(品番:TEC10E50E、田中貴金属株式会社製)を、燃料電池用触媒に用いた。
本実施例においては、フッ素化処理を行う際の処理ガスにおけるフッ素ガスの濃度を80vol%に変更し、処理温度を80℃に変更した。それ以外は、実施例1と同様にして、本実施例に係る燃料電池用触媒を作製した。
本実施例においては、フッ素化処理がされていない前記ケッチェンブラック(担体)に白金が担持された白金担持触媒(品番:TEC10E50E、田中貴金属株式会社製)をフッ素化処理した。また、フッ素化処理を行う際の処理ガスにおけるフッ素ガスの濃度を10vol%に変更した。それ以外は、実施例1と同様にして、本実施例に係る燃料電池用触媒を作製した。
本実施例においては、実施例2で得られた燃料電池用触媒を、再度フッ素化処理した。再度フッ素化処理する条件は、実施例1と同様にして、本実施例に係る燃料電池用触媒を作製した。
実施例1~6及び比較例1で得られた燃料電池用触媒において、それぞれの燃料電池用触媒の全質量に対する白金含有率を求めた。すなわち、電気炉を用い、800℃の酸素雰囲気下で各燃料電池用触媒を燃焼させた。燃焼後の残分量を白金量として、燃焼前の重量から白金含量を算出した。結果を表1に示す。
実施例1~6で得られた燃料電池用触媒について、それらの表面のフッ素原子と炭素原子の定量分析を行った。定量分析は、多機能走査型X線光電子分光分析装置(アルバック・ファイ株式会社製、Versa ProbeIII)を用いて、X線光電子分光法により行った。測定条件としては、X線源:AlKα線、パスエネルギー:112eV、ステップエネルギー:0.05eV、検出角度:45°とした。さらに、C1s、F1sの光電子分光スペクトルのピーク強度から、各燃料電池用触媒の表面のフッ素原子と炭素原子の原子数の比(F/C)Sを算出した。結果を表1に示す。
実施例1~6で得られた燃料電池用触媒について、当該燃料電池用触媒全体のフッ素原子と炭素原子の定量分析を行った。定量分析は、燃焼フラスコ法により行った。
実施例1~6及び比較例1の燃料電池用触媒について、それぞれの仕事関数を求めた。仕事関数は、多機能走査型X線光電子分光分析装置(アルバック・ファイ株式会社製、Versa Probe III)を用いて、紫外線光電子分光法により求めた。また、測定条件は、紫外線源:HeI線、パスエネルギー:1.3eV、ステップエネルギー:0.005eV、検出角度:90°とした。そして、結合エネルギーと真空準位のエネルギー差を求めることで、各燃料電池用触媒の仕事関数を算出した。結果を表1に示す。
実施例1~6又は比較例1の燃料電池用触媒における白金含有率をもとに、白金の含有量が16mgになる様に燃料電池用触媒をそれぞれ秤量した。次に、アイオノマーとしてのナフィオン(登録商標)溶液(デュポン製、DE520CS Type)をそれぞれ添加した。アイオノマーの添加は、燃料電池用触媒における白金とフッ素原子を除く担体の質量に対して、70質量%になるようにした。
市販の白金担持触媒(品番:TEC10E50E、田中貴金属株式会社)を用い、白金の含有量が16mgになる様に白金担持触媒を秤量した。次に、アイオノマーとしてのナフィオン(登録商標)溶液(デュポン製、DE520CS Type)を添加した。アイオノマーの添加は、燃料電池用触媒における白金を除く担体の質量に対して、100質量%になるようにした。
PTFEシート上に形成されたアノード側電極触媒層、及びPTFEシート上に形成されたカソード側電極触媒層をそれぞれ1cm角に切り出し、それぞれを固体高分子電解質膜(NR-211、デュポン株式会社)の両面に積層して積層体を作製した。
実施例1~6及び比較例1に係る燃料電池セルについて、初期の出力電圧の評価を行った。
すなわち、得られた燃料電池セルに、常圧にてアノード側に水素ガス(利用率5%)を供給し、カソード側に空気を供給することで酸素(利用率5%)を供給した。セル内の相対湿度は60%RHであった。セル温度80℃において、運転時の電流密度が1.0A/cm-2における運転初期の出力電圧(初期セル電圧)を測定した。結果を表2に示す。
燃料電池セルの温度を80℃にし、セル内の相対湿度が100%RHになるように加湿制御して、アノード側及びカソード側にそれぞれ窒素ガスを供給した。
10 膜電極接合体
11 固体高分子電解質膜
12 電極触媒層
12a アノード側電極触媒層
12b カソード側電極触媒層
13 ガス拡散層
13a アノード側ガス拡散層
13b カソード側ガス拡散層
14 セパレータ
15 ガスケット
Claims (8)
- 触媒活性種と、前記触媒活性種を担持する担体とを少なくとも有する燃料電池用触媒であって、
前記触媒活性種が白金、白金合金、及び白金と異なる金属のコアを、白金を含むシェルで被覆したコアシェル触媒からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種であり、
前記担体が炭素材料であり、
前記触媒活性種及び前記担体の少なくとも何れか一方はフッ素原子を含み、
前記担体に含まれる炭素原子の原子数に対する、前記触媒活性種及び前記担体の少なくとも何れか一方に含まれる前記フッ素原子の原子数の比が、次式(1)に示す関係を満たす燃料電池用触媒。
(F/C) S /(F/C) W <0.8 ・・・(1)
(但し、(F/C) S は、燃料電池用触媒の表面における炭素原子の原子数に対するフッ素原子の原子数の比を表し、(F/C) W は、燃料電池用触媒の全体における炭素原子の原子数に対するフッ素原子の原子数の比を表す。) - 前記(F/C)Sが0.4未満である請求項1に記載の燃料電池用触媒。
- 前記炭素材料が、グラファイト、酸化グラファイト、カーボンブラック、黒鉛化カーボンブラック、ダイアモンドライクカーボン、フラーレン、単層カーボンナノチューブ、多層カーボンナノチューブ、カーボンナノホーン、カーボンナノウォール、カーボンナノファイバー、カーボンナノブラシ、単層グラフェン、多層グラフェン、及び酸化グラフェンからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種である請求項1又は2に記載の燃料電池用触媒。
- 固体高分子電解質膜と、当該固体高分子電解質膜の両表面に配置された電極触媒層とを少なくとも有する燃料電池用膜電極接合体であって、
前記電極触媒層が、請求項1~3の何れか1項に記載の燃料電池用触媒と、当該燃料電池用触媒を被覆するアイオノマーとを少なくとも有する燃料電池用膜電極接合体。 - 前記アイオノマーがフッ素系樹脂である請求項4に記載の燃料電池用膜電極接合体。
- 前記アイオノマーが芳香族系炭化水素樹脂である請求項4に記載の燃料電池用膜電極接合体。
- 前記アイオノマーがイオン液体である請求項4に記載の燃料電池用膜電極接合体。
- 請求項4~7の何れか1項に記載の燃料電池用膜電極接合体を備える燃料電池。
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