JP6956082B2 - 球形かつ中空の無機粒子を含む断熱材料 - Google Patents
球形かつ中空の無機粒子を含む断熱材料 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6956082B2 JP6956082B2 JP2018524374A JP2018524374A JP6956082B2 JP 6956082 B2 JP6956082 B2 JP 6956082B2 JP 2018524374 A JP2018524374 A JP 2018524374A JP 2018524374 A JP2018524374 A JP 2018524374A JP 6956082 B2 JP6956082 B2 JP 6956082B2
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- LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon monoxide Chemical class [Si-]#[O+] LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010822 slaughterhouse waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052911 sodium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004328 sodium tetraborate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010339 sodium tetraborate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002490 spark plasma sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003351 stiffener Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010189 synthetic method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H tricalcium bis(phosphate) Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001238 wet grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- NAWDYIZEMPQZHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ytterbium Chemical compound [Yb] NAWDYIZEMPQZHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Description
本発明の第一の目的は、その粒子が、球形、マイクロメートル径、中空であり、かつ、見掛け密度が低いことを特徴とする、一組の無機粒子(a set of inorganic particles)である。
本発明の第1の目的は無機粒子を含む材料であって、それは、粒子が球状、マイクロメートル、かつ中空であり、前記粒子からなる粉末が700kg・m−3未満、好ましくは100〜700kg・m−3の見かけ密度を有することを特徴とする。
本発明による粒子は、従来の押出及び/又は造粒法によって組み込むことができる。
(1)溶媒中に所定のモル濃度で、そのものから粒子を形成したい無機材料(1又は複数)の前駆体を含む液体溶液を噴霧して、溶液の液滴の霧(fog)を得る工程、
(2)液滴の外縁において無機材料(1又は複数)の前駆体濃度を増大させるために溶媒の蒸発を確実にすることができ、かつ粒子の形成を確実にすることができる温度(乾燥温度という)において霧を加熱する工程、
(3)中空粒子の外殻(シェル)を形成するため、同時に起こる完全な沈殿と溶媒の抽出を伴いつつ無機材料を形成するために、前駆体の分解を確実にすることができる温度(熱分解温度という)にそれら粒子を加熱する工程、
(4)粒子の外殻(シェル)を緻密化する工程、及び
(5)そうして形成された粒子を回収する工程。
酸化マグネシウム(MgO)粒子を以下の方法にしたがって調製した。
硝酸マグネシウム6水和物20.4gを脱塩水79.6gに溶解し、前駆体のモル濃度を1.0 mol/Lにした。
この前駆体溶液を、本発明による噴霧熱分解法によって噴霧する。
ドープされた酸化亜鉛ZnO:Al粒子を、以下の方法に従って調製した。
硝酸亜鉛6水和物25.8 g及び硝酸アルミニウム9水和物1.6 gを脱イオン水72.5gに溶解し、前駆体の総モル濃度を1.2 mol/Lにした。所望のドーピング比を達成するために、Zn/Al比を検査することができる。
アルミナAl2O3粒子を、以下の方法に従って調製した。
硝酸アルミニウム9水和物27 gを脱塩水73 gに溶解し、前駆体のモル濃度を1.0 mol/Lにする。
上記前駆体溶液を、本発明による噴霧熱分解法によって噴霧する。
ムライト粒子(3Al2O3,2SiO2)を、2.7 mol/Lの全前駆体濃度を用いて以下の方法に従って調製した。
1.脱イオン水70.8 g中での硝酸アルミニウム9水和物5.3 gの溶解。
2.撹拌下での16.6 gのアルミニウムアルコキシド(アルミニウムイソプロポキシド)の添加。
3.撹拌下でのシリコンアルコキシド(テトラエチルオルトシリケート)7.3 gの添加。
4.ゾルの熟成後、アルコキシドの加水分解/縮合を可能にし、ムライトゾルを形成するための80℃での2時間の加熱。
図2は、得られた中空ムライト粒子の走査電子顕微鏡写真を示しており、平均直径は1.5μmである。
酸化ジルコニウムZrO2粒子を本発明の方法に従って調製した。
0.6 mol/Lの濃度のオキシ硝酸ジルコニウム水和物の前駆体溶液を、本発明による噴霧熱分解法によって噴霧する。
乾燥、熱分解、及び緻密化の工程が行われる反応器内において到達する最高温度のプロファイルは、それぞれ300℃、400℃、500℃であり、急冷工程を行って、回収工程の前に周囲温度に戻す。
粒度分布測定法及び真球度
下の表1は、例1〜6で得られた粒子の粒度分布特性、及び走査電子顕微鏡写真を分析し、形状を2D楕円で近似し、円形度比を計算することによる球形度の計算を示している。
精密天秤(0.001gまで)を用いて15mlのピルボックスを秤量する。漏斗を使用して、粉末をそれがオーバーフローするまでピルボックスに注ぎ、ピルボックスの上限のレベルでスパチュラで平らにする。その満たされたピルボックスの質量を測定する。固めていない(unpacked)見掛け密度ρbpが計算される(=粉末の質量/体積)。
その満たされたピルボックスは20分間振動を受ける。振動が停止した後、ピルボックスの空き部分の高さを3つの異なる場所で測定する。その失われた体積は、3回の測定の平均をとることによって計算される。固めた(packed)見掛け密度ρbtを計算する(=粉末質量/固めた後の体積)。
粉末の凝集及び流動性を示すHausner指数も計算した。本発明の粉末は、H指数=1.2であり、これはそれらが良好な流動性を有することを示している。
多孔性及び熱伝導率の特性を明らかにするために、本発明による中空球体(又は粒子)からなる粉末を、乾燥形態で圧縮することができる。別の方法は、従来の混合方法により、又は湿式粉砕により、球状粉末を水中に懸濁させることによってスラリーを調製することからなる。
懸濁を容易にし、粘度を調節し、又はペレットを「未加工」の形態において機械的に強化し、及びキャスティング法を改善するために、有機バインダー又は分散剤を添加することができる。
等圧プレスを選択することもでき、すなわち、乾燥形態において粉末を圧縮するか、又は一軸圧力下で少量の溶媒を含む。
焼結されたペレットの気孔率は、熱障壁用途のために2007年にPrevostによって記述されているように、室温での水ポロシメトリーによって測定される(Prevost, Marie-Anne, Edude de nouvelles ceramiques pour barriere thermique(熱障壁のための新しいセラミックスの研究))。 博士論文、Universite Pierre and Marie Curie - Paris VI)。
熱伝導率λ(T)はW・m-1・K-1で与えられ、次の式にしたがう熱拡散率に関連する。
λ=ρ(T)Cp(T)D(T)
D(T): 温度Tにおける熱拡散率(m2/s)
ρ(T): 温度Tにおける見かけ密度(kg/m3)
Cp(T): 公表されたデータに基づいて計算される、定圧における比熱(J.K-1.kg-1)。
熱拡散率はレーザーフラッシュ法により測定した。
ペレットは1400℃の温度で焼結した。
比較のために、同じ測定方法に従い、市販のムライト粒子から製造されたペレットは、40℃未満の気孔率、及び約0.7W/mKの20℃、500℃、及び1000℃での熱伝導率を示す。
本発明による粒子を含むペレットの熱伝導率は、したがって、高密度の市販されている粉末の熱伝導率よりもはるかに小さい。
この例では、酸化亜鉛(ZnO)、ムライト、酸化マグネシウムMgO、及び酸化アルミニウムAl2O3の粒子を製造することができた。
押出成形及びガスの添加並びにフィルムの形状へのカレンダー加工によって、発泡ポリエチレンを調製した。そのポリオレフィンのグレードは、約1%の中空酸化亜鉛粒子を含む低密度ポリエチレンである。粉末は、マスターバッチの形態で組み込まれる。
本発明による中空酸化マグネシウムMgO粒子を、以下の手順に従って水性スラリー中のエナメルマトリックス中に分散させた:
1.水溶液への中空粒子の予備分散:中空粒子を水溶液中に懸濁させる。中空粒子の割合は、固形物の10質量%〜60質量%の間で変化させうる。この例では、乾燥抽出物について40質量%の粒子を試験した。
2.水溶液へのエナメル粉末の予備分散:エナメル粉末の割合は、固形物の40質量%〜90質量%の間で変化させうる。この例では、乾燥抽出物について60質量%のエナメルを試験した。
3.中空粒子の懸濁液を、機械式撹拌下でエナメルスラリーに添加する。最終スラリーは、30〜60質量%の固形物と40〜70質量%の水溶液から構成されることができる。この例では、40質量%を試験した。得られたスラリーを、スプレー又はハケ塗りによって金属基材上に堆積させる。エナメルで被覆された基板を約100℃において空気中で乾燥させた後、500℃〜900℃の高温で焼成する。
λ=ρ(T)Cp(T)D(T)
D(T): 温度Tにおける熱拡散率(m2/s)
ρ(T): 温度Tにおける見かけ密度(kg/m3)
Cp(T): 公表されたデータに基づいて計算された、一定圧力での比熱(J.K-1.kg-1)
Claims (11)
- 一組の無機粒子とマトリクスとを含む断熱材料であって、前記粒子が、球形であり、0.1〜10μmの平均直径をもち、中空であるマイクロメートル粒子であって、かつ100〜700kg/m3の見掛け密度を有し、0.85以上の球形度を有し、
前記粒子が、ZnO(これは任意選択によりアルミニウムでドーピングされていてもよい)の粒子、又はZrO 2 (これは任意選択により希土類から選択された元素でドーピングされていてもよい)の粒子、又はそれらの混合物であることを特徴とする、断熱材料。 - 前記マトリクスが固体マトリクス、特に、セラミックス、繊維、発泡体、エナメル、又はそれらの混合物からなる固体マトリクスであることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の材料。
- 一組の無機粒子であって、前記粒子が球形であり、0.1〜10μmの平均直径をもつマイクロメートル粒子であり、中空であり、かつ100〜700kg/m3の見掛け密度を有し、0.85以上の球形度を有し、
前記粒子が、ZnO(これは任意選択によりアルミニウムでドーピングされていてもよい)の粒子、又はZrO 2 (これは任意選択により希土類から選択された元素でドーピングされていてもよい)の粒子、又はそれらの混合物であることを特徴とする、一組の無機粒子。 - 粒子の直径が0.2〜7μmの範囲であることを特徴とする、請求項3に記載の一組の無機粒子。
- 粒子の直径が0.3〜5μmの範囲であることを特徴とする、請求項4に記載の一組の無機粒子。
- 熱障壁としての、請求項3〜5のいずれか一項に記載の粒子の使用。
- 請求項3〜5のいずれか一項に記載の一組の粒子とマトリクスを含む、建築用断熱材料。
- 請求項3〜5のいずれか一項に記載の一組の粒子とセラミックスマトリクスを含み、かつ任意選択により繊維状補強材を含んでいてもよい、断熱材料。
- 請求項3〜5のいずれか一項に記載の一組の粒子とエナメルマトリクスを含む断熱材料。
- エアロゾル熱分解による、請求項3〜5のいずれか一項に記載の一組の無機粒子の製造方法であって、
(1)そのものから粒子を形成させたい無機材料(1又は複数)の前駆体を溶液中に0.5モル/L以上のモル濃度で含む液体溶液を噴霧して溶液の液滴の霧を得る工程、
(2)液滴の外縁で無機材料(1又は複数)の前駆体濃度を増大させるために溶媒の蒸発を確実にすることができ、かつ粒子の形成を確実にすることができる温度に、前記の得られた霧を加熱する工程、
(3)中空粒子の外殻を形成するために、同時に起こる完全な沈殿及び溶媒の抽出を伴って無機材料を形成するために、前記前駆体の分解を確実にすることができる温度に、工程(2)で得られた粒子を加熱する工程、
(4)得られた粒子の外殻を緻密化する工程、
(4’)任意選択により場合によっては、得られた粒子を急冷する工程、及び
(5)そうして形成された粒子を回収する工程、
を含む製造方法。 - マトリクスを、請求項3〜5のいずれか一項に記載の一組の粒子又は請求項10に記載の方法によって得られる一組の粒子と接触させるようにする工程を含む、請求項1に記載の断熱材料の製造方法。
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