JP6783476B2 - ムピロシン及びネオマイシンを含む抗菌組成物 - Google Patents
ムピロシン及びネオマイシンを含む抗菌組成物 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6783476B2 JP6783476B2 JP2018505713A JP2018505713A JP6783476B2 JP 6783476 B2 JP6783476 B2 JP 6783476B2 JP 2018505713 A JP2018505713 A JP 2018505713A JP 2018505713 A JP2018505713 A JP 2018505713A JP 6783476 B2 JP6783476 B2 JP 6783476B2
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Description
本願は、2015年8月5日に出願された米国仮特許出願第62/201,380号の優先権を主張するものであり、該仮出願の内容の全体を本明細書の一部として本願に援用する。
黄色ブドウ球菌は、米国で最も健康に関連する6つのESKAPEバクテリア病原菌の1つに指定されている。Rice LB. 2008を参照してください。Federal funding for the study of antimicrobial resistance in nosocomial pathogens:no ESKAPE.J Infect Dis 197:1079−1081。この生物は、院内及び地域社会に関連する細菌感染の主な原因であり、現在利用可能なすべての抗生物質に対する耐性を発生させている。Pendleton JN, Gorman SP, Gilmore BF. 2013;Clinical relevance of the ESKAPE pathogens.;Expert review of anti−infective therapy 11:297−308を参照されたい。黄色ブドウ球菌の年間死亡率は既にHIV/エイズの死亡率を上回っており、殆どの製薬企業が、他の生物を標的とする抗菌プログラムの完全削除、縮小、及び/または方向転換を考えると、更に悪化する可能性が高い。Klevens RM, Morrison MA, Nadle J, Petit S, Gershman K, Ray S, Harrison LH, Lynfield R, Dumyati G, Townes JM, Craig AS, Zell ER, Fosheim GE, McDougal LK, Carey RB, Fridkin SK. 2007;Invasive methicillin−resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States.; JAMA :the journal of the American Medical Association 298:1763−1771;Projan SJ, Shlaes DM. 2004;Antibacterial drug discovery: is it all downhill from here?;Clinical microbiology and infection :the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 10 Suppl 4:18−22を参照されたい。簡単に言えば、ブドウ球菌感染症の予防及び治療のための新しい戦略が緊急に必要とされている。
材料及び方法
バクテリア株及び動物。全てのバクテリア研究は、黄色ブドウ球菌株UAMS−1、即ち、微生物のバイオフィルム形成及びコロニー形成特性を研究するために通常用いられる十分に特徴づけられたメチシリン感受性の臨床単離物、USA300、即ちメチシリン耐性のコミュニティー獲得型臨床単離株、またはBAA−1708、即ち、アメリカン・タイプ・カルチャー・コレクション(マナッサス、バージニア州)から入手したmupAを含む高レベルのムピロシン耐性株を用いて行われた。下記文献を参照されたい:Gillaspy AF, Hickmon SG, Skinner RA, Thomas JR, Nelson CL, Smeltzer MS. 1995、Role of the accessory gene regulator (agr) in pathogenesis of staphylococcal osteomyelitis.Infect Immun 63:3373−3380; McDougal LK, Steward CD, Killgore GE, Chaitram JM, McAllister SK, Tenover FC. 2003、Pulsed−field gel electrophoresis typing of oxacillin−resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from the United States: establishing a national database.J Clin Microbiol 41:5113−5120。別段の指示がない限り、菌株をトリプシン大豆ブロス(TSB)で一晩増殖させ、次いで新鮮な(1:100希釈)培地に接種し、初期指数期(1×108CFU/mL)まで増殖させ、以下に述べるよう処理した。4〜6週齢の雌Balb/CマウスをCharles River(Wilmington MA)から入手し、認可されたロチェスター大学メディカルセンター動物実験評議会(UCAR)のプロトコールに従って飼育した。
ムピロシンの抗菌活性を増強する薬剤
FDA認可薬剤であるセレックライブラリーの853のメンバーを、ムピロシンの活性を増強する薬剤についてスクリーニングした。これを行うために、黄色ブドウ球菌株UAMS−1を、0.25×当該株のムピロシン最小阻止濃度(MIC;0.3μg/mL−1)及び50μMのライブラリー物質を含むマイクロタイタープレートの個々のウエルに接種した。合計108のライブラリーメンバー(12.6%)が、ムピロシンの抗菌活性を増強するか、ムピロシン非依存性の抗菌活性を示すか、またはその両方を示す薬剤であることを示唆し、細菌増殖を抑制した。これらの可能性を識別するために、各化合物の濃度を増加させて、0.25×株のムピロシンMICを含有しない培地または含有する培地中において抗菌活性について再試験した。評価した108種の化合物のうち105種(97.2%)は、ムピロシンが存在するかどうかにかかわらず、同様の抗菌活性を示した。逆に、ニタゾキサニド(Nitazoxanide)、ニトロフラザン(Nitrofurazone)、及び硫酸ネオマイシンの抗菌活性は、ムピロシンの存在下で増加した。実際に、部分阻害濃度指数(FIC)尺度は、ムピロシンと組み合わせたときに、各薬剤との相加的効果を明らかにし(FIC’s=0.75)、それらが恐らくはRNasePを阻害することによって、ムピロシンの活性を増強する能力をも有する抗菌剤であることを示している(表1)。
ネオマイシンは黄色ブドウ球菌RNasePのインビトロ活性を阻害する
ネオマイシンのようなアミノグリコシド系抗生物質は、アミノ糖修飾で修飾された中心のデオキシストレプタミン環を含み、16S・rRNAの主溝に結合することにより作用して、tRNA選択の忠実度を破壊し、且つタンパク質翻訳を阻止する。より最近の研究により、アミノグリコシドはmRNA、tRNA及び触媒性RNAに結合して、その機能に影響を与えることが明らかになった。下記の文献を参照されたい:Mikkelsen NE, Brannvall M, Virtanen A, Kirsebom LA. 1999、Inhibition of RNase P RNA cleavage by aminoglycosides.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:6155−6160;Mikkelsen NE, Johansson K, Virtanen A, Kirsebom LA. 2001、Aminoglycoside binding displaces a divalent metal ion in a tRNA−neomycin B complex.Nature structural biology 8:510−514;Tok JB, Cho J, Rando RR. 1999.Aminoglycoside antibiotics are able to specifically bind the 5’−untranslated region of thymidylate synthase messenger RNA.Biochemistry 38:199−206;von Ahsen U, Davies J, Schroeder R. 1992.Non−competitive inhibition of group I intron RNA self−splicing by aminoglycoside antibiotics.Journal of molecular biology 226:935−941。これに関して、ネオマイシンB及び/または誘導体は、大腸菌、淋菌、ポルフィロマス・ジンジバリス、ストレプトコッカス・ニューモニエ及びバチルス・ズブチリスRNaseP機能を阻害する様式で、RNaseP及び/または前駆体tRNA分子のrnpB成分に結合することが示されている。下記の文献を参照されたい:Eubank TD, Biswas R, Jovanovic M, Litovchick A, Lapidot A, Gopalan V. 2002.Inhibition of bacterial RNase P by aminoglycoside−arginine conjugates.FEBS letters 511:107−112;Liu X, Chen Y, Fierke CA.2014.A real−time fluorescence polarization activity assay to screen for inhibitors of bacterial ribonuclease P.Nucleic acids research 42:e159。従って、インビトロの前駆体tRNAプロセシングアッセイにおいて、ネオマイシンが黄色ブドウ球菌RNaseP活性をも阻害するか否かを評価した。その結果、図1に示すように、高濃度(250μM)のネオマイシンがインビトロ条件下で前駆体tRNATyrの成熟を触媒する黄色ブドウ球菌RNasePの能力を阻害することが明らかになり、それによって、ムピロシンを増強する薬剤の能力が部分的にはRNaseP活性を阻害する能力によって媒介されることが示唆された。
軟膏形成におけるムピロシンとネオマイシン併用の抗菌効果
先に述べたように、ムピロシン軟膏は、ムピロシン耐性の出現のためにブドウ球菌の除菌及び創傷治療剤として効力を失ており、黄色ブドウ球菌感染症の予防及び治療のための新しい選択肢が必要とされている。ネオマイシンがムピロシンの抗菌効力を改善し、また2つの抗生物質が異なる作用機序を有することを考慮して、両方の薬剤を含有する併用軟膏が、何れかの薬剤単独と比較して改善された抗菌特性を有し得るかどうかを試験した。更に、併用療法はムピロシン耐性を克服し、またグラム陰性種に主に影響を及ぼすネオマイシンをムピロシン軟膏に組み込むことにより、抗菌活性スペクトルが改善され、二次感染またはポリ微生物創感染の発生を減少させる点において有益であることを証明し得る可能性を提供するであろう。これらの可能性の第一の試験として、ポリエチレングリコール(PEG)ベースの軟膏中における各薬剤の抗菌性能を測定した。
黄色ブドウ球菌の鼻内除菌に対するムピロシン及びネオマイシンの効果
黄色ブドウ球菌の鼻内コロニー形成のマウスモデルを使用して、組み合わせて適用した場合のムピロシン、ネオマイシン及び2つの薬剤の抗菌効力を比較した。これを行うために、Balb−cマウスの鼻腔に、約1×107コロニー形成単位の黄色ブドウ球菌を接種し、次いで1日3回合計3日間処理し、その時点で細菌負荷を測定して、各動物からの10種の分離株の抗生物質感受性をMIC試験によって測定した。
黄色ブドウ球菌創傷クリアランスに対するムピロシン及びネオマイシンの効果
マウス皮膚傷害モデルを用いて、2%ムピロシン、1%ネオマイシン、及び2%ムピロシン+1%ネオマイシンの除菌特性を評価した。これを行うために、黄色ブドウ球菌株UAMS−1、USA300またはBAA−1708の何れかを接種したBalb−cマウスの背部に皮膚創傷を作製し、次いでPEGベースの軟膏に懸濁させた試験薬剤を用いて1日2回で合計3日間処置し、その時点で細菌の負荷を測定した。
ムピロシン及びネオマイシン併用軟膏の他の細菌種に対する抗菌力
ムピロシン及びネオマイシンは、それぞれ、主にグラム陽性種及びグラム陰性種に対して活性である。その結果、この組み合わせは、何れか単独の薬剤と比較して活性の増加したスペクトルを示し、グラム陽性及び陰性の両方の生物の混合物からなるポリクローナル創傷部位感染の治療選択肢を改善すると予測された。
創傷治癒に対するムピロシン及びネオマイシンの効果
上記の結果は、ムピロシン及びネオマイシンからなる組み合わせ軟膏が抗菌効力を改善し、ムピロシン耐性を克服し、ムピロシン(単独)と比較して他の細菌種に対する活性スペクトルの増加を示す可能性が高いことを示す。このような組み合わせ治療剤は、創傷設定の状況において最も価値がある可能性があると考えられる。この点に関して、ムピロシン及びネオマイシンは両者共にFDAが局所使用について認可した抗生物質であるが、両方の薬剤の混合物が創傷部位において明らかに有害な副作用を示すかどうかを評価する手段として、両薬剤の単独及び組合せを評価した。そのために、皮膚創傷を作製し、動物を賦形剤、2%ムピロシン、1%ネオマイシン、または前記組合せ(2%ムピロシン+1%ネオマイシン)で1日2回、合計14日間処置した。動物は毎日、警戒心及びグルーミング、体重、並びに創傷サイズについて評価された。
RNaseP阻害剤のRNPA2000は、鼻内除菌または創傷除菌のマウスモデルにおいて有効ではない。
上記のように、RNPA2000は、以前は素晴らく臨床的に有望なRNaseP阻害剤として同定されていた。事実、以前の研究により、この薬剤は現代の黄色ブドウ球菌臨床分離株及び他の問題のあるバクテリア病原体に対して抗菌活性を示すことが示されてきた。更に、RNPA2000は、ネオマイシンと比較してムピロシン(FIC測定値<0.5)との優れた相乗効果を示す。しかし、RNPA2000単独では、鼻内除菌または創傷除菌のマウスモデルにおいて、黄色ブドウ球菌株UAMS−1に対する抗菌活性を示さない(示さず)。同様に、ムピロシンと組み合わせて試験した何れの濃度のRNPA2000も、これらの何れのモデルにおいても相乗効果を及ぼさない。代表的なデータを図7A及び図7Bに示すが、ここでは2%ムピロシンが鼻及び傷モデルにおける除菌特性をそれぞれ示すが、軟膏製剤中で可溶性のまま残る最も高い濃度の混合物(2%ムピロシン及び2%RNPA2000)は如何なる相乗効果も示さない。
皮膚感染を伴うヒト臨床分離株中の黄色ブドウ球菌に対するムピロシン及びネオマイシン併用軟膏の抗菌特性
ヒト被験体が黄色ブドウ球菌の皮膚感染症を有する場合の臨床分離株において、プレートアッセイを実施した。前記臨床分離株からの細菌を寒天プレート上に広げ、40マイクロリットルの軟膏を中央に載せた。48時間のインキュベーション後、抗生物質に媒介された細胞増殖阻害の領域が見られる。1%ネオマイシンまたは2%ムピロシンは耐性コロニー形成を示すが、組み合わせの場合についてはそうではない(図8A)。
Claims (31)
- 治療有効成分としてムピロシン及びネオマイシンのみを含有する組成物。
- 被験体への局所投与用である、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記被験体が細菌感染を有する、請求項2に記載の組成物。
- 前記細菌感染がバクテリア感染である、請求項3に記載の組成物。
- ムピロシンとネオマイシンとの重量比が約1:10〜約10:1である、請求項1〜4の何れか1項に記載の組成物。
- ムピロシンとネオマイシンとの重量比が約1:4〜約4:1である、請求項5に記載の組成物。
- ムピロシンとネオマイシンとの重量比が約1:4である、請求項5に記載の組成物。
- ムピロシンとネオマイシンとの重量比が約1:2である、請求項5に記載の組成物。
- ムピロシン及びネオマイシンの総濃比が約1重量%〜約50重量%である、請求項5に記載の組成物。
- 治療有効成分としてムピロシン及びネオマイシンのみ、並びに1以上の医薬的に許容可能な担体または賦形剤を含有する局所製剤。
- ムピロシンの量が、単位製剤当たり約0.001重量%(wt.%)〜約8重量%(wt.%)である、請求項10に記載の局所製剤。
- ネオマイシンの量が、単位製剤当たり約0.001重量%(wt.%)〜約8重量%(wt.%)である、請求項10または11に記載の局所製剤。
- ムピロシンとネオマイシンの間の重量比が約10:1〜約1:10である、請求項12に記載の局所製剤。
- ムピロシンの量が単位製剤当たり約0.001重量パーセント(wt.%)〜約4重量パーセントであり、ネオマイシンの量が単位製剤当たり約0.001重量%〜約4重量%である、請求項10に記載の局所製剤。
- ムピロシンとネオマイシンの間の重量比が約4:1〜約1:4である、請求項14に記載の局所製剤。
- ムピロシンの量が単位製剤当たり約0.015重量パーセント(wt.%)〜約2重量パーセントであり、ネオマイシンの量が単位製剤当たり約0.015重量%〜約2重量%である、請求項14または15に記載の局所製剤。
- ムピロシンの量は単位製剤当たり約0.25重量%、約1重量%、または約2重量%から選択される量であり、またネオマイシンの量は単位製剤当たり約0.25重量%、約0.5重量%または約1重量%から選択される量である、請求項14または15に記載の局所製剤。
- 前記製剤がクリーム、ローション、軟膏、ヒドロゲル、コロイド、ゲル、泡、オイル、ミルク、懸濁液、ワイプ、スポンジ、溶液、エマルジョン、ペースト、パッチ、プラジェット、スワブ、ドレッシング、スプレーまたはパッドの形態である、請求項10〜17の何れか1項に記載の局所製剤。
- 病原微生物を除菌するための医薬組成物であって、当該医薬組成物が、請求項1〜17の何れか1項に記載の組成物を含有し、当該除菌が、当該医薬組成物を当該病原微生物と接触させることにより行われる、医薬組成物。
- 病原微生物のバイオフィルム形成を破壊または妨害または抑制または低減するための医薬組成物であって、当該医薬組成物が、請求項1〜17の何れか1項に記載の組成物を含有し、当該破壊または妨害または抑制または低減が、当該医薬組成物を当該微生物と接触させることにより行われる、医薬組成物。
- 前記病原微生物がバクテリアである、請求項19または20のいずれかに記載の医薬組成物。
- 被験体における細菌感染を治療するための医薬組成物であって、当該医薬組成物が、請求項1〜17の何れか1項に記載の組成物を含有し、当該治療が、治療的有効量の当該医薬組成物を当該被験体に投与することにより行われる、医薬組成物。
- 前記細菌感染がバクテリア感染である、請求項22に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記バクテリア感染はバクテリアのコロニー形成を特徴とする、請求項23に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記バクテリア感染はバイオフィルム形成を特徴とする、請求項23に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記細菌感染は局所感染である、請求項22〜25の何れか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記局所感染は創傷、潰瘍、及び病巣から選択される、請求項26に記載の医薬組成物。
- 病原微生物の除菌のための、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 病原微生物のバイオフィルム形成を破壊または阻害または低減するための、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 被験体における細菌感染を治療するための、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 装置の表面上の病原性微生物を除菌し、又は病原性微生物のバイオフィルム形成を破壊または阻害または低減する方法であって、請求項1〜9のいずれか1項に記載の組成物を当該病原性微生物と接触させることを含む、方法。
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CN108348453B (zh) | 2021-09-03 |
JP2018522048A (ja) | 2018-08-09 |
MX2018001512A (es) | 2018-08-01 |
CA2993999A1 (en) | 2017-02-09 |
ES2856798T3 (es) | 2021-09-28 |
BR112018002283B1 (pt) | 2023-12-12 |
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