CN108348453A - 包含莫匹罗星及新霉素的抗微生物组合物 - Google Patents
包含莫匹罗星及新霉素的抗微生物组合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN108348453A CN108348453A CN201680057966.6A CN201680057966A CN108348453A CN 108348453 A CN108348453 A CN 108348453A CN 201680057966 A CN201680057966 A CN 201680057966A CN 108348453 A CN108348453 A CN 108348453A
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- mupirocin
- neomycin
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Abstract
本发明的特征在于包含莫匹罗星及新霉素的组合物、其调配物及使用该组合物治疗微生物感染的方法。
Description
技术领域
本发明提供一种包含莫匹罗星(mupirocin)及新霉素(neomycin)的组合物,用于预防及治疗微生物感染。
相关申请案的交叉引用
本申请案主张2015年8月5日申请的美国临时专利申请案第62/201,380号的优先权,该临时专利申请案的内容以全文引用的方式并入本文中。
背景技术
莫匹罗星为抑制细菌异白胺酰-tRNA合成酶介导的Ile-tRNA胺酰化且因此抑制蛋白质转译的抗微生物剂。参见Hughes J,Mellows G.,「On the mode of action ofpseudomonic acid:inhibition of protein synthesis in Staphylococcus aureus,」The Journal of Antibiotics,31:330-335(1978);Hughes J,Mellows G.,「Inhibitionof isoleucyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase in Escherichia coli bypseudomonic acid,」The Biochemical Journal 176:305-318(1978);Hughes J,MellowsG.,「Interaction of pseudomonic acid A with Escherichia coli B isoleucyl-tRNAsynthetase,」The Biochemical Journal 191:209-219(1980)。该药剂对大多数革兰氏阳性菌种表现出优异的抗菌活性,无对现有抗生素的交叉抗性,在人体内吸收良好,但在活体内亦迅速降解,因此不适合全身使用。参见Sutherland R,Boon RJ,Griffin KE,MastersPJ,Slocombe B,White AR.,「Antibacterial activity of mupirocin(pseudomonicacid),a new antibiotic for topical use,」Antimicrob Agents Chemother 27:495-498(1985)。然而,基于莫匹罗星的软膏已经验证对于金黄色葡萄球菌(S.aureus)皮肤及伤口感染的治疗为有效的,且近来亦已成为手术前鼻腔去定殖的护理标准。参见Beale AS,Gisby J,Sutherland R.,「Efficacy of mupirocin calcium ointment in thetreatment of experimental wound infections caused by methicillin-resistantstrains of Staphylococcus aureus,」Journal of Chemotherapy(Florence,Italy)1:397-398(1989);Moy JA,Caldwell-Brown D,Lin AN,Pappa KA,Carter DM.,「Mupirocin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus after long-term treatment of patients withepidermolysis bullosa,Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 22:893-895(1990);Rode H,de Wet PM,Millar AJ,Cywes S.,「Bactericidal efficacy ofmupirocin in multi-antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus burn woundinfection,The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 21:589-595(1988);Rode H,Hanslo D,de Wet PM,Millar AJ,Cywes S.,「Efficacy of mupirocin in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus burn wound infection,」Antimicrob AgentsChemother33:1358-1361(1989);Coates T,Bax R,Coates A.,「Nasal decolonization ofStaphylococcus aureus with mupirocin:strengths,weaknesses and futureprospects,」The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 64:9-15(2009)。实际上,莫匹罗星介导的鼻腔去定殖已显示有效减少烧伤感染、肺部感染、透析患者感染、手术部位感染、骨科感染及医疗工作者与重症监护病房患者间的金黄色葡萄球菌传播。参见MupirocinStudy Group,「Nasal mupirocin prevents Staphylococcus aureus exit-siteinfection during peritoneal dialysis,」Journal of the American Society ofNephrology:JASN 7:2403-2408(1996);Gaspar MC,Uribe P,Sanchez P,Coello R,CruzetF.,「Hospital personnel who are nasal carriers of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus,Usefulness of treatment with mupirocin,」EnfermedadesInfecciosasy Microbiologia Clinica 10:107-110(1992);Gernaat-van der Sluis AJ,Hoogenboom-Verdegaal AM,Edixhoven PJ,Spies-van Rooijen NH.,「Prophylacticmupirocin could reduce orthopedic wound infections.1,044patients treated withmupirocin compared with 1,260historical controls,」Acta OrthopaedicaScandinavica 69:412-414(1998);Kluytmans JA,Mouton JW,VandenBergh MF,MandersMJ,Maat AP,Wagenvoort JH,Michel MF,Verbrugh HA.,「Reduction of surgical-siteinfections in cardiothoracic surgery by elimination of nasal carriage ofStaphylococcus aureus,」Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology:theofficial journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America 17:780-785(1996);Mackie DP,van Hertum WA,Schumburg TH,Kuijper EC,Knape P,MassaroF.,「Reduction in Staphylococcus aureus wound colonization using nasalmupirocin and selective decontamination of the digestive tract in extensiveburns,」Burns:Journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries 20增刊1:S14-17;discussion S17-18(1994);Talon D,Rouget C,Cailleaux V,Bailly P,Thouverez M,Barale F,Michel-Briand Y.,「Nasal carriage of Staphylococcusaureus and cross-contamination in a surgical intensive care unit:efficacy ofmupirocin ointment,」The Journal of Hospital Infection30:39-49(1995);WenischC,Laferl H,Szell M,Smolle KH,Grisold A,Bertha G,Krause R.,「A holisticapproach to MRSA eradication in critically ill patients with MRSA pneumonia,」Infection 34:148-154(2006)。然而,金黄色葡萄球菌莫匹罗星抗性的出现已降低该药剂作为鼻腔去定殖药剂以及作为皮肤及伤口感染的治疗选择的功效。
低水准莫匹罗星抗性金黄色葡萄球菌菌株通常定义为由于生物天然异白胺酰tRNA合成酶基因(ileRS)中的点突变而表现出8至≤256μgml-1的MIC,且在实验室及临床环境中均迅速发展。参见Lee AS,Gizard Y,Empel J,Bonetti EJ,Harbarth S,FrancoisP.,「Mupirocin-induced mutations in ileS in various genetic backgrounds ofmethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,」J Clin Microbiol 52:3749-3754(2014);高水准莫匹罗星抗性(MIC>512mg/L)发生频率较低,可归因于获得携带mupA(其编码替代的异白胺酰tRNA合成酶)或较少表征的mupB基因的移动遗传元件。参见Fierobe L,Decre D,Muller C,Lucet JC,Marmuse JP,Mantz J,Desmonts JM.,「Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a causative agent of postoperative intra-abdominal infection:relation to nasal colonization,」Clin Infect Dis 29:1231-1238(1999);Seah C,Alexander DC,Louie L,Simor A,Low DE,Longtin J,Melano RG.,「MupB,a new high-level mupirocin resistance mechanism in Staphylococcusaureus,」Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56:1916-1920(2012)。事实上,自美国23所医院收集的甲氧西林抗性金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)鼻腔及血液分离株的回顾性调查分别显示,3%及5%的测试分离株显示高水准莫匹罗星抗性,而单一医院低水准莫匹罗星抗性在0%至80%范围内。参见Hetem DJ,Bonten MJ.,「Clinical relevance of mupirocinresistance in Staphylococcus aureus,」The Journal of Hospital Infection 85:249-256(2013)。因此,虽然莫匹罗星已验证为介导金黄色葡萄球菌去定殖及减少感染的有效手段,但莫匹罗星抗性已引起对于开发替代性去定殖及伤口感染治疗策略的重新关注。
金黄色葡萄球菌RNase P为由RnpA及核酶rnpB组成的必需核糖蛋白复合物,其在转运RNA成熟途径中的tRNA合成酶上游起作用。更具体而言,RNase P催化自前体tRNA物种移除5'前导序列,从而产生包括异白胺酰tRNA合成酶的tRNA合成酶(莫匹罗星的细胞靶标)的成熟tRNA受质。认识到靶向相同细菌代谢途径的独立步骤的两种抗微生物剂可具有联合的抗菌效应,已假设涉及RNase P抑制剂与莫匹罗星的混合物的组合疗法将显示增加的抗微生物效力及克服莫匹罗星抗性的潜力。然而,将RNase P抑制剂与tRNA合成酶抑制剂组合用于治疗细菌感染或抑制细菌生长并未一贯表现出活体外协同治疗效应,迄今为止,使用此两类化合物的已知组合疗法中没有一种显示出在治疗细菌感染或抑制细菌生长中的活体内协同效应。
发明内容
本发明提供一种组合物,其具有增强的抗微生物功效且有效地抑制、减少或治疗微生物感染(诸如细菌感染),及/或使微生物去定殖及/或破坏、中断、抑制或减少细菌生物膜形成。本文描述令人惊讶且出人意料的发现:包含莫匹罗星及新霉素组合的组合物在用于处理微生物时表现出对抗微生物、定殖或感染或生物膜形成的协同效应。
在一个态样中,本发明提供一种包含莫匹罗星及新霉素的组合物。在一个实施例中,莫匹罗星与新霉素之间的重量比为约10:1至约1:10。
在一个实施例中,本发明的组合物中莫匹罗星及新霉素的总浓度为每单位组合物约50重量百分数(wt.%)、约40wt.%、约30wt.%、约25wt.%、约20wt.%、约15wt.%、约10wt.%、约5wt.%、约3wt.%、约2wt.%、约1wt.%。
在一个实施例中,本文所述的组合物用于局部投与个体。在一个实施例中,个体具有微生物感染。微生物感染较佳以微生物菌落或生物膜或生物膜形成表征。微生物感染较佳为细菌感染。在一个实施例中,细菌感染来自革兰氏阳性或革兰氏阴性细菌。
在另一态样中,本发明提供一种局部调配物,其包含莫匹罗星及新霉素及一或多种医药学上可接受的载剂或赋形剂。在一个实施例中,局部调配物包含每单位调配物约0.001wt.%至约8wt.%的莫匹罗星。在一个实施例中,局部调配物包含每单位调配物约0.001wt.%至约8wt.%的新霉素。在一个实施例中,局部调配物包含每单位调配物约0.001wt.%至约8wt.%的莫匹罗星及约0.001wt.%至约8wt.%的新霉素。
在一个实施例中,本发明的局部调配物包含每单位调配物约0.001wt.%至约8wt.%的莫匹罗星、约0.001wt.%至约8wt.%的新霉素,且莫匹罗星与新霉素之间的重量比为约10:1至约1:10。
在一个实施例中,本发明的局部调配物可采用乳膏剂、洗剂、软膏剂、水凝胶、胶体、凝胶剂、泡沫剂、油剂、乳剂、悬浮液、擦拭物、海绵、溶液、乳液、糊剂、贴剂、纱布、拭子、敷料、喷雾剂或垫剂的形式。
在另一态样中,本发明提供一种治疗个体的微生物感染的方法,其包括分别、同时或依次投与个体治疗有效量的莫匹罗星及新霉素。
在一个实施例中,本发明提供一种使微生物去定殖的方法,其包括使微生物分别、同时或依次与莫匹罗星及新霉素接触。
在一个实施例中,本发明提供一种破坏或中断或抑制或减少微生物生物膜形成的方法,其包括使微生物分别、同时或依次与莫匹罗星及新霉素接触。
根据本文所述的任何方法,生物膜形成在装置的表面上。在一个实施例中,该装置为植入导管、人工心脏瓣膜、心脏起搏器、隐形眼镜、脑脊液分流器、关节置换物或血管内血管。根据本文所述的任何方法,生物膜形成在个体的表面上或组织中。在一个实施例中,生物膜形成在皮肤、眼睛、黏膜、腔体表面等上。
附图说明
图1显示新霉素活体外抑制金黄色葡萄球菌RNase P催化前体tRNAtyr成熟的能力。
图2A-2C显示软膏调配物不拮抗莫匹罗星或新霉素的抗微生物抑制作用,且软膏调配物中的莫匹罗星及新霉素组合具有改良的抗微生物清除率。
图2D及2E显示莫匹罗星及其他抗生素的组合在软膏调配物中显示拮抗性或未改良的抗微生物清除率。
图3A-3C显示藉由莫匹罗星及新霉素的组合治疗改良的鼻腔去定殖效应。
图4A-4C显示藉由莫匹罗星及新霉素的组合治疗改良的伤口去定殖效应。
图5显示藉由莫匹罗星及新霉素的组合治疗对其他细菌物种的抗微生物活性。
图6A及6B显示莫匹罗星及新霉素的组合不负面影响伤口愈合、伤口收缩或治疗动物的体重。
图7A及7B显示莫匹罗星及RNPA2000组合治疗在鼻腔及伤口去定殖中的抗微生物效应的比较资料。
图8A及8B显示藉由莫匹罗星及新霉素的组合治疗对来自临床分离物的金黄色葡萄球菌的抗微生物活性。
具体实施方式
为解释本说明书,以下定义将适用且只要适当,以单数使用的术语亦将包括复数,反之亦然。
如本文所用,术语「微生物(microbial organism或microbe或microbial或microorganism)」系指原核圆形、螺旋形或杆状单细胞、多细胞或可能缺乏细胞壁的单细胞微生物,或者若其具有细胞壁,则为革兰氏阳性或革兰氏阴性或其变种(亦即分枝杆菌)的领域(细菌),其通常聚集成菌落或藉由鞭毛运动,通常生活在土壤、水、有机物质或植物和动物体内,通常为自养的、腐生的或寄生于营养物质中的,且因其生化效应及致病性而被注意到。该术语旨在涵盖原核或真核细胞或具有显微粒径的生物体,且包括所有物种的细菌、病毒、古细菌及真细菌以及真核微生物,诸如酵母及真菌。该术语亦包括可培养用于产生生物化学物质的任何物种的细胞培养物。在一个非限制性实例中,可藉由计算微生物数量的对数减少来量测微生物的活性。
如本文所用,术语「微生物定殖」系指形成相同类型的微生物的紧凑群组,诸如当微生物细胞开始繁殖时发展的菌落。微生物定殖可能会或可能不会导致疾病症状。去定殖系指减少微生物存在的数量。当微生物完全去定殖时,微生物已根除而不可侦测。
如本文所用,术语「生物膜」系指其中微生物分散及/或形成菌落的生物或非生物表面的基质封闭的微生物增殖。生物膜通常由多醣及其他大分子组成。生物膜形成代表一种生长保护模式,使细胞能够在恶劣的环境中生存。
如本文所用,术语「生物膜形成」旨在包括含有生物膜结构的微生物菌落的形成、生长及修饰,以及生物膜结构的多醣基质的合成及维持。同样在该术语范畴内的为基于蛋白质的生物膜的形成,其在基质中不分泌多醣但包含允许细菌形成生物膜结构的蛋白质。
如本文所用,术语「个体」系指动物。较佳地,动物为哺乳动物。个体亦指例如灵长类动物(例如人类)、牛、绵羊、山羊、马、犬、猫、兔、大鼠、小鼠、鱼、鸟及其类似物。在一较佳实施例中,个体为人类。
如本文所用,本发明化合物的术语「治疗有效量」系指将引发个体的生物学或医学反应、或改善症状、减缓或延缓疾病进展、或预防疾病等的本发明化合物的量。在一个实施例中,该术语系指抑制或减少微生物定殖或感染的量。在一个实施例中,该术语系指抑制或减少细菌感染,或预防或破坏细菌生物膜形成的量。当应用于单独投与的个别活性成分时,该术语单独指该成分。当应用于组合时,该术语系指引起治疗效应的活性成分的组合量,无论是连续或同时组合投与。
如本文所用,术语「医药学上可接受的载剂或赋形剂」系指不干扰组合物活性成分的有效生物学活性且其投与浓度对宿主无过度毒性的载剂介质或赋形剂。在本发明的上下文中,医药学上可接受的载剂或赋形剂较佳适用于局部调配物。该术语包括但不限于溶剂、稳定剂、增溶剂、张力增强剂、结构形成剂、悬浮剂、分散剂、螯合剂、乳化剂、消泡剂、软膏基质、润肤剂、皮肤保护剂、凝胶形成剂、增稠剂、pH调节剂、防腐剂、渗透增强剂、复合剂、润滑剂、缓和剂、增黏剂、生物黏附聚合物或其组合。此类药剂用于调配医药活性物质的用途为此项技术中所熟知(参见例如「Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences」,E.W.Martin,第18版,1990,Mack Publishing Co.:Easton,PA,其以全文引用的方式并入本文中)。
如本文所用,任何疾病或病症的术语「治疗(treating或treatment)」在一个实施例中系指改善疾病或病症(亦即阻止或减少疾病或其至少一种临床症状的发展)。在另一个实施例中,「治疗」系指改善患者可能无法辨别的至少一个身体参数。在又一个实施例中,「治疗」系指在身体上(例如稳定可辨别的症状)、生理上(例如稳定身体参数)或两者调节疾病或病症。在又一个实施例中,「治疗」系指预防或延迟疾病或病症的发作或发展或进展。术语「治疗」亦指一或多种症状的严重程度降低约10%、约20%、约30%、约40%、约50%、约60%、约70%、约80%、约90%或约100%。
如本文所用,术语「局部投与」系指藉由将调配物直接接触个体的表面或局部区域而递送至个体。局部递送的最常见形式为递送至皮肤,但本文所揭示的组合物亦可直接施用于身体的其他表面,例如眼睛、黏膜、体腔表面或内表面。如上所述,最常见的局部递送为递送至皮肤。该术语涵盖数种投药途径,包括但不限于局部及经皮。此等投药模式通常包括穿透皮肤渗透性屏障且有效递送至靶组织或组织层。局部投与可用作穿透表皮及真皮且最终实现组合物的全身递送的手段。
如本文所用,术语「局部调配物」(同义词「局部组合物」)在本文中用于指意欲用于局部施用于有需要的个体的患病区域的药物制剂,且包括诸如凝胶、乳膏、软膏、乳液、悬浮液、溶液、滴剂、洗剂、涂剂、子宫托、冲洗剂、栓剂、片剂、喷雾剂、海绵、薄膜或泡沫。较佳地,局部调配物呈乳膏、凝胶或软膏形式。
除非本文另有指示或与上下文明显矛盾,否则如本文所用,在本发明的上下文中(尤其在权利要求的上下文中)使用的术语「一(a/an)」、「该」及类似术语解释为涵盖单数及复数。本文中对数值范围的叙述仅意欲充当分别提及落入该范围内的各单独值的速记方法。除非本文另外指出,否则各单独值均并入本说明书中,就如同其单独列举在本文中一般。除非本文另有指示或者与上下文明显矛盾,否则本文所述的所有方法可以任何适合的顺序执行。本文提供的任何及所有实例或例示性语言(例如「诸如」)的使用仅意欲更好地说明本发明,而非对另外主张的本发明的范畴进行限制。本说明书中的语言不应解释为指示对本发明实践必不可少的任何非主张的要素。
如本文所用,术语「约」系指给定值或范围的10%以内、较佳5%以内且更佳1%以内。或者,术语「约」系指在一般熟习此项技术者考虑的平均值的可接受标准误差内。
本发明提供一种组合物,其具有增强的抗微生物功效且有效地抑制、减少或治疗微生物感染(诸如细菌感染),及/或使微生物去定殖及/或破坏、中断、抑制或减少细菌生物膜形成。本文描述令人惊讶且出人意料的发现:包含莫匹罗星及新霉素组合的组合物在用于处理微生物时表现出对抗微生物、定殖或感染或生物膜形成的协同效应。如本文所用,术语「协同」系指藉由组合化合物及/或药剂获得的效应大于藉由单独添加各化合物获得的效应。本发明的组合治疗已显示协同效应,如藉由例如反应程度、反应持续时间、反应率、稳定率、稳定持续时间、减少或清除感染的时间、根除微生物的时间、以其习知剂量给药组合治疗中的一种或另一种组分时可实现的程度所量测。例如,本发明的组合治疗的效应为协同的,因为组合治疗在治疗上优于单独使用一种组分可达到的效应或组合组分分别起作用的迭加效应。优异的效应可改善微生物抗药性的降低、微生物根除的程度,且藉由组合治疗变得不可侦测。另外,例如,本发明的组合治疗的效应为协同的,因为杀灭微生物及清除感染需要较短的时间。亦如,本发明的组合治疗的效应为协同的,因为组合治疗相比单独使用一种组分提供更广谱的抗微生物活性。亦如,本发明的组合治疗的效应为协同的,因为本发明中所述组合物中的一种组分以其习知剂量给药,而其他组分以减少的剂量给药,且治疗效应,藉由例如杀灭及/或抑制微生物(诸如细菌)生长的程度、杀灭及/或抑制微生物(诸如细菌)生长的时间,或破坏或抑制微生物菌落的时间,或中断或抑制或减少生物膜形成或生长的时间所测量,等效于给药习知量的组合治疗的组分时可达到的治疗效应。
在一个态样中,本发明提供一种包含莫匹罗星及新霉素的组合物。在一个实施例中,莫匹罗星与新霉素之间的重量比为约10:1至约1:10。在一个实施例中,莫匹罗星与新霉素之间的重量比为约4:1至约1:4。在一个实施例中,莫匹罗星与新霉素之间的重量比为约2:1至约1:2。在一个实施例中,莫匹罗星与新霉素之间的重量比为约1:1、约1:2、约1:3、约1:4、约1:5、约2:1、约3:1、约4:1或约5:1。在一个实施例中,本发明的组合物中莫匹罗星及新霉素的总浓度为约1wt.%至约50wt.%。在一个实施例中,本发明的组合物中莫匹罗星及新霉素的总浓度为每单位组合物约50重量百分数(wt.%)、约40wt.%、约30wt.%、约25wt.%、约20wt.%、约15wt.%、约10wt.%、约5wt.%、约3wt.%、约2wt.%、约1wt.%。
在一个实施例中,本文所述的组合物系用于局部投与个体。在一个实施例中,个体具有微生物感染或微生物定殖。微生物感染或定殖部位较佳以微生物菌落或生物膜或生物膜形成表征。微生物感染较佳为细菌感染。在一个实施例中,细菌感染来自革兰氏阳性或革兰氏阴性细菌。在一个实施例中,细菌感染来自选自以下的细菌:葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus spp.),例如金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌(Staphylococcusepidermidis);肠球菌属(Enterococcus spp.),例如粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis);克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella spp.),例如肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae);不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter spp.),例如鲍氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter baumannii);假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas spp.),例如铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa);肠杆菌属(Enterobacter spp.);化脓性链球菌(Streptococcus pyogenes);李斯特氏菌属(Listeria spp.);假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas spp.);分枝杆菌属(Mycobacterium spp.),例如结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis);肠杆菌属(Enterobacter spp.);弯曲杆菌属(Campylobacter spp.);沙门氏菌属(Salmonella spp.);链球菌属(Streptococcusspp.),例如链球菌A或B族、肺炎链球菌(Streptoccocus pneumoniae);螺杆菌属(Helicobacter spp.),例如幽门螺旋杆菌(Helicobacter pylori);奈瑟氏菌属(Neisseria spp.),例如淋病奈瑟菌(Neisseria gonorrhea)、脑膜炎奈瑟氏菌(Neisseriameningitidis);包氏疏螺旋体(Borrelia burgdorferi);志贺氏菌属(Shigella spp.),例如弗氏志贺氏菌(Shigella flexneri);大肠杆菌;嗜血杆菌属(Haemophilus spp.),例如流感嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus influenzae);衣原体属(Chlamydia spp.),例如沙眼衣原体(Chlamydia trachomatis)、肺炎衣原体(Chlamydia pneumoniae)、鹦鹉热衣原体(Chlamydia psittaci);弗朗西斯氏菌(Francisella fularensis);芽孢杆菌属(Bacillusspp.),例如炭疽芽孢杆菌(Bacillus anthracis);梭菌属(Clostridia spp.),例如肉毒梭状芽孢杆菌(Clostridium botulinum);耶尔森氏菌属(Yersinia spp.),例如鼠疫耶尔森氏菌(Yersinia pestis);密螺旋体属(Treponema spp.);伯克霍尔德氏菌属(Burkholderia spp.),例如鼻疽伯氏菌(Burkholderia mallei)及类鼻疽伯氏菌(Bpseudomallei),或其组合。较佳地,感染系选自ESKAPE病原体中之一者,包括肠球菌属,例如粪肠球菌;葡萄球菌属,例如金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌;克雷伯氏菌属,例如肺炎克雷伯氏菌;不动杆菌属,例如鲍氏不动杆菌;假单胞菌属,例如铜绿假单胞菌;肠杆菌属或其组合。另外,在一个实施方案中,细菌系选自:解纤维热酸菌(Acidothermuscellulyticus)、龋齿放线菌(Actinomyces odontolyticus)、金属嗜碱菌(Alkaliphilusmetalliredigens)、金黄色嗜碱菌(Alkaliphilus oremlandii)、黑蓝节杆菌(Arthrobacter aurescens)、解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)、克劳氏芽孢杆菌(Bacillus clausii)、耐芽孢杆菌(Bacillus halodurans)、地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)、短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillussubtilis)、青春双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium adolescentis)、长双歧杆菌(Bifidiobacterium longum)、解糖热解纤维素菌(Caldicellulosiruptorsaccharolyticus)、Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans、丙酮丁醇梭菌(Clostridiumacetobutylicum)、拜氏梭菌(Clostridium beijerinckii)、肉毒杆菌(Clostridiumbotulinum)、解纤维素梭菌(Clostridium cellulolyticum)、艰难梭菌(Clostridiumdifficile)、克氏梭菌(Clostridium kluyveri)、柔嫩梭菌(Clostridium leptum)、诺氏梭菌(Clostridium novyi)、产气荚膜梭菌(Clostridium perfringens)、破伤风杆菌(Clostridium tetani)、热纤维梭菌(Clostridium thermocellum)、白喉棒状杆菌(Corynebacterium diphtheriae)、有效棒状杆菌(Corynebacterium efficiens)、谷氨酸棒状杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum)、杰氏棒状杆菌(Corynebacterium jeikeium)、解脲棒状杆菌(Corynebacterium urealyticum)、脱亚硫酸菌(Desulfitobacteriumhafniense)、脱硫肠状菌(Desulfotomaculum reducens)、凸腹真杆菌(Eubacteriumventriosum)、西伯利亚微小杆菌(Exiguobacterium sibiricum)、大芬戈尔德菌(Finegoldia magna)、嗜热地芽孢杆菌(Geobacillus kaustophilus)、嗜热脱氮芽孢杆菌(Geobacillus thermodenitrificans)、两面神菌属(Janibacter sp.)、放射线动球菌(Kineococcus radiotolerans)、酦酵乳杆菌(Lactobacillus fermentum)、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌(Listeria monocytogenes)、无害李斯特氏菌(Listeria innocua)、威氏李斯特氏菌(Listeria welshimeri)、热醋穆尔氏菌(Moorella thermoacetica)、鸟分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium avium)、牛分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium bovis)、淡黄分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium gilvum)、麻风分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium leprae)、副结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium paratuberculosis)、耻垢分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium smegmatis)、结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis)、溃疡分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium ulcerans)、Mycobacterium vanbaalenii、类诺卡氏菌属(Nocardioides sp.)、鼻疽诺卡氏菌(Nocardia farcinica)、Oceanobacillus iheyensis、Pelotomaculum thermopropionicum、红球菌属(Rhodococcus sp.)、红色糖多孢菌(Saccharopolysporaerythraea)、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌属(coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species)、金黄色葡萄球菌、耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)、表皮葡萄球菌、耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌(MRSE)、Staphylococcus pseudintermedius、中间葡萄球菌(Staphylococcusintermedius)、海豚葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus delphini)、无乳链球菌(Streptococcusagalactiae)、格氏链球菌(Streptococcus gordonii)、缓症链球菌(Streptococcusmitis)、口腔链球菌(Streptococcus oralis)、肺炎链球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniae)、血链球菌(Streptococcus sanguinis)、猪链球菌(Streptococcus suis)、除虫链霉菌(Streptomyces avermitilis)、天蓝色链霉菌(Streptomyces coelicolor)、乙醇嗜热厌氧杆菌(Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus)、腾冲嗜热厌氧菌(Thermoanaerobactertengcongensis)或其组合。
在另一态样中,本发明提供一种局部调配物,其包含莫匹罗星及新霉素及一或多种医药学上可接受的载剂或赋形剂。在一个实施例中,局部调配物包含每单位调配物约0.001wt.%至约8wt.%的莫匹罗星。在一个实施例中,局部调配物包含每单位调配物约0.001wt.%至约8wt.%的新霉素。在一个实施例中,局部调配物包含每单位调配物约0.001wt.%至约8wt.%的莫匹罗星及约0.001wt.%至约8wt.%的新霉素。在一个实施例中,局部调配物包含每单位调配物约0.001wt.%至约4wt.%的莫匹罗星及约0.001wt.%至约4wt.%的新霉素。在一个实施例中,局部调配物包含每单位调配物约0.015wt.%至约2wt.%的莫匹罗星及约0.015wt.%至约2wt.%的新霉素。在一个实施例中,局部调配物包含每单位调配物选自约0.25wt.%、约1wt.%或约2wt.%中之一者的莫匹罗星及选自约0.25wt.%、约0.5wt.%或约1wt.%中之一者的新霉素。
在一个实施例中,本发明的局部调配物包含每单位调配物约0.001wt.%至约8wt.%的莫匹罗星、约0.001wt.%至约8wt.%的新霉素,且莫匹罗星与新霉素之间的重量比为约10:1至约1:10。在一个实施例中,本发明的局部调配物包含每单位调配物约0.001wt.%至约4wt.%的莫匹罗星、约0.001wt.%至约4wt.%的新霉素,且莫匹罗星与新霉素之间的重量比为约4:1至约1:4。在一个实施例中,本发明的局部调配物包含每单位调配物约0.015wt.%至约0.5wt.%的莫匹罗星、约0.015wt.%至约0.5wt.%的新霉素,且莫匹罗星与新霉素之间的重量比为约2:1至约1:2。
在一个实施例中,本发明的局部调配物可采用乳膏剂、洗剂、软膏剂、水凝胶、胶体、凝胶剂、泡沫剂、油剂、乳剂、悬浮液、擦拭物、海绵、溶液、乳液、糊剂、贴剂、纱布、拭子、敷料、喷雾剂或垫剂的形式。
本发明的局部调配物包含一或多种医药学上可接受的载剂。可用于本发明的上下文中的医药学上可接受的载剂的实例包括载剂材料,诸如溶剂、稳定剂、增溶剂、填充剂、张力增强剂、结构形成剂、悬浮剂、分散剂、螯合剂、乳化剂、消泡剂、软膏基质、润肤剂、皮肤保护剂、凝胶形成剂、增稠剂、pH调节剂、防腐剂、渗透增强剂、复合剂、润滑剂、缓和剂、增黏剂、生物黏附聚合物或其组合。
溶剂的实例为水或纯化水、醇(例如乙醇、苯甲醇)、植物油、海洋油及矿物油、聚乙二醇、丙二醇、甘油及液体聚烷基硅氧烷。
惰性稀释剂或填充剂可为蔗糖、山梨糖醇、糖、甘露糖醇、微晶纤维素、淀粉、碳酸钙、氯化钠、乳糖、磷酸钙、硫酸钙或磷酸钠。
缓冲剂的实例包括柠檬酸、乙酸、乳酸、氢磷酸、二乙胺、氢氧化钠及胺基丁三醇(亦即,三(羟甲基)胺基甲烷盐酸盐)。
适合的悬浮剂为例如天然存在的胶(例如阿拉伯胶、阿拉伯树胶、黄原胶及黄蓍胶)、纤维素(例如羧甲基-、羟乙基-、羟丙基-及羟丙基甲基-纤维素)、海藻酸盐及壳聚糖。
分散剂或润湿剂的实例为天然存在的磷脂(例如卵磷脂或大豆卵磷脂)、环氧乙烷与脂肪酸或与长链脂族醇的缩合产物(例如聚氧乙烯硬脂酸酯、聚氧乙烯山梨糖醇单油酸酯及聚氧乙烯脱水山梨糖醇单油酸酯)。
防腐剂可添加至本发明的局部组合物中以防止可影响调配物稳定性及/或引起患者感染的微生物污染。防腐剂的适合实例包括对羟基苯甲酸酯(诸如对羟基苯甲酸甲酯、乙酯、丙酯、丁酯、异丁酯及异丙酯)、山梨酸钾、山梨酸、苯甲酸、苯甲酸甲酯、苯氧乙醇、溴硝丙二醇、bronidox、MDM乙内酰脲、丁基胺基甲酸碘丙炔酯、苯扎氯铵、西曲溴铵及苯甲醇。
螯合剂的实例包括EDTA钠及柠檬酸。
凝胶基质或增黏剂的实例为液体石蜡、聚乙烯、脂肪油、胶体二氧化硅或铝、甘油、丙二醇、碳酸丙烯酯、羧基乙烯基聚合物、硅酸镁铝、亲水性聚合物(诸如淀粉或纤维素衍生物)、水可溶胀的水解胶体、角叉菜胶、透明质酸盐、海藻酸盐及丙烯酸酯。
适用于本发明的组合物的软膏基质可为疏水性或亲水性的,且包括石蜡、羊毛脂、液体聚烷基硅氧烷、鲸蜡醇、鲸蜡醇棕榈酸酯、植物油、脂肪酸脱水山梨糖醇酯、聚乙二醇及脂肪酸脱水山梨糖醇酯、环氧乙烷的缩合产物(例如聚氧乙烯脱水山梨糖醇单油酸酯)、聚山梨酸酯、白矿脂及白蜡。
湿润剂的实例为乙醇、异丙醇甘油、丙二醇、山梨糖醇、乳酸及尿素。适合的润肤剂包括胆固醇及甘油。
皮肤保护剂的实例包括维生素E、尿囊素、甘油、氧化锌、维生素及防晒剂。
通常使用增稠剂来增加药物或化妆品组合物的黏度且改良生物黏附性。增稠剂的实例包括但不限于纤维素、聚乙二醇、聚环氧乙烷、天然存在的橡胶、明胶、刺梧桐树胶、果胶、海藻酸、聚维酮及聚合物。特别令人关注的为具有触变特性的增稠剂(亦即藉由震荡或搅拌降低其黏度的试剂)。在组合物中存在此类试剂使得组合物在投与时黏度降低以促进其施用于皮肤,且在施用后增加黏度以使组合物保留在投与部位。
生物黏附聚合物可用于水合皮肤且增强其渗透性。生物黏附聚合物亦可用作增稠剂。生物黏附聚合物的实例包括但不限于果胶、海藻酸、壳聚糖、聚山梨酸酯、聚(乙二醇)、寡醣及多醣、纤维素酯及纤维素醚以及改质纤维素聚合物。
渗透增强剂为含有影响活性组分通过皮肤的递送的特定试剂的媒剂。渗透增强剂通常分为两类:溶剂及表面活性化合物(两亲性分子)。溶剂渗透增强剂的实例包括醇类(例如乙醇、异丙醇)、二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基乙酰胺、二甲亚砜、1-十二烷基偶氮环庚-2-酮、N-癸基-甲基亚砜、乳酸、N,N-二乙基-间甲苯甲酰胺、N-甲基吡咯啶酮、壬烷、油酸、石油膏、聚乙二醇、丙二醇、水杨酸、尿素、萜烯及三氯乙醇。界面活性剂渗透增强剂可为非离子型、两性型、阳离子型或两性离子型。适合的非离子型界面活性剂包括商业上称为泊洛沙姆(poloxamer)的聚(氧乙烯)-聚(氧丙烯)嵌段共聚物;乙氧基化氢化蓖麻油;聚山梨醇酯,诸如Tween 20或Tween 80。两性界面活性剂包括季铵化咪唑衍生物,阳离子型界面活性剂包括氯化十六烷基吡啶鎓,且两性离子型界面活性剂包括甜菜碱和磺基甜菜碱。适合的渗透增强剂的其他实例尤其包括十五内酯、2-吡咯啶、1-十二烷基-氮杂环庚烷-2-酮、硫基乙醇酸钙、己醇、1,3-二恶烷(亦即1,3-二氧杂环己烷)及1,3-二氧杂戊环(亦即1,3-二氧杂环戊烷)的衍生物、1-N-十二烷基-2-吡咯啶酮-5-甲酸、2-戊基-2-侧氧基-吡咯啶乙酸、2-十二烷基-2-侧氧基-1-吡咯啶乙酸及1-氮杂环庚烷-2-酮-2-十二烷基乙酸。
在另一态样中,本发明提供一种治疗个体的微生物感染的方法,其包括分别、同时或顺序投与个体治疗有效量的莫匹罗星及新霉素。在一个实施例中,该方法包括向个体投与治疗有效量的包含本文所述的莫匹罗星及新霉素的组合物。在一个实施例中,该方法包括向个体投与治疗有效量的包含本文所述的莫匹罗星及新霉素以及一或多种医药学上可接受的载剂或赋形剂的局部调配物,其中该局部调配物及该等医药学上可接受的载剂或赋形剂在本说明书通篇如本文所定义。在一个实施例中,感染为局部感染。局部感染为包括皮肤、眼睛、黏膜、口腔表面等的个体的表面或局部区域上的感染。在一个实施例中,局部感染为皮肤上的感染。在一个实施例中,局部感染呈伤口、溃疡及病变形式。根据本文所述的任何方法,微生物为细菌。较佳地,感染系选自ESKAPE病原体中之一者,包括肠球菌属,例如粪肠球菌;葡萄球菌属,例如金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌;克雷伯氏菌属,例如肺炎克雷伯氏菌;不动杆菌属,例如鲍氏不动杆菌;假单胞菌属,例如铜绿假单胞菌;肠杆菌属或其组合。
在一个实施例中,本发明提供一种使微生物去定殖的方法,其包括使微生物分别、同时或依次与莫匹罗星及新霉素接触。在一个实施例中,该方法包括使微生物与包含本文所述的莫匹罗星及新霉素的组合物接触。在一个实施例中,该方法包括使微生物与包含本文所述的莫匹罗星及新霉素以及一或多种医药学上可接受的载剂或赋形剂的局部调配物接触,其中该局部调配物及该等医药学上可接受的载剂或赋形剂在本说明书通篇如本文所定义。根据本文所述的任何方法,微生物为细菌。较佳地,感染系选自ESKAPE病原体中之一者,包括肠球菌属,例如粪肠球菌;葡萄球菌属,例如金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌;克雷伯氏菌属,例如肺炎克雷伯氏菌;不动杆菌属,例如鲍氏不动杆菌;假单胞菌属,例如铜绿假单胞菌;肠杆菌属或其组合。根据本文所述的任何方法,生物膜形成在装置的表面上。在一个实施例中,该装置为植入导管、人工心脏瓣膜、心脏起搏器、隐形眼镜、脑脊液分流器、关节置换物或血管内血管。根据本文所述的任何方法,生物膜形成在个体的表面上或组织中。在一个实施例中,生物膜形成在皮肤、眼睛、黏膜、腔体表面等上。
在一个实施例中,本发明提供一种破坏或中断或抑制或减少微生物生物膜形成的方法,其包括使微生物分别、同时或依次与莫匹罗星及新霉素接触。在一个实施例中,该方法包括使微生物与包含本文所述的莫匹罗星及新霉素的组合物接触。在一个实施例中,该方法包括使微生物与包含本文所述的莫匹罗星及新霉素以及一或多种医药学上可接受的载剂或赋形剂的局部调配物接触,其中该等医药学上可接受的载剂或赋形剂在本说明书通篇如本文所定义。根据本文所述的任何方法,微生物为细菌。较佳地,感染系选自ESKAPE病原体中之一者,包括肠球菌属,例如粪肠球菌;葡萄球菌属,例如金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌;克雷伯氏菌属,例如肺炎克雷伯氏菌;不动杆菌属,例如鲍氏不动杆菌;假单胞菌属,例如铜绿假单胞菌;肠杆菌属或其组合。根据本文所述的任何方法,生物膜形成在装置的表面上。在一个实施例中,该装置为植入导管、人工心脏瓣膜、心脏起搏器、隐形眼镜、脑脊液分流器、关节置换物或血管内血管。根据本文所述的任何方法,生物膜形成在个体的表面上或组织中。在一个实施例中,生物膜形成在皮肤、眼睛、黏膜、腔体表面等上。
因此,本发明提供莫匹罗星及新霉素的用途,其用于治疗微生物感染,或用于使微生物去定殖,或用于破坏或中断或抑制或减少微生物的生物膜形成。
因此,本发明提供包含莫匹罗星及新霉素的组合的用途,其用于治疗微生物感染,或用于使微生物去定殖,或用于破坏或中断或抑制或减少微生物的生物膜形成。
因此,本发明提供局部调配物的用途,其用于治疗微生物感染,或用于使微生物去定殖,或用于破坏或中断或抑制或减少微生物的生物膜形成,该局部调配物包含莫匹罗星及新霉素以及一或多种医药学上可接受的载剂或赋形剂。
本发明的组合疗法可单独进行或与另一种疗法结合进行。例如,本发明的组合疗法可与消毒剂、防腐剂、抗生素或杀生物剂结合用于表面上,该表面诸如医疗装置及留置装置,包括支架、导管、腹膜透析管、排液装置、关节假体、牙科植入物及其类似物。
藉由以下实例,本发明提供一种包含莫匹罗星及新霉素的协同组合疗法,其可局部投与以治疗微生物定殖表面或感染。现在参考以下实例,其连同以上描述以非限制性方式说明本发明的一些实施例。
实例
引言
金黄色葡萄球菌已被指定为美国医疗保健最关注的六种ESKAPE细菌病原体之一。参见Rice LB.2008.Federal funding for the study of antimicrobial resistance innosocomial pathogens:no ESKAPE.J Infect Dis197:1079-1081。生物体为医院及社区相关细菌感染的主要原因,且已对所有目前可用的抗生素产生抗性。参见Pendleton JN,Gorman SP,Gilmore BF.2013.Clinical relevance of the ESKAPE pathogens.Expertreview of anti-infective therapy 11:297-308。美国金黄色葡萄球菌的年度死亡率已超过HIV/AIDS,且鉴于大多数制药公司针对其他生物体的抗微生物方案的澈底消失、缩小及/或重定向,其死亡率可能会恶化。参见Klevens RM,Morrison MA,Nadle J,Petit S,Gershman K,Ray S,Harrison LH,Lynfield R,Dumyati G,Townes JM,Craig AS,Zell ER,Fosheim GE,McDougal LK,Carey RB,Fridkin SK.2007.Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States.JAMA:thejournal of the American Medical Association 298:1763-1771;Projan SJ,ShlaesDM.2004.Antibacterial drug discovery:is it all downhill from here?Clinicalmicrobiology and infection:the official publication of the European Societyof Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 10Suppl 4:18-22。简而言之,对于葡萄球菌感染的预防及治疗急需新的策略。
人类的前鼻孔为金黄色葡萄球菌的主要生态位,且鼻腔携带为葡萄球菌疾病的公认风险因素,特别是在经历外科手术、血液透析或需要长期留在重症监护病房的患者群体中[综述于Kluytmans J,van Belkum A,Verbrugh H.1997.Nasal carriage ofStaphylococcus aureus:epidemiology,underlying mechanisms,and associatedrisks.Clin Microbiol Rev 10:505-520.中]。研究表明金黄色葡萄球菌鼻腔去定殖降低其他身体部位的定殖以及传播及随后感染的风险。因此,感染控制措施通常包括鼻腔去定殖程序以作为预防金黄色葡萄球菌感染的手段,且最终依靠葡萄球菌疾病的抗生素干预。
金黄色葡萄球菌RNase P为由RnpA及核酶rnpB组成的必需核糖蛋白复合物,其在转运RNA成熟途径中的tRNA合成酶上游起作用。更具体而言,RNase P催化自前体tRNA物种移除5'前导序列,从而产生包括异白胺酰tRNA合成酶的tRNA合成酶(莫匹罗星的细胞靶标)的成熟tRNA受质。认识到靶向相同细菌代谢途径的独立步骤的两种抗微生物剂可具有联合的抗菌效应,先前已假设涉及RNase P抑制剂与莫匹罗星的混合物的组合疗法将显示增加的抗微生物效力及克服莫匹罗星抗性的潜力。为了支持该预测,RNPA2000(一种金黄色葡萄球菌RNase P活性的小分子抑制剂)显示与莫匹罗星而非在实验室生长条件下测试的其他抗生素具有协同活性。不幸的是,如下所示,RNPA2000在宿主体内丧失抗微生物特性,且在定殖及感染的宿主模型中不显示与莫匹罗星的协同作用。因此,虽然RNase P抑制剂可在实验室条件下赋予协同活性,但不清楚何种RNase P抑制剂(若存在)将赋予宿主协同效应,例如,若细菌在定殖、感染或在宿主体内期间不需要RNase P功能来存活。
本文描述食品与药品管理局(F.D.A.)批准的药物库筛选加强莫匹罗星对金黄色葡萄球菌的抗微生物特性的药剂的结果。批准用于局部使用且先前显示抑制大肠杆菌RNase P的抗生素硫酸新霉素为所鉴定的三种初选化合物之一。活体外分析显示新霉素亦抑制金黄色葡萄球菌RNase P功能,赋予莫匹罗星相加的抗微生物优点,且可以局部形式有效地调配组合。动物研究表明新霉素+莫匹罗星局部施用的组合降低鼻腔定殖及伤口部位感染的小鼠模型中的金黄色葡萄球菌细菌负荷。此外,组合疗法改良任一单独药剂的效应,且在当代甲氧西林敏感性、甲氧西林抗性及高水准莫匹罗星抗性金黄色葡萄球菌菌株的治疗中为有效的。
实例1
材料及方法
细菌菌株及动物.所有细菌研究均使用金黄色葡萄球菌菌株UAMS-1(一种通常用于研究生物体的生物膜形成及定殖特性的充分表征的甲氧西林敏感性临床分离株)、USA300(一种甲氧西林抗性社区获得性临床分离株)或BAA-1708(一种含有获自美国典型培养物保藏中心(Manassas,VA)的mupA的高水准莫匹罗星抗性菌株)进行。参见Gillaspy AF,Hickmon SG,Skinner RA,Thomas JR,Nelson CL,Smeltzer MS.1995.Role of theaccessory gene regulator(agr)in pathogenesis of staphylococcalosteomyelitis.Infect Immun 63:3373-3380;McDougal LK,Steward CD,Killgore GE,Chaitram JM,McAllister SK,Tenover FC.2003.Pulsed-field gel electrophoresistyping of oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from the UnitedStates:establishing a national database.J Clin Microbiol41:5113-5120。除非另外指明,否则使菌株在胰蛋白酶大豆肉汤(TSB)中生长隔夜,然后用于接种新鲜(1:100稀释)培养基,生长至指数生长早期(1×108CFU/mL)且如下所述进行处理。自Charles River(Wilmington MA)获得4-6周龄的雌性Balb/C小鼠,且根据批准的罗彻斯特大学医学中心动物研究委员会(UCAR)方案饲养。
测试物品的制备.如美国药典与国家处方集(USP 24-NF 19)所述,聚乙二醇(PEG)软膏基质系藉由将PEG 400(70%w/v)与PEG 3350(30%w/v)混合来制备。将莫匹罗星(AppliChem,Chicago IL;A47180005)及新霉素(Sigma,St.Louis MO;N6386)悬浮于250μL二甲亚砜(DMSO)中以分别产生100mg及50mg的工作浓度。随后将混合物直接添加至藉由在60℃下加热预先液化30分钟的5g PEG软膏中,以产生2%莫匹罗星、1%新霉素悬浮液,接着冷却至室温。使用相同的程序藉由在总共250μL DMSO中添加100mg莫匹罗星及50mg新霉素的组合来产生DMSO媒剂对照及2%莫匹罗星/1%新霉素PEG混合物。
Selleck库的筛选.筛选食品与药物协会批准的药物的Selleck库(SelleckChemicals,Houston TX,L1300)成员中增强莫匹罗星对金黄色葡萄球菌菌株UAMS-1的抗微生物活性的药剂。为此,将1×105个UAMS-1菌落形成单位添加至96孔微量滴定盘的各个孔中,与含0.03μg/mL莫匹罗星(0.5×最小抑制浓度)及50μM测试试剂的Mueller Hinton肉汤(MHB;100μL总体积)混合。微量滴定盘在37℃下培育16小时,且检查各个孔的生长情况。缺乏生长的孔被认为代表增强莫匹罗星的抗微生物特性或莫匹罗星非依赖性抗微生物特性的试剂。所有导致不生长的药物均一式两份地确认,且不用莫匹罗星进行涂覆以量测其固有的抗微生物活性。
RNase P ptRNA加工分析.如前所述进行金黄色葡萄球菌RNase P活性分析。参见Eidem TM,Lounsbury N,Emery JF,Bulger J,Smith A,Abou-Gharbia M,Childers W,Dunman PM.2015.Small-molecule inhibitors of Staphylococcus aureus RnpA-mediated RNA turnover and tRNA processing.Antimicrob Agents Chemother 59:2016-2028。简而言之,首先藉由在37℃下将等莫耳比的变性rnpB及RnpA混合15分钟来复原RNase P,随后添加(5pmol)至10pmol的ptRNATyr中,且增加指示浓度的新霉素或已知的RNase P抑制剂RNPA2000的浓度,总体积为20μl。混合物在37℃下培育5分钟,藉由添加20μL的2×RNA加载染料(95%甲酰胺、0.025%SDS、0.025%溴酚蓝、0.025%二甲苯蓝FF、0.5mMEDTA)终止,30μL的各样品在7M脲-8%聚丙烯酰胺凝胶中电泳且用溴化乙锭(0.5μg/mL)染色。使用FluorChem 5500成像系统观察RNA产物且使用ImageJ软体(National Institutesof Health,Bethesda MD)进行定量。然后使用以下等式计算RNase P活性百分比:测试化合物tRNATyr信号/模拟tRNATyr信号。
抗微生物敏感性测试.根据临床及实验室标准研究所(CLSI)指南测试最小抑制浓度(MIC)。简言之,将1×105CFU的指定金黄色葡萄球菌菌株添加至含有88μL的MHB培养基及两倍递增浓度的莫匹罗星或测试剂(0-128μg/ml-1)的微量滴定盘的各个孔中。滴定盘在37℃下培育16小时,且目视检查各个孔的生长情况。莫匹罗星或测试剂抑制金黄色葡萄球菌生长的最低浓度被视为最小抑制浓度。如前所述,进行分数抑制浓度指数(FIC)测试以量测莫匹罗星与新霉素之间的相互作用。参见Odds FC.2003.Synergy,antagonism,and whatthe chequerboard puts between them.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy52:1。简而言之,在棋盘格式中,盘中每一列均含有递增浓度的莫匹罗星(2倍递增;0-0.5μg/mL),而每行含有递增浓度的新霉素(2倍递增;0-32μg/mL)。向每个孔(100μl总体积)中添加含有3×105CFU的金黄色葡萄球菌菌株UAMS-1的MHB并且将盘在37℃下培育隔夜(16-20小时)。使用下式确定FIC:(药物A在组合中的MIC/药物A单独的MIC)+(药物B在组合中的MIC/药物B单独的MIC)=FIC。协同相互作用定义为FIC值≤0.5,相加定义为FIC值为0.5-1.0,没有相互作用定义为FIC为1-4或拮抗相互作用定义为FIC>4。
活体外软膏抗微生物测试.使用指定金黄色葡萄球菌菌株量测PEG软膏汇集物抑制的抗微生物区域。为此,将100μL的1×108CFU ml-1的金黄色葡萄球菌铺在TSA盘上。将盘干燥10分钟,且将40μL软膏移液到盘的中心。将盘在37℃下培育16小时,且使用ImageJ软体(NIH)量测细菌清除的区域。
鼻腔定殖及小鼠处理.如前所述(但具有修改),使用金黄色葡萄球菌鼻腔定殖模型评估软膏的活体内抗微生物活性。参见Kiser KB,Cantey-Kiser JM,LeeJC.1999.Development and characterization of a Staphylococcus aureus nasalcolonization model in mice.Infect Immun67:5001-5006。藉由将10μL培养物直接移液至鼻孔中,用1×107指定金黄色葡萄球菌菌株接种清醒小鼠的鼻孔,且藉由观察在小鼠吸入呼出时出现的气泡来确认。随后,在接种后45分钟用含有单独媒剂或指定抗生素的10μLPEG软膏(在加热块中加热至55℃液化)处理小鼠鼻孔,且每8小时重复处理,持续三天。接着根据UCAR批准的方法,经由CO2窒息及颈椎脱臼使小鼠安乐死。自软腭后部至鼻孔尖端的全部鼻孔藉由大体解剖收集且置于含有1mL新鲜制备的PBS的微量离心管中。将样品均质化5分钟,连续稀释,且涂覆在甘露醇盐琼脂(MSA,ThermoScientific,Waltham MA;R453902)上。将盘培育16小时,且计数金黄色葡萄球菌的数量。
小鼠感染性皮肤伤口模型及治疗.使用金黄色葡萄球菌皮肤伤口模型(但具有修改)评估软膏汇集物的活体内抗微生物活性的效应。参见Guthrie KM,Agarwal A,TackesDS,Johnson KW,Abbott NL,Murphy CJ,Czuprynski CJ,Kierski PR,Schurr MJ,McAnultyJF.2012.Antibacterial efficacy of silver-impregnated polyelectrolytemultilayers immobilized on a biological dressing in a murine wound infectionmodel.Annals of surgery 256:371-377。小鼠藉由腹膜内注射用每1g体重5μl的100mgml-1氯胺酮(Hospira Inc.,Lake Forest IL)及20mg ml-1甲苯噻嗪(Lloyd Laboratories,Shenandoah IA)于NaCl中的混合物来麻醉。在皮肤伤口前投与20μL 0.5%布比卡因(Sensorcaine)(APP Phamaceuticals,Schaumburg,IL)缓解疼痛。剃刮小鼠的背侧中间部分且用一系列的必妥碘(betadine)擦洗液(FisherScientific)、聚乙烯吡酮磺垫(Professional Disposables International Inc;Orangeburg,NY)及异丙醇垫(FisherScientific)进行清洁,总接触时间为两分钟。使用6mm活检穿孔器(FisherScientific)在小鼠的次无菌区域制造单一伤口,以仅移除皮肤层而不破坏下面的肌肉组织。藉由将10μL培养物直接移液至伤口上,用1×107指定金黄色葡萄球菌菌株接种小鼠的伤口。随后在接种后45分钟用含有单独媒剂或指定抗生素的软膏汇集物(50μL)处理小鼠;每12小时重复处理,持续三天。接着按照UCAR批准的方法,经由CO2窒息及颈椎脱臼使小鼠安乐死,使用8mm活检穿孔器(PDI)切下伤口及下面的肌肉,且将其置于含有1mL新鲜制备的PBS的微量离心管中。将样品均质化5分钟,连续稀释,且涂覆在MSA上。将盘培育16小时,且计数金黄色葡萄球菌的数量。
活体内毒性测试.在经修改的皮肤伤口模型中测试软膏毒性。如上所述使每个指定处理组三只小鼠受伤,而不用金黄色葡萄球菌接种伤口。用媒剂、2%莫匹罗星、1%新霉素或2%莫匹罗星加1%新霉素组合软膏处理伤口,每日两次,持续14天。称重小鼠,评估其梳理及清醒度,且使用Image J(NIH)每日获得伤口图像以量测伤口收缩。使用以下公式以伤口面积减小百分比形式计算伤口收缩率:WCd=(1-WAd/WA0)×100,其中WC为伤口收缩率,WA为伤口面积,d为日,0指示初始日。参见Amegbor K,Metowogo K,Eklu-Gadegbeku K,Agbonon A,Aklikokou KA,Napo-Koura G,Gbeassor M.2012.Preliminary evaluation ofthe wound healing effect of Vitex doniana sweet(Verbenaceae)in mice.Africanjournal of traditional,complementary,and alternative medicines:AJTCAM/AfricanNetworks on Ethnomedicines 9:584-590。
实例2
增强莫匹罗星的抗微生物活性的药剂
筛选具有853种FDA批准的药物的Selleck库的成员中增强莫匹罗星活性的药剂。为此,将金黄色葡萄球菌菌株UAMS-1接种至含有0.25X菌株的莫匹罗星最小抑制浓度(MIC;0.3μg ml-1)及50μM库材料的微量滴定盘的各个孔中。总共有108个库成员(12.6%)抑制细菌生长,表明其可能代表增强莫匹罗星抗微生物活性、展现莫匹罗星非依赖性抗微生物活性或两者的药剂。为区分此等可能性,在不含或含有0.25X菌株的莫匹罗星MIC的培养基中重新测试增加浓度的各种化合物的抗微生物活性。所评估的108种化合物中的105种(97.2%)显示出类似的抗微生物活性,而不管是否存在莫匹罗星。相反,在莫匹罗星存在下,硝唑尼特(Nitazoxanide)、呋喃西林(Nitrofurazone)及硫酸新霉素的抗微生物活性增加。实际上,分数抑制浓度指数(FIC)量测显示当与莫匹罗星组合时各种药剂的累加效应(FIC=0.75),表明其为可能藉由抑制RNase P同样具有增强莫匹罗星活性的能力的抗微生物剂(表1)。
表1.具有莫匹罗星相关的改良活性的Selleck库成员
实例3
新霉素抑制金黄色葡萄球菌RNase P的活体外活性
胺基糖苷类抗生素,诸如新霉素,含有经胺基糖修饰而修饰的中央去氧链霉胺环,且藉由与16S rRNA的大沟结合用以破坏tRNA选择的保真度并阻断蛋白质转译。最近的研究表明,胺基糖苷类亦可结合并影响mRNA、tRNA及催化性RNA的功能。参见Mikkelsen NE,Brannvall M,Virtanen A,Kirsebom LA.1999.Inhibition of RNase P RNA cleavage byaminoglycosides.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:6155-6160;Mikkelsen NE,JohanssonK,Virtanen A,Kirsebom LA.2001.Aminoglycoside binding displaces a divalentmetal ion in a tRNA-neomycin B complex.Nature structural biology 8:510-514;Tok JB,Cho J,Rando RR.1999.Aminoglycoside antibiotics are able tospecifically bind the 5'-untranslated region of thymidylate synthasemessenger RNA.Biochemistry 38:199-206;von Ahsen U,Davies J,SchroederR.1992.Non-competitive inhibition of group I intron RNA self-splicing byaminoglycoside antibiotics.Journal of molecular biology 226:935-941。在该方面,已显示新霉素B及/或衍生物以抑制大肠杆菌、淋病奈瑟氏球菌、牙龈卟啉单胞菌、肺炎链球菌及枯草芽孢杆菌RNase P功能的方式与RNase P和/或前体tRNA分子的rnpB组分结合。参见Eubank TD,Biswas R,Jovanovic M,Litovchick A,Lapidot A,GopalanV.2002.Inhibition of bacterial RNase P by aminoglycoside-arginineconjugates.FEBS letters 511:107-112;Liu X,Chen Y,Fierke CA.2014.A real-timefluorescence polarization activity assay to screen for inhibitors ofbacterial ribonuclease P.Nucleic acids research 42:e159。因此,在活体外前体tRNA加工分析中评估新霉素是否亦抑制金黄色葡萄球菌RNase P活性。如图1所示,结果显示高浓度(250μM)的新霉素抑制金黄色葡萄球菌RNase P在活体外条件下催化前体tRNATyr成熟的能力,表明该药剂增强莫匹罗星的能力可部分由其抑制RNase P活性的能力介导。
实例4
莫匹罗星及新霉素组合在软膏形成中的抗微生物效应
如前所述,由于莫匹罗星抗性的出现,莫匹罗星软膏作为葡萄球菌去定殖及伤口处理药剂正丧失功效,因此需要新的选项来预防及治疗金黄色葡萄球菌感染。鉴于新霉素改良莫匹罗星的抗微生物效力,且该两种抗生素具有不同的作用机制,所以研究含有两种药剂的组合药膏是否与任一药物单独相比具有改良的抗微生物特性。此外,组合疗法将克服莫匹罗星抗性,且将主要影响革兰氏阴性菌种的新霉素并入莫匹罗星软膏中将提供改良抗微生物活性谱的可能性,其在减少继发性感染或多种微生物伤口感染的发病率方面可证明是有益的。作为此等可能性的第一项测试,量测各药剂在聚乙二醇(PEG)基软膏中的抗微生物效能。
最初使用平板分析来监测含有DMSO(媒剂)、2%莫匹罗星、1%新霉素或组合(2%莫匹罗星+1%新霉素)的PEG基软膏对金黄色葡萄球菌菌株UAMS-1(一种新霉素及莫匹罗星敏感性临床分离株)的抗微生物效应。如图2A所示,各处理的抑制区域的量测结果显示虽然单独的媒剂不会影响生物体的生长,但单独及组合的两种抗生素均产生生长抑制区域,表明软膏调配物不拮抗任一种药剂的抗微生物特性。2%莫匹罗星产生21.1(±2)cm2的抑制区域,而1%新霉素显示的平均清除区域为9.7(±1)cm2。2%莫匹罗星及1%新霉素的组合显示相比单独的莫匹罗星视为统计学上改良的最大抑制区域(29.9(±0.25)cm2),其可归因于特定抗生素组合的累加效应或仅仅反映活性抗微生物成分的总体增长。然而,在2%莫匹罗星与1%万古霉素(图2D)或苯唑西林(图2E)组合的测试中没有观察到类似的抗微生物清除率的改良,此等测试分别显示拮抗性及组合没有改良。此等结果表明,在液体培养条件下观察到的莫匹罗星+新霉素组合的累加效应为特殊的,且亦以软膏形式存在。
作为测试组合软膏针对一组更广泛的金黄色葡萄球菌菌株的效能的初步手段,将平板分析扩展为包括当代甲氧西林抗性临床分离株、新霉素抗性(MIC=128μg ml-1;资料未显示)的USA300及含有赋予高水准莫匹罗星抗性(MIC>256μg ml-1;资料未显示)的mupA基因的菌株BAA-1708。如图2B所示,莫匹罗星引发USA300-LAC生长抑制的清除区(14.0(±4)cm2)。有趣的是,尽管该菌株对药剂有抗性,但1%新霉素软膏产生一个小的类似晕圈的抑制带(3.6(±0.25)cm2),表明所测试的浓度能够在一定程度上克服生物体的抗性表型。此外,组合治疗显示与单独任一药剂相比显著增加的抑制带(24.0(±3)cm2)。如图2C所示,高水准莫匹罗星抗性菌株BAA-1708的测试表明,与UAMS-1及USA300量测相比,该菌株对2%莫匹罗星软膏具有抗性,产生微小的生长抑制带(3.6(±1)cm2)。相反,1%新霉素软膏引起明显的抑制带(4.8(±1.1)cm2),其藉由组合处理显著增加(7.5(±0.2)cm2)。
总之,此等结果表明莫匹罗星及新霉素在此处测试的软膏形式中为相容的。此外,2%莫匹罗星+1%新霉素的组合显示与单独的任一药剂相比显著增加抗微生物活性,且显示针对所有菌株的活性,而不管其抗性概况如何。自此等观点来看,假设组合在宿主环境中将具有相似的治疗益处,莫匹罗星(单独)通常用于葡萄球菌感染的预防及/或治疗干预。但是,如上所述及下面详细阐述,已认识到RNase P抑制剂RNPA2000在宿主环境中不能显示功效,尽管此药剂具有令人印象深刻的活体外抗微生物特性,包括在与莫匹罗星协同作用方面优于新霉素。因此,认识到新霉素在宿主环境的测试中可能同样失败。
实例5
莫匹罗星及新霉素对金黄色葡萄球菌鼻腔去定殖的效应
使用金黄色葡萄球菌鼻腔定殖的小鼠模型来比较莫匹罗星、新霉素及两种药剂组合使用时的抗微生物功效。为此,Balb-c小鼠的鼻腔通路接种约1×107个金黄色葡萄球菌菌落形成单位,然后每天处理三次,总共持续三天,此时量测细菌负荷,且藉由MIC测试量测来自每只动物的十种分离株的抗生素敏感性。
与先前的报道一致,2%莫匹罗星处理导致金黄色葡萄球菌菌株UAMS-1定殖减少1-log(图3A)。然而,在测试此等分离株时发现,与其他组群成员(红色显示)相比,表现出异常的较高负荷的两只小鼠展现出的莫匹罗星耐受性与接种菌株及来自处理组内其他动物的分离株(MIC为0.125μg ml-1)相比增加4倍(MIC为0.5μg ml-1),表明莫匹罗星(单独)给药选择低水准抗性衍生物。虽然1%新霉素处理似乎引发去定殖,但效应不及莫匹罗星(单独)。用2%莫匹罗星+1%新霉素处理达成最大的显著去定殖,且似乎没有选择低水准抗生素抗性。对于USA300鼻腔去定殖,观察到类似的结果(图3B)。更具体而言,2%莫匹罗星处理导致细菌负荷降低1-log,但似乎没有选择耐莫匹罗星衍生物。用1%新霉素(单独)处理导致USA300负荷降低接近2-log,但亦引起比莫匹罗星(单独)组更多的变化性,而组合似乎始终最大限度地降低细菌负荷(降低1.8-log)。对金黄色葡萄球菌菌株BAA-1708的测试亦观察到类似效应,尽管表现出高水准莫匹罗星抗性表型,但在莫匹罗星(单独)处理后,负荷适度降低(0.54log),1%新霉素处理的动物降低0.8log且组合处理后降低1.2-log(图3C)。
总之,此等结果表明,2%莫匹罗星+1%新霉素的组合局部施用相比单独任一药剂显著改良所测试的三种菌株的金黄色葡萄球菌鼻腔去定殖。基于该观察结果,结合可获得的鼻腔模型的极低解析度,扩大研究以评估组合在金黄色葡萄球菌感染的小鼠伤口模型中的效能。
实例6
莫匹罗星及新霉素对金黄色葡萄球菌伤口清除率的效应
使用小鼠皮肤伤口模型评估2%莫匹罗星、1%新霉素及2%莫匹罗星+1%新霉素的去定殖特性。为此,在接种金黄色葡萄球菌菌株UAMS-1、USA300或BAA-1708的Balb-c小鼠背部创建皮肤伤口,然后用悬浮于PEG基软膏中的测试药剂处理,每天两次,总共3天,此时量测细菌负荷。
如图4A所示,与单独用媒剂处理的动物(7×107cfu/病灶)相比,用2%莫匹罗星处理三天使得伤口部位的UAMS-1定殖(1.8×101cfu/病灶)减少接近6-log。与莫匹罗星(单独)相比,1%新霉素处理表现出改良的清除率,使得1×101cfu/病灶,而没有自处理组内10只动物中的5只(50%)回收细菌。组合处理显示出最大的功效。没有自用2%莫匹罗星+1%新霉素处理的10只动物中的9只(90%)中回收细菌,而自剩余的动物中回收单个UAMS-1菌落(1×101cfu)。新霉素抗性菌株USA300的测试显示,2%莫匹罗星为有效的,使得伤口部位细菌负荷降低接近5-log,处理组中10只动物中的4只(40%)没有回收细菌(图4B)。虽然新霉素处理(单独)对去定殖的效应最小,其可能归因于菌株的新霉素抗性表型,但观察到组合处理组的功效最大,其中自10只测试动物中的7只(70%)未回收USA300细胞。类似地,莫匹罗星及新霉素的组合在莫匹罗星抗性菌株BAA-1708的试验中显示出最大的功效(图4C)。更具体而言,正如所预期,与媒剂处理的细胞相比,2%莫匹罗星处理(单独)未减少创伤部位的定殖,而新霉素处理(单独)使得可回收细菌减少约5-log。莫匹罗星+新霉素的组合产生最大的定殖减少,使得伤口部位细菌减少7-log,且在所测试的10只动物中的3只(30%)中无可收回的细菌。总之,此等结果表明莫匹罗星+新霉素软膏在减少伤口部位金黄色葡萄球菌负荷方面比单独任一药剂更有效,且该组合能够克服对任一药剂的抗性。
实例7
莫匹罗星及新霉素组合软膏对其他细菌物种的抗微生物潜力
莫匹罗星及新霉素分别主要对革兰氏阳性及革兰氏阴性菌种具有活性。因此,预测组合将显示出与单独的任一药剂相比增加的活性谱,其将改良由革兰氏阳性及阴性生物体的混合物组成的多株伤口部位感染的治疗选择。
作为该假设的初步测试,使用鲍氏不动杆菌及铜绿假单胞菌两种革兰氏阴性生物体(常见的伤口部位感染原因)对2%莫匹罗星、1%新霉素及2%莫匹罗星+1%新霉素进行抑制带分析。如图5所示,2%莫匹罗星软膏似乎不能抑制鲍氏不动杆菌菌株98-37-09或铜绿假单胞菌菌株PA01的生长。相反地,新霉素单独或与莫匹罗星组合限制两种生物体的生长,表明2%莫匹罗星+1%新霉素的组合可用于预防及/或治疗复杂的伤口感染。此两种药剂独立地及组合地亦限于所测试的表皮葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌及化脓性链球菌菌株的类似程度的生长(资料未显示)。
实例8
莫匹罗星及新霉素对伤口愈合的效应
上述结果表明,与莫匹罗星(单独)相比,由莫匹罗星及新霉素组成的组合药膏显示出改良的抗微生物功效,克服莫匹罗星抗性,且可能展现出对其他细菌物种的增加的活性谱。据认为,此类组合治疗在伤口环境中最有可能是有价值的。在该方面,尽管莫匹罗星及新霉素均为F.D.A.批准用于局部使用的抗生素,但评估每种药物单独或组合是否作为评估两种药物的混合物是否在伤口部位显示明显的有害副作用的手段。为此,创建皮肤伤口,且用媒剂、2%莫匹罗星、1%新霉素或组合(2%莫匹罗星+1%新霉素)处理动物,每天两次,总共14天。每天对动物进行清醒度及梳理、重量及伤口大小的评定。
与含有媒剂的软膏(图6A及6B)相比,在任何处理组中观察到伤口收缩没有显著差异(对于每一处理,N=3)。无论使用何种软膏,伤口大小在病灶形成后3天增大,随后伤口收缩线性增加,使得在14天处理时伤口愈合完成且毛发生长恢复。同样,在任何处理组中,任何动物均未记录到重量显著差异(图6C)。
总之,此等结果表明莫匹罗星及新霉素的组合在抗微生物功效、克服抗生素抗性及对其他细菌物种的抗微生物活性谱方面优于单独的任一药剂。该组合不显示任何明显的动物细胞毒性。
实例9
RNase P抑制剂RNPA2000在鼻腔或伤口去定殖的小鼠模型中无效.
如上所述,RNPA2000先前已确定为具有巨大治疗前景的RNase P抑制剂。事实上,先前的研究已显示,该药剂对当代金黄色葡萄球菌临床分离株以及其他有问题的细菌病原体显示出抗微生物活性。此外,与新霉素相比,RNPA2000与莫匹罗星显示出优异的协同作用(FIC量测结果<0.5)。然而,单独的RNPA2000在鼻腔或伤口去定殖的小鼠模型(未显示)中不显示对金黄色葡萄球菌菌株UAMS-1的抗微生物活性。同样,与莫匹罗星组合测试的任何浓度的RNPA2000均不会在此等模型中的任一者中产生协同效应。代表性资料显示于图7A及7B中,其中2%莫匹罗星分别在鼻腔及伤口模型中显示出去定殖特性,但即使在软膏调配物(2%莫匹罗星及2%RNPA2000)中仍然可溶的混合物的最高浓度仍未表现出任何协同效应。
根据此等观点,预计RNPA2000的失败可能是由于金黄色葡萄球菌在活体内环境中不依赖RNase P功能,使得当在宿主环境中时经由化学干预抑制酶的活性对生物体无有害效应,因此没有治疗价值。扩展RNPA2000的教示,类似地最初预期莫匹罗星及新霉素的组合可同样如此。无论如何,抗细菌管道中的严重空白及目前发展中的有限治疗取代此等预测,且促使上文详述的新霉素+莫匹罗星组合表征的过程。
实例10
莫匹罗星及新霉素组合软膏对人类皮肤感染临床分离株中金黄色葡萄球菌的抗微生物特性
在临床分离株中进行平板分析,其中人类个体的皮肤感染有金黄色葡萄球菌。将来自临床分离株的细菌铺在琼脂平板上,且将40微升的软膏装载至中心。48小时培育后可见抗生素介导的细胞生长抑制带。含有1%新霉素或2%莫匹罗星的软膏显示抗性菌落形成,而组合未显示(图8A)。
在用莫匹罗星、新霉素及两者的组合处理前后,亦测试临床分离株中细菌的细胞活力(杀伤曲线分析)。金黄色葡萄球菌菌株BAA-1708用于该等测试。图8B显示在处理前(PT)及每小时用媒剂(DMSO;蓝色)、2%莫匹罗星(红色)、1%新霉素(绿色)或组合(紫色)处理后的金黄色葡萄球菌菌株BAA-1708的细胞活力计数。结果表明,该组合显示出比单独的任一药剂更快的杀细菌效应。显示标准偏差。
Claims (30)
1.一种组合物,其包含莫匹罗星及新霉素。
2.如权利要求第1项的组合物,其中该组合物用于局部投与个体。
3.如权利要求第2项的组合物,其中该个体具有微生物感染。
4.如权利要求第3项的组合物,其中该微生物感染为细菌感染。
5.如权利要求第1项至第4项中任一项的组合物,其中莫匹罗星与新霉素之间的重量比为约1:10至约10:1。
6.如权利要求第5项的组合物,其中莫匹罗星与新霉素之间的重量比为约1:4至约4:1。
7.如权利要求第5项的组合物,其中莫匹罗星与新霉素之间的重量比为约1:4。
8.如权利要求第5项的组合物,其中莫匹罗星与新霉素之间的重量比为约1:2。
9.如权利要求第5项的组合物,其中该组合物中莫匹罗星及新霉素的总浓度为约1wt.%至约50wt.%。
10.一种局部调配物,其包含莫匹罗星及新霉素以及一或多种医药学上可接受的载剂或赋形剂。
11.如权利要求第10项的局部调配物,其中莫匹罗星的量为每单位该调配物约0.001重量百分比(wt.%)至约8wt.%。
12.如权利要求第10项或第11项的局部调配物,其中新霉素的量为每单位该调配物约0.001wt.%至约8wt.%。
13.如权利要求第12项的局部调配物,其中莫匹罗星与新霉素之间的重量比为约10:1至约1:10。
14.如权利要求第10项的局部调配物,其中莫匹罗星的量为每单位该调配物约0.001重量百分比(wt.%)至约4wt.%,且新霉素的量为每单位该调配物约0.001wt.%至约4wt.%。
15.如权利要求第14项的局部调配物,其中莫匹罗星与新霉素之间的重量比为约4:1至约1:4。
16.如权利要求第14项或第15项的局部调配物,其中莫匹罗星的量为每单位该调配物约0.015wt.%至约2wt.%,且新霉素的量为每单位该调配物约0.015wt.%至约2wt.%。
17.如权利要求第14项或第15项的局部调配物,其中莫匹罗星的量为选自每单位该调配物约0.25wt.%、约1wt.%或约2wt.%的量,且新霉素的量为选自每单位该调配物约0.25wt.%、约0.5wt.%或约1wt.%的量。
18.如权利要求第10项至第17项中任一项的局部调配物,其中该调配物呈乳膏剂、洗剂、软膏剂、水凝胶、胶体、凝胶剂、泡沫剂、油剂、乳剂、悬浮液、擦拭物、海绵、溶液、乳液、糊剂、贴剂、纱布、拭子、敷料、喷雾剂或垫剂形式。
19.一种使微生物去定殖的方法,其包括使该微生物与如权利要求第1项至第17项中任一项的组合物接触。
20.一种破坏或中断或抑制或减少微生物的生物膜形成的方法,其包括使该微生物与如权利要求第1项至第17项中任一项的组合物接触。
21.如权利要求第17项或第18项的方法,其中该微生物为细菌。
22.一种治疗个体的微生物感染的方法,其包括向该个体投与治疗有效量的如权利要求第1项至第17项中任一项的组合物。
23.如权利要求第20项的方法,其中该微生物感染为细菌感染。
24.如权利要求第21项的方法,其中该细菌感染的特征在于细菌的定殖。
25.如权利要求第21项的方法,其中该细菌感染的特征在于生物膜形成。
26.如权利要求第20项至第23项中任一项的方法,其中该微生物感染为局部感染。
27.如权利要求第24项的方法,其中该局部感染选自伤口、溃疡及病变。
28.一种如权利要求第1项的组合物的用途,其用于使微生物去定殖。
29.一种如权利要求第1项的组合物的用途,其用于破坏或抑制或减少微生物的生物膜形成。
30.一种如权利要求第1项的组合物的用途,其用于治疗个体的微生物感染。
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