JP6731678B2 - 器官芽 - Google Patents
器官芽 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6731678B2 JP6731678B2 JP2018236162A JP2018236162A JP6731678B2 JP 6731678 B2 JP6731678 B2 JP 6731678B2 JP 2018236162 A JP2018236162 A JP 2018236162A JP 2018236162 A JP2018236162 A JP 2018236162A JP 6731678 B2 JP6731678 B2 JP 6731678B2
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Description
(1)血管内皮細胞、間葉系細胞、血管内皮細胞から分泌される因子、間葉系細胞から分泌される因子、血管内皮細胞と間葉系細胞の両方が存在することによって分泌される因子からなる群より選択される少なくとも1つの細胞及び/又は因子とともに、臓器細胞を培養することを含む、器官芽の作製方法。
(2)臓器細胞が分化した細胞である(1)記載の器官芽の作製方法。
(3)臓器細胞が未分化な細胞である(1)記載の器官芽の作製方法。
(4)臓器細胞が、内胚葉性器官の細胞若しくは内胚葉性器官の細胞に分化可能な細胞、中胚葉性器官の細胞若しくは中胚葉性器官の細胞に分化可能な細胞、又は外胚葉性器官の細胞若しくは外胚葉性器官の細胞に分化可能な細胞である(1)〜(3)のいずれかに記載の器官芽の作製方法。
(5)臓器細胞が、内胚葉性器官の細胞若しくは内胚葉性器官の細胞に分化可能な細胞である(4)記載の器官芽の作製方法。
(6)内胚葉性器官が、肝臓又は膵臓である(5)記載の器官芽の作製方法。
(7)臓器細胞が、人工多能性幹細胞由来の細胞である(1)〜(6)のいずれかに記載の器官芽の作製方法。
(8)人工多能性幹細胞がヒト由来である(7)記載の器官芽の作製方法。
(9)血管内皮細胞、間葉系細胞、血管内皮細胞から分泌される因子、間葉系細胞から分泌される因子、血管内皮細胞と間葉系細胞の両方が存在することによって分泌される因子からなる群より選択される少なくとも1つの細胞及び/又は因子とともに、臓器細胞を血管内皮細胞培養用培地中で培養する(1)〜(8)のいずれかに記載の器官芽の作製方法。
(10)血管内皮細胞、間葉系細胞、血管内皮細胞から分泌される因子、間葉系細胞から分泌される因子、血管内皮細胞と間葉系細胞の両方が存在することによって分泌される因子からなる群より選択される少なくとも1つの細胞及び/又は因子とともに、臓器細胞をゲル上に播種して培養する(1)〜(9)のいずれかに記載の器官芽の作製方法。
(11)血管内皮細胞が分化した細胞である(1)〜(10)のいずれかに記載の器官芽の作製方法。
(12)血管内皮細胞が未分化な細胞である(1)〜(10)のいずれかに記載の器官芽の作製方法。
(13)間葉系細胞が分化した細胞である(1)〜(12)のいずれかに記載の器官芽の作製方法。
(14)間葉系細胞が未分化な細胞である(1)〜(12)のいずれかに記載の器官芽の作製方法。
(15)(1)〜(14)のいずれかに記載の方法によって作製された器官芽を非ヒト動物に移植し、組織又は臓器に分化させることを含む、組織又は臓器の作製方法。
(16)(1)〜(14)のいずれかに記載の方法によって作製された器官芽をヒト又は非ヒト動物に移植することを含む、器官芽の移植方法。
(17)器官芽の移植部位が、頭蓋内、腸間膜、肝臓、脾臓、腎臓、腎被膜下、門脈上からなる群より選択される(16)記載の器官芽の移植方法。
(18)(1)〜(14)のいずれかに記載の方法によって作製された器官芽をヒト又は非ヒト動物に移植し、組織又は臓器に分化させることを含む、組織又は臓器の再生又は機能回復方法。
(19)(1)〜(14)のいずれかに記載の方法によって作製された器官芽を非ヒト動物に移植し、組織又は臓器に分化させることを含む、非ヒトキメラ動物の作製方法。
(20)(1)〜(14)のいずれかに記載の方法によって作製された器官芽、(15)記載の方法によって作製された組織及び臓器、並びに(19)記載の方法によって作製された非ヒトキメラ動物からなる群より選択される少なくとも一つを用いて、薬剤を評価する方法。
〔実施例1〕 未分化な臓器細胞を用いた臓器の作製
(1)ヒト肝臓内胚葉細胞の作製
ヒトiPS細胞(ヒト皮膚由来TkDA3 hiPSCクローン(Koji Eto氏及び Hiromitsu Nakauchi氏より譲渡))を無血清培地にアクチビンを添加して培養することで、CXCR4及びE-cadherin両陽性の内胚葉系細胞を誘導した。得られた内胚葉系細胞をBMP4、FGF2を添加して2日間培養することで、CXCR4陰性 HNF4α陽性の肝臓内胚葉集団を得た。CXCR4及びHNF4αの発現は、Hepatology, 51(1), 297-305,2010の記載に従い、免疫染色及び遺伝子発現解析により確認した。
(2)ヒト肝芽の作製
得られた肝臓内胚葉細胞を、血管内皮細胞(ヒト臍帯血由来静脈内皮細胞)(Lonza、Basel、Switzerland)及び未分化間葉系細胞(ヒト間葉系幹細胞)(Lonza、Basel、Switzerland)を各々10:5-10:2の割合で混合し、共培養を行った。血管内皮細胞および未分化間葉系細胞は、各々蛍光標識を行ったものを用いた。共培養に際しては、原液ないし2倍希釈のマトリゲル(BD pharmingen)の固相化を行った培養皿の上へ細胞懸濁液を播種した。培養液は、内皮細胞培地キット-2:EGM-2 BulletKit(製品コード CC-3162:Lonza)を用いた。
(3)ヒト肝組織の作製
形成されたヒト三次元構造体を、免疫不全マウス(NOD/SCIDマウス(Sankyo Lab. Co., Tsukuba, Japan))生体内へ移植した。肉眼および共焦点顕微鏡によるライブ観察を実施し、ヒト細胞の生着・増殖を確認するとともに、移植後の血管成熟化過程を解析した。移植早期のサンプル(2週間)を回収し、その組織学的解析を行った。
(1)ヒト細胞のみから自律的に組織化が進行し、肉眼的に観察可能な立体的な構造体が形成された(図1)。
(2)培養4日目には、血管様の管腔構造が確認された(図1右上図の拡大像)。
(3)形成された三次元構造体は、未分化細胞のマーカーであるNANOGやCXCR4などの発現を減弱した(図2)。
(4)従来技術により終末分化誘導を行った細胞と比較して、肝細胞の分化マーカーであるアルブミン(ALB)の発現を100倍以上増強し(図2)、その他の分化マーカー(FOXA2、TAT、PCK2)の発現も数十倍程度の発現増強を示した(図3)。
(5)移植により、ヒト血管がマウス血管と接続し、早期(移植2日目)から血液灌流が開始した(図4)。
(6)ヒトiPS細胞由来肝臓細胞の増殖が確認された(図5)。
(7)移植早期(2週)のサンプルの組織学的解析により、アルブミン陽性の索状構造の形成が確認された。また、類洞様構造の形成も確認された(図5)。
(8)共培養の際、細胞懸濁液をマトリゲル固相化培養皿上へ播種するのではなく、細胞懸濁液をマトリゲル中に包埋した場合、非コートの培養皿へ播種した場合、あるいは培養皿をtype 1 collagenでコートした培養皿へ播種した場合、には立体構造は形成されなかった。
(9)共培養の際、培養液として内皮細胞培地ではなく、Hepatocyte Medium (XenoTech)、あるいはBMP4及びFGF2を添加した肝細胞誘導培地(Hepatology, 51(1), 297-305,2010)を用いた場合には、肝芽に特徴的な遺伝子発現の増強(Alb、TTRなど)は認められなかった。
〔実験方法〕
膵β細胞株(MIN6)を、血管内皮細胞(ヒト臍帯血由来静脈内皮細胞)及び未分化間葉系細胞(ヒト間葉系幹細胞)を各々5:5-10:2の割合で混合し、共培養を行った。膵β細胞株(KO)および血管内皮細胞(EGFP)は、各々蛍光標識を行ったものを用いた。共培養に際しては、原液ないし2倍希釈のマトリゲル(BD pharmingen)の固相化を行った培養皿の上へ細胞懸濁液を播種した。尚、マトリゲル内部へ包埋した場合、あるいは、非コート、type 1 collagenコートの培養皿では、立体構造は形成されなかった。培養液は、内皮細胞培地キット-2:EGM-2 BulletKit(製品コード CC-3162:Lonza)を用いた。
(1)細胞のみから自律的に組織化が進行し、翌日には肉眼的に観察可能な立体的な構造体が形成された(図6)。
(2)培養2日目には、膵β細胞株が集塊を形成し、その周囲を取り囲むようにヒト血管様の管腔構造が確認された(図7)。
(3)移植により、ヒト血管がマウス血管と接続し、移植早期から血液灌流が開始した(図8)。
(4)膵β細胞株は集塊を形成するように増殖し、膵島様の構造体を形成した(図9)。
(5)形成された膵島様構造体の中にヒト細胞からなる血管構造の形成が確認された(図10)。
(6)血流の可視化により、膵島様構造体の内部では、充分に血液灌流が再開していることが確認された(図11)。
(7)移植サンプルの組織学的解析により、インスリン陽性の島状構造の形成が確認された。形成された構造体は、内部に複雑な血管構造を有しており、正常マウス膵島と類似の構造を有していた(図12)。
末期臓器不全を治療するためのドナー臓器は著しく不足しており、患者由来の人工多能性幹細胞(hiPSCs)1, 2を用いて臓器を作成する必要性が一段と高まっている。多くの論文にて機能的な細胞分化が報告されているものの3-7、肝臓といった3次元の血管網を有する臓器の作成に成功した例はない。我々は、in vitroで調製したhiPSC由来の肝芽(hiPSC-LBs)の移植により、血管構造を有する機能的なヒト肝臓組織の作成に成功した。内皮細胞と間葉細胞8を加え、器官形成を促したところ、iPS細胞由来肝内胚葉細胞は3次元的なhiPSC-LBsへと自己組織化した。免疫染色及び遺伝子発現解析の結果、in vitroで成長したhiPSC-LBsとin vivoの肝芽間で類似性が認められた。hiPSC-LBs移植片内のヒト血管網は、48時間以内に宿主血管と連結し、血液灌流が開始した。機能的な血管構造が形成されることにより、hiPSC-LBsは成体肝臓と類似する組織へと成熟することが明らかとなった。さらに、高い代謝能を有するhiPSC由来の移植組織は、 レシピエントの肝臓の置換9, 10を要することなく、ヒト型のタンパク質産生やヒト特異的な薬物代謝といった肝臓特異的な機能を発揮した。さらに、hiPSC-LBsを腸間膜へ移植したところ、薬物で誘導した致死的肝不全モデルの生存率を向上させた。我々の知る限り、本報告は多能性幹細胞から機能的なヒト臓器を作成した最初の例である。本手法を臨床に応用するには更なる検討が必要であるものの、我々が実験で実証した器官芽移植は、再生医療において可能性のある新たなアプローチを提供するものである。
hiPSCsの肝初期分化誘導は先述の方法5に従い行った。HUVECsとhMSCs(Lonza、Basel、Switzerland)は、内皮増殖培地(EGM)(Lonza)もしくはMSC増殖培地(Lonza)を用いて、加湿インキュベーター内で37度、5%のCO2存在下で維持された。ヒトLBをin vitroで作成する際は、EGMと肝細胞用培地(HCM)(Cambrex、 Baltimore、MD)(デキサメタゾン(0.1 μM、Sigma-Aldrich、St Louis、MO)、オンコスタチンM(10 ng/ml、R&D System、Minneapolis、MN)、HGF(20 ng/ml、PromoKine)及び SingleQuots(Lonza)を含む)に1x106のhiPSC由来肝細胞、0.8-1x106のHUVECs、及び2x105のhMSCsを懸濁し、マトリゲル(BD Biosciences、Bedford、MA、USA)上に塗布した。培養4-6日後、生成したhiPSC-LBsを剥がし、採取した後、免疫不全マウスの頭蓋窓19に移植した。
細胞培養及び分化 TkDA3 hiPSCクローンは、Koji Eto氏及び Hiromitsu Nakauchi氏より分譲頂いた。未分化hiPSC細胞については、マウス胚線維芽細胞をフィーダー細胞として用い、その上で生育させた。内胚葉性分化の際は、hiPSCsをマトリゲルでコートしたディッシュ上に撒いた後、1%のB27(インスリン不含)と(100ng/ml)を含むRPMI1640培地へと移し、5-6日間培養した。hiPSC由来の内胚葉細胞をhbFGF(10ng/ml)、hBMP4(20ng/ml)及び1% B27を含むPRMI1640でさらに3-4日間処理することで肝臓への特定化を行った。ヒト組換体アクチビンA/ EDFは、Yuzuru Eto氏(Ajinomoto Co. Inc.)より分譲頂いた。hFLCs(CS-ABI-3716;Applied Cell Biology Research Institute)は、コラーゲンIVでコーティングされた6-wellプレート(BD Biosciences)上に撒かれた後、当研究室の標準培地[10% FBS(Lot.7219F; ICN Biochemical、USA)、50 mmol/l HEPES(Wako Pure Chemical Industries、Japan)、2 mmol/L L-glutamine(Life Technologies Corporation、USA)、50 mmol/L 2-mercaptoethanol(Sigma)、1× penicillin/streptomycin(Life Technologies)、10 mmol/L nicotinamide(Sigma)、1 × 10-4 M Dexamethasone(Sigma)及び1 μg/ml insulin(Wako)を含むF-12(Sigma Aldrich、Japan)とDMEMの1:1混液]を用いて維持された。ヒト組換体HGF(50 ng/ml)及び EGF(20 ng/ml)(Sigma)を培養前に添加した。HUVECs及びhMSCs(Lonza)は上皮増殖培地もしくはMSC増殖培地(Lonza)を用いて、加湿インキュベーター内で37度、5%のCO2存在下で維持された。
全RNAは、RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA)を用いて、hiPSC由来細胞/組織(hiPSC, hiPSC-Def, hiPSC-Hep, hiPSC-IH, hiPSC-MH, hiPSC-LB, hiPSC-LB-Tx) から調製した。 ヒト胎児肝臓(Lot No.: A601605) およびヒト成体肝臓 (Lot No.: B308121)の全RNAは Biochain Institute (Hayward, CA, USA)から得た。cRNAを増幅し、Low Input Quick Amp Labeling Kit (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA)を用いて標識し、44Kの60量体オリゴマイクロアレイ(Human Gene Expression 4x44K v2 Microarray Kit; Agilent Technologies)に製造者の指示に従ってハイブリダイズさせた。ハイブリダイズさせたマイクロアレイスライドを、Agilent High-Resolution Microarray Scannerを用いてスキャンした。Feature Extraction Software バージョン 10.7.3.1 (Agilent Technologies)を用いて、相対ハイブリダイゼーション強度およびバックグラウンドハイブリダイゼーション値を計算した。Agilent Technologiesが推奨する手順に従ってGeneSpring 11.5.1 Software中のフラグ基準を用いて、生のシグナル強度および各プローブのフラグをハイブリダイゼーション強度およびスポット情報から計算した。さらに、サンプルの生シグナル強度をlog2変換し、変位値アルゴリズムによって正規化した。我々は全てのサンプルに、「妥協した」(compromised)フラグを除きプローブを選択し、検出された遺伝子として34,183個のプローブを得た。さらに、我々は遺伝子レベルにおける26,153個の発現データに焦点をあてる。GeneSpringによってヒートマップが作製された。正規化された強度値をロードし、各プローブの中央値からの距離によりスケーリング調整した。我々はユークリッド測定基準を用いる序列的クラスタリング法によってサンプルおよび遺伝子を分類した。種々の段階のhiPSCs中における遺伝子発現パターンの相違を評価するため、我々は選択した83種の遺伝子の発現変化を分析した。これらの遺伝子は、種々の異なる発生段階にあるマウス肝細胞および2つの異なる段階にあるヒト肝組織のマイクロアレイ分析による我々の以前の研究において同定された。すべての遺伝子から83種の遺伝子を肝臓特性遺伝子として選択した。なぜなら、それらの遺伝子はヒトおよびマウス両者の肝臓発生に際し継続的に増加したからである。
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11 Kobayashi, T. et al. Generation of rat pancreas in mouse by interspecific blastocyst injection of pluripotent stem cells. Cell 142, 787-799, (2010).
12 Zhao, R. & Duncan, S. A. Embryonic development of the liver. Hepatology 41, 956-967, (2005).
13 Si-Tayeb, K., Lemaigre, F. P. & Duncan, S. A. Organogenesis and development of the liver. Dev Cell 18, 175-189, (2010).
14 Lee, C. S., Friedman, J. R., Fulmer, J. T. & Kaestner, K. H. The initiation of liver development is dependent on Foxa transcription factors. Nature 435, 944-947, (2005).
15 Jung, J., Zheng, M., Goldfarb, M. & Zaret, K. S. Initiation of mammalian liver development from endoderm by fibroblast growth factors. Science 284, 1998-2003, (1999).
16 Gouysse, G. et al. Relationship between vascular development and vascular differentiation during liver organogenesis in humans. J Hepatol 37, 730-740, (2002).
17 Collardeau-Frachon, S. & Scoazec, J. Y. Vascular development and differentiation during human liver organogenesis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 291, 614-627, (2008).
18 Korzh, S. et al. Requirement of vasculogenesis and blood circulation in late stages of liver growth in zebrafish. BMC Dev Biol 8, 84, (2008).
19 Koike, N. et al. Tissue engineering: creation of long-lasting blood vessels. Nature 428, 138-139, (2004).
20 Ding, B. S. et al. Inductive angiocrine signals from sinusoidal endothelium are required for liver regeneration. Nature 468, 310-315, (2010).
21 Ding, B. S. et al. Endothelial-derived angiocrine signals induce and sustain regenerative lung alveolarization. Cell 147, 539-553, (2011).
22 Martinez-Hernandez, A. The hepatic extracellular matrix. I. Electron immunohistochemical studies in normal rat liver. Lab Invest 51, 57-74, (1984).
23 Ishizaki, T. et al. Pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen following single oral, intramuscular and rectal doses and after repeated oral administration. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 18, 407-414, (1980).
24 Yu, A. M., Idle, J. R. & Gonzalez, F. J. Polymorphic cytochrome P450 2D6: humanized mouse model and endogenous substrates. Drug Metab Rev 36, 243-277, (2004).
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27 Kamimura, H. et al. Assessment of chimeric mice with humanized liver as a tool for predicting circulating human metabolites. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 25, 223-235, (2010).
28 Chen, A. A. et al. Humanized mice with ectopic artificial liver tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108, 11842-11847, (2011).
29 Hasegawa, M. et al. The reconstituted 'humanized liver' in TK-NOG mice is mature and functional. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 405, 405-410, (2011).
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HUVEC MSC単離。我々は、横浜市立大学の倫理委員会によって定められ、承認されたガイドラインに従って臍帯サンプルを入手した(承認番号:13120510008)。HUVECsおよびMSCsは、文献に記述されているように2、臍帯から同時に単離した。
機能性肝臓組織創出における頭蓋窓モデルの可能性
頭蓋窓調製のための詳しい手順は、以前に記述されている8。我々は、EGFPを発現しているE13.5マウス胎児肝細胞(mFLCs)の移植片を用いて、肝細胞の成熟を研究する上での頭蓋窓の可能性を評価した。コラーゲン/フィブロネクチンゲルに包埋したmFLCsの一片を切り出し、頭蓋窓の中心部に置いた。次に、組織適合性のシアノアクリレート糊を用いて8mmのカバーグラスを骨に接着させ、この窓をシールした。生体内蛍光顕微鏡イメージングは、移植されたmFLCsがうまく生着したこと、および機能性血管網が移植片内で形成されたことを示した(図21a)。移植された組織は、肝細胞索、類洞および胆管に類似した組織に広範に分化した。これらの組織は成体肝臓に特徴的なものであり、ドナーE13.5 LBsに特徴的なものではない(図21b)。mFLCsによる肝組織再構成は、HGFおよびEGF(これらは肝幹細胞/前駆細胞の増殖を刺激することが知られている)の添加により増強された(図22)9,10。したがって、この移植アプローチは、LB細胞の成熟および分化を評価するために有益な生体内モニタリング系となることが示唆された。
正常肝発生過程において、肝細胞の形態は円形から敷石上の細胞へと変化する11。この変化は、サイトケラチン免疫染色によって容易に可視化することができる(図16a、左)。IN Cell Investigatorソフトウエアを用いて、我々はマウス肝細胞の真円度(形状因子)がE13.5における0.833 ± 0.18 から生後8週における 0.568 ± 0.16 まで低下することを見出した。同様に、単細胞形態の生体内イメージングは、移植されたEGFP標識hFLCsの真円度が0日目の0.93 ± 0.07 から30日後には 0.512 ± 0.13 に変化することを明らかにした(図27c、右)。これらの考察と一致して、酵素結合免疫測定法(ELISA)は移植30日後からのヒトアルブミン産生の出現を示した(図16cおよびd)。したがって、細胞形態の生体内モニタリングは、in vivoにおける肝細胞分化の状態を予測するための1つの指標となりうる。
我々は、ケトプロフェン(KTP)を用いて、ヒト特異的薬物代謝機能を評価した。KTPはマウス中でシトクロームP450によって第一に代謝され、1-ヒドロキシケトプロフェン(OH-KTP)を形成する12。他方、ヒトにおいては、KTPは主としてUDP-グルコロノシルトランスフェラーゼ(UGT)によって代謝され、ケトプロフェングルクロニド(KTP-G)を形成する13。
頭蓋窓モデルは高度に侵襲性であるため、器官芽移植にとって非常に効率的な方法とは言えない。したがって、臨床応用を想定する際には、より低侵襲的な移植法の開発が必要である。さらに、移植可能な容量が肝不全を逆転させるには不十分である。よって、我々は侵襲性が最少で、臨床的適切性を有する、腸間膜移植モデルの可能性を検討しようと試みた。なぜなら、肝機能の改善にとって門脈血流が重要であると考えられたからである。我々の期待と一致して、最近なされた報告が、恐らく腸間膜血流からの宿主血管補充によって、腹腔部位はヒト成体肝細胞の生着および肝機能の維持を支持しうることを示した15。In vitroで増殖させたhFLC-LBsまたはhiPSC-LBsを腸間膜上に移植した(図33a)。
hiPSC-LB移植片における肝細胞成熟は、HGF等の再生因子によって促進しうるかどうかを決定するため、腸間膜移植後7日目に2/3部分肝切除(PH)を実施した。2/3 PH実施後、30日目にヒトアルブミンの産生が偽手術群の82.1 ng/mlから2/3 PH群では121 ng/mlに上昇した(図33c)。これらの結果は、恐らくhiPSC-LB移植片内における広範な肝細胞増殖および成熟のゆえに、hiPSC-Hepsは2/3 PH後の再生刺激に応答しうることを示唆した。
我々の移植法を用いた治療可能性を評価するため、in vitroで増殖させたhFLC-LBsをフィブリン糊でシールした腸間膜上に移植した。肝損傷モデルとして、肝細胞特異的アルブミンプロモーターの制御下でヒトHB-EGF前駆体を発現するトランスジェニック免疫不全マウスを用いた。毒素受容体媒介細胞ノックアウト/重症複合免疫不全(TRECK/SCID)マウスと呼ばれるこれらのマウスは、少量のジフテリア毒素(DT)を投与すると劇症肝炎を発症する7。DT剤は、移植後2日目に1.5 μg/kgの用量で尾静脈より注入した。生存曲線は、移植を受けなかったTRECK/SCIDマウスの全部が10日以内に死亡したことを明らかにした。対照的に、hFLC-LBを移植されたTRECK/SCIDマウスの28%は40日以上にわたって生存し、我々の概念実証の治療上の可能性を示した(図32d)。しかし、この移植モデルはある程度までうまくいくが、救助率は高くない。なぜなら、DTはヒト細胞に対しても毒性だからである。そこで、我々は免疫不全肝損傷モデルとしてTK-NOGマウスを採用した。なぜなら、GCV(ヒト組織に対して非毒性である)の投与が、適切なタイミングでトランスジェニック肝実質細胞の組織特異的除去を誘導するからである。このモデルを用いて、我々は、機能性ヒト血管網の形成を介して移植片がうまく生着することが予測される移植後7日目および10日目に、宿主肝細胞を除去した。
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15 Chen, A. A. et al. Humanized mice with ectopic artificial liver tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108, 11842-11847, (2011).
Claims (13)
- 未分化間葉系細胞とともに血管内皮細胞及び臓器細胞を培養して形成される器官芽であって、成熟することで器官に分化することができる構造体であり、in vitroで培養することにより微小血管構造を有しうる前記器官芽。
- 臓器細胞が分化した細胞である請求項1記載の器官芽。
- 臓器細胞が未分化な細胞である請求項1記載の器官芽。
- 臓器細胞が、内胚葉性器官の細胞若しくは内胚葉性器官の細胞に分化可能な細胞、中胚葉性器官の細胞若しくは中胚葉性器官の細胞に分化可能な細胞、又は外胚葉性器官の細胞若しくは外胚葉性器官の細胞に分化可能な細胞である請求項1〜3のいずれかに記載の器官芽。
- 臓器細胞が、内胚葉性器官の細胞若しくは内胚葉性器官の細胞に分化可能な細胞である請求項4記載の器官芽。
- 内胚葉性器官が、肝臓又は膵臓である請求項5記載の器官芽。
- 臓器細胞が、人工多能性幹細胞由来の細胞である請求項1〜6のいずれかに記載の器官芽。
- 人工多能性幹細胞がヒト由来である請求項7記載の器官芽。
- 未分化間葉系細胞とともに、血管内皮細胞及び臓器細胞を血管内皮細胞培養用培地中で培養する請求項1〜8のいずれかに記載の器官芽。
- 未分化間葉系細胞とともに、血管内皮細胞及び臓器細胞をゲル上に播種して培養する請求項1〜9のいずれかに記載の器官芽。
- 血管内皮細胞が分化した細胞である請求項1〜10のいずれかに記載の器官芽。
- 血管内皮細胞が未分化な細胞である請求項1〜10のいずれかに記載の器官芽。
- 未分化間葉系細胞が間葉系幹細胞である請求項1〜12のいずれかに記載の器官芽。
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KR20140148502A (ko) * | 2002-12-09 | 2014-12-31 | 아브락시스 바이오사이언스, 엘엘씨 | 약리학적 물질의 조성물 및 그 전달방법 |
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AU2009271223B2 (en) * | 2008-06-24 | 2013-05-16 | The Curators Of The University Of Missouri | Self-assembling multicellular bodies and methods of producing a three-dimensional biological structure using the same |
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JP6124348B2 (ja) * | 2011-09-27 | 2017-05-10 | 公立大学法人横浜市立大学 | 組織及び臓器の作製方法 |
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WO2013047639A1 (ja) | 2013-04-04 |
JP2017127319A (ja) | 2017-07-27 |
US20240254447A1 (en) | 2024-08-01 |
JP6124348B2 (ja) | 2017-05-10 |
US20140289877A1 (en) | 2014-09-25 |
CN103857787B (zh) | 2019-05-17 |
CN103857787A (zh) | 2014-06-11 |
EP2762558A4 (en) | 2015-05-20 |
JPWO2013047639A1 (ja) | 2015-03-26 |
JP2020171295A (ja) | 2020-10-22 |
JP6456425B2 (ja) | 2019-01-23 |
US11326150B2 (en) | 2022-05-10 |
EP2762558A1 (en) | 2014-08-06 |
JP6990462B2 (ja) | 2022-02-03 |
US20170159024A1 (en) | 2017-06-08 |
JP2019041773A (ja) | 2019-03-22 |
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