JP6549790B2 - キャビティ構造を使用するウェハレベルパッケージ(wlp)ボール支持体 - Google Patents
キャビティ構造を使用するウェハレベルパッケージ(wlp)ボール支持体 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP6549790B2 JP6549790B2 JP2018513651A JP2018513651A JP6549790B2 JP 6549790 B2 JP6549790 B2 JP 6549790B2 JP 2018513651 A JP2018513651 A JP 2018513651A JP 2018513651 A JP2018513651 A JP 2018513651A JP 6549790 B2 JP6549790 B2 JP 6549790B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- dielectric layer
- conductive pads
- cavities
- conductors
- package
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 53
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 claims description 40
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000002161 passivation Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004073 vulcanization Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 102
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 29
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 17
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 229910000679 solder Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003989 dielectric material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 235000012489 doughnuts Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000608 laser ablation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001465 metallisation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000059 patterning Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L23/00—Details of semiconductor or other solid state devices
- H01L23/48—Arrangements for conducting electric current to or from the solid state body in operation, e.g. leads, terminal arrangements ; Selection of materials therefor
- H01L23/488—Arrangements for conducting electric current to or from the solid state body in operation, e.g. leads, terminal arrangements ; Selection of materials therefor consisting of soldered or bonded constructions
- H01L23/498—Leads, i.e. metallisations or lead-frames on insulating substrates, e.g. chip carriers
- H01L23/49811—Additional leads joined to the metallisation on the insulating substrate, e.g. pins, bumps, wires, flat leads
- H01L23/49816—Spherical bumps on the substrate for external connection, e.g. ball grid arrays [BGA]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L23/00—Details of semiconductor or other solid state devices
- H01L23/12—Mountings, e.g. non-detachable insulating substrates
- H01L23/13—Mountings, e.g. non-detachable insulating substrates characterised by the shape
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L24/00—Arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies; Methods or apparatus related thereto
- H01L24/01—Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L24/02—Bonding areas ; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L24/03—Manufacturing methods
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L24/00—Arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies; Methods or apparatus related thereto
- H01L24/01—Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L24/02—Bonding areas ; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L24/07—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the bonding areas after the connecting process
- H01L24/09—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the bonding areas after the connecting process of a plurality of bonding areas
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L24/00—Arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies; Methods or apparatus related thereto
- H01L24/01—Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L24/10—Bump connectors ; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L24/11—Manufacturing methods
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L24/00—Arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies; Methods or apparatus related thereto
- H01L24/01—Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L24/10—Bump connectors ; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L24/15—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the bump connectors after the connecting process
- H01L24/17—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the bump connectors after the connecting process of a plurality of bump connectors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2224/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies and methods related thereto as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2224/01—Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L2224/02—Bonding areas; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L2224/023—Redistribution layers [RDL] for bonding areas
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2224/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies and methods related thereto as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2224/01—Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L2224/02—Bonding areas; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L2224/07—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the bonding areas after the connecting process
- H01L2224/09—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the bonding areas after the connecting process of a plurality of bonding areas
- H01L2224/0905—Shape
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Internal Circuitry In Semiconductor Integrated Circuit Devices (AREA)
- Wire Bonding (AREA)
Description
104 誘電体層、誘電体
106 第1の面
108 第2の面
110a キャビティ
110b キャビティ
110c キャビティ
112a 導電性パッド
112b 導電性パッド
112c 導電性パッド
114a 導電性ビア、導電性パッド
114b 導電性ビア、導電性パッド
114c 導電性ビア、導電性パッド
116a 導電性パッド
116b 導電性パッド
116c 導電性パッド
120a 導体
120b 導体
120c 導体
122 接着剤
302a 分割線
302b 分割線
304a 導体
304b 導体
304c 導体
304d 導体
304e 導体
304f 導体
Claims (16)
- パッケージと、
第1の面および第2の面を有する誘電体層であって、前記誘電体層の前記第1の面が前記パッケージ上に設けられ、前記誘電体層の前記第2の面からくぼんでおり前記誘電体層の前記第1の面に延びていない複数のキャビティを備え、前記複数のキャビティの各々が前記誘電体層によって形成されている底面を有する誘電体層と、
前記複数のキャビティ中の接着剤と、
前記複数のキャビティ内の複数の導電性パッドであって、前記複数の導電性パッドの各々が前記複数のキャビティの各々の前記底面上に配置されており、前記誘電体層によって前記パッケージから分離される複数の導電性パッドと、
前記複数の導電性パッド上の複数の導体であって、それぞれ、前記複数のキャビティ中の前記接着剤によって少なくとも部分的に前記誘電体層から分離される複数の導体と
を備え、
前記複数の導電性パッドの各々が前記誘電体層と接触する側壁を備えるデバイス。 - 前記複数の導電性パッドの各々が前記接着剤と接触する側壁を備える、請求項1に記載のデバイス。
- 前記複数のキャビティがドーナツ型のキャビティを備える、請求項1に記載のデバイス。
- 前記キャビティが、前記導電性パッドを囲繞する円形および多角形からなるグループから選択される形状のキャビティを備える、請求項1に記載のデバイス。
- 前記誘電体層がパッシベーション層を備える、請求項1に記載のデバイス。
- 前記複数の導電性パッドが再分配層(RDL)として設けられる、請求項1に記載のデバイス。
- 前記複数の導体が、ボールグリッドアレイ(BGA)のボールまたはピラーからなるグループから選択される導体を備える、請求項1に記載のデバイス。
- 前記接着剤が、樹脂、シリコーン、エポキシ、室温加硫(RTV)材料、または熱可塑材からなるグループから選択される接着剤を含む、請求項1に記載のデバイス。
- 前記複数の導体が、前記パッケージ上に複数の行および複数の列で配置される、請求項1に記載のデバイス。
- 前記複数の導電性パッドのうちの1対の導電性パッドが前記複数のキャビティの各々の中に配設され、導電性パッドの各対のうちの第1の導電性パッドが前記複数のキャビティのうちのキャビティの底面上に配設され、導電性パッドの各対のうちの第2の導電性パッドが前記複数の導体のうちの導体に結合される、請求項1に記載のデバイス。
- 導電性パッドの各対のうちの前記第1の導電性パッドと前記第2の導電性パッドが、ビアによって互いに伝導的に結合される、請求項10に記載のデバイス。
- パッケージと、
第1の面および第2の面を有する誘電体層であって、前記誘電体層の前記第1の面が前記パッケージ上に配設され、前記誘電体層の前記第2の面からくぼんでおり前記誘電体層の前記第1の面に延びていない複数のキャビティを備え、前記複数のキャビティの各々が前記誘電体層によって形成されている底面を有する誘電体層と、
前記複数のキャビティ中に配設される接着剤と、
前記誘電体層内に配設される複数の導電性パッドであって、複数の積み重ねられた再分配層(RDL)として設けられ、前記複数の導電性パッドの各々が前記複数のキャビティの各々の前記底面上に配置されており、前記誘電体層によって前記パッケージから分離されている、複数の導電性パッドと、
前記複数の導電性パッド上に配設される複数の導体であって、それぞれ、前記複数のキャビティ中の前記接着剤によって少なくとも部分的に前記誘電体層から分離される複数の導体と
を備え、
前記複数の導電性パッドの各々が前記誘電体層と直接接触する側壁を有するデバイス。 - 前記複数の導電性パッドの各々が前記接着剤と直接接触する側壁を有する、請求項12に記載のデバイス。
- 前記複数のキャビティがドーナツ型のキャビティを備える、請求項12に記載のデバイス。
- 前記複数の導体がボールグリッドアレイ(BGA)のボールを備える、請求項12に記載のデバイス。
- 前記複数の導体が、前記パッケージ上に複数の行および複数の列で配置される、請求項12に記載のデバイス。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US14/859,323 US10074625B2 (en) | 2015-09-20 | 2015-09-20 | Wafer level package (WLP) ball support using cavity structure |
US14/859,323 | 2015-09-20 | ||
PCT/US2016/052631 WO2017049324A1 (en) | 2015-09-20 | 2016-09-20 | Wafer level package (wlp) ball support using cavity structure |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2018527754A JP2018527754A (ja) | 2018-09-20 |
JP2018527754A5 JP2018527754A5 (ja) | 2018-11-29 |
JP6549790B2 true JP6549790B2 (ja) | 2019-07-24 |
Family
ID=57018210
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2018513651A Active JP6549790B2 (ja) | 2015-09-20 | 2016-09-20 | キャビティ構造を使用するウェハレベルパッケージ(wlp)ボール支持体 |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US10074625B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP3350831A1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP6549790B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR102006115B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN108028243B (ja) |
BR (1) | BR112018005532B1 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2995621A1 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2017049324A1 (ja) |
Family Cites Families (27)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP3070514B2 (ja) * | 1997-04-28 | 2000-07-31 | 日本電気株式会社 | 突起電極を有する半導体装置、半導体装置の実装方法およびその実装構造 |
GB2389460A (en) | 1998-12-22 | 2003-12-10 | Nec Corp | Mounting semiconductor packages on substrates |
JP3019851B1 (ja) * | 1998-12-22 | 2000-03-13 | 日本電気株式会社 | 半導体装置実装構造 |
JP3446825B2 (ja) * | 1999-04-06 | 2003-09-16 | 沖電気工業株式会社 | 半導体装置およびその製造方法 |
JP2002050716A (ja) * | 2000-08-02 | 2002-02-15 | Dainippon Printing Co Ltd | 半導体装置及びその作製方法 |
JP3842548B2 (ja) * | 2000-12-12 | 2006-11-08 | 富士通株式会社 | 半導体装置の製造方法及び半導体装置 |
US6818545B2 (en) * | 2001-03-05 | 2004-11-16 | Megic Corporation | Low fabrication cost, fine pitch and high reliability solder bump |
JP2003198068A (ja) | 2001-12-27 | 2003-07-11 | Nec Corp | プリント基板、半導体装置、およびプリント基板と部品との電気的接続構造 |
US6854633B1 (en) * | 2002-02-05 | 2005-02-15 | Micron Technology, Inc. | System with polymer masking flux for fabricating external contacts on semiconductor components |
JP2004103928A (ja) * | 2002-09-11 | 2004-04-02 | Fujitsu Ltd | 基板及びハンダボールの形成方法及びその実装構造 |
US7043830B2 (en) | 2003-02-20 | 2006-05-16 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Method of forming conductive bumps |
US8193092B2 (en) * | 2007-07-31 | 2012-06-05 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Semiconductor devices including a through-substrate conductive member with an exposed end and methods of manufacturing such semiconductor devices |
WO2009104506A1 (ja) * | 2008-02-19 | 2009-08-27 | 日本電気株式会社 | プリント配線板、電子装置及びその製造方法 |
JP2012221998A (ja) * | 2011-04-04 | 2012-11-12 | Toshiba Corp | 半導体装置ならびにその製造方法 |
JP5682496B2 (ja) * | 2011-07-28 | 2015-03-11 | 富士通セミコンダクター株式会社 | 半導体装置、マルチチップ半導体装置、デバイス、及び半導体装置の製造方法 |
KR101840447B1 (ko) * | 2011-08-09 | 2018-03-20 | 에스케이하이닉스 주식회사 | 반도체 패키지 및 이를 갖는 적층 반도체 패키지 |
JP2013074054A (ja) * | 2011-09-27 | 2013-04-22 | Renesas Electronics Corp | 電子装置、配線基板、及び、電子装置の製造方法 |
JP2013080805A (ja) * | 2011-10-03 | 2013-05-02 | Sumitomo Bakelite Co Ltd | 補強部材の製造方法 |
US9129973B2 (en) * | 2011-12-07 | 2015-09-08 | Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Ltd. | Circuit probing structures and methods for probing the same |
US20130154112A1 (en) * | 2011-12-16 | 2013-06-20 | Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, K.U. Leuven R&D | Method for Forming Isolation Trenches in Micro-Bump Interconnect Structures and Devices Obtained Thereof |
US8963336B2 (en) * | 2012-08-03 | 2015-02-24 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Semiconductor packages, methods of manufacturing the same, and semiconductor package structures including the same |
US8963335B2 (en) | 2012-09-13 | 2015-02-24 | Invensas Corporation | Tunable composite interposer |
US9343419B2 (en) * | 2012-12-14 | 2016-05-17 | Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Ltd. | Bump structures for semiconductor package |
EP2747132B1 (en) * | 2012-12-18 | 2018-11-21 | IMEC vzw | A method for transferring a graphene sheet to metal contact bumps of a substrate for use in semiconductor device package |
US10163828B2 (en) * | 2013-11-18 | 2018-12-25 | Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Ltd. | Semiconductor device and fabricating method thereof |
US9484318B2 (en) * | 2014-02-17 | 2016-11-01 | Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Ltd. | Semiconductor device and manufacturing method thereof |
US20150237732A1 (en) | 2014-02-18 | 2015-08-20 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Low-profile package with passive device |
-
2015
- 2015-09-20 US US14/859,323 patent/US10074625B2/en active Active
-
2016
- 2016-09-20 CA CA2995621A patent/CA2995621A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2016-09-20 CN CN201680053950.8A patent/CN108028243B/zh active Active
- 2016-09-20 KR KR1020187010749A patent/KR102006115B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2016-09-20 WO PCT/US2016/052631 patent/WO2017049324A1/en active Application Filing
- 2016-09-20 JP JP2018513651A patent/JP6549790B2/ja active Active
- 2016-09-20 EP EP16774603.1A patent/EP3350831A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2016-09-20 BR BR112018005532-8A patent/BR112018005532B1/pt active IP Right Grant
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN108028243B (zh) | 2021-05-14 |
KR102006115B1 (ko) | 2019-07-31 |
US10074625B2 (en) | 2018-09-11 |
BR112018005532B1 (pt) | 2023-03-07 |
US20170084565A1 (en) | 2017-03-23 |
EP3350831A1 (en) | 2018-07-25 |
JP2018527754A (ja) | 2018-09-20 |
BR112018005532A2 (ja) | 2018-10-02 |
KR20180056686A (ko) | 2018-05-29 |
CA2995621A1 (en) | 2017-03-23 |
WO2017049324A1 (en) | 2017-03-23 |
CN108028243A (zh) | 2018-05-11 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US12033910B2 (en) | Wafer-level stack chip package and method of manufacturing the same | |
US20220051973A1 (en) | Semiconductor package and manufacturing method thereof | |
US10014246B2 (en) | Circuit substrate, semiconductor package and process for fabricating the same | |
US9947641B2 (en) | Wire bond support structure and microelectronic package including wire bonds therefrom | |
KR102591624B1 (ko) | 반도체 패키지 | |
US10186500B2 (en) | Semiconductor package and method of fabricating the same | |
KR101255335B1 (ko) | 반도체 패키지 및 그 제조 방법 | |
JP2005175423A (ja) | 半導体パッケージ | |
US8841168B2 (en) | Soldering relief method and semiconductor device employing same | |
JP2006303079A (ja) | 積層型半導体装置及びその製造方法 | |
TWI579984B (zh) | 電子封裝件及其製法 | |
US9024439B2 (en) | Substrates having bumps with holes, semiconductor chips having bumps with holes, semiconductor packages formed using the same, and methods of fabricating the same | |
JP6549790B2 (ja) | キャビティ構造を使用するウェハレベルパッケージ(wlp)ボール支持体 | |
EP3182449A1 (en) | Semiconductor package | |
US20070296082A1 (en) | Semiconductor device having conductive adhesive layer and method of fabricating the same | |
US20240363470A1 (en) | Wafer-level stack chip package and method of manufacturing the same | |
CN107403764B (zh) | 电子封装件 | |
TW201537674A (zh) | 晶片封裝體及其製造方法 | |
KR101261485B1 (ko) | 반도체 장치 및 이의 제조 방법 | |
KR20110079319A (ko) | 반도체 소자 패키지 및 그 제조방법 |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20180322 |
|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20181019 |
|
A621 | Written request for application examination |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A621 Effective date: 20181019 |
|
A871 | Explanation of circumstances concerning accelerated examination |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A871 Effective date: 20181019 |
|
A975 | Report on accelerated examination |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A971005 Effective date: 20181122 |
|
A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20181203 |
|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20190301 |
|
TRDD | Decision of grant or rejection written | ||
A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 Effective date: 20190603 |
|
A61 | First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61 Effective date: 20190627 |
|
R150 | Certificate of patent or registration of utility model |
Ref document number: 6549790 Country of ref document: JP Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |