JP6536918B2 - 正極活物質、この製造方法、及びこれを含むリチウム二次電池 - Google Patents
正極活物質、この製造方法、及びこれを含むリチウム二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6536918B2 JP6536918B2 JP2017526952A JP2017526952A JP6536918B2 JP 6536918 B2 JP6536918 B2 JP 6536918B2 JP 2017526952 A JP2017526952 A JP 2017526952A JP 2017526952 A JP2017526952 A JP 2017526952A JP 6536918 B2 JP6536918 B2 JP 6536918B2
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- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims description 131
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 103
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 101
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 63
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- 239000010416 ion conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 90
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 83
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 83
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 74
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 44
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 44
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- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- 229910001233 yttria-stabilized zirconia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 35
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 32
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical group O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 25
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- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 13
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- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
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- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910002076 stabilized zirconia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 241000968352 Scandia <hydrozoan> Species 0.000 claims description 4
- PACGUUNWTMTWCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Sr].[La] Chemical compound [Sr].[La] PACGUUNWTMTWCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- LNTHITQWFMADLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N gallic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C1 LNTHITQWFMADLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001095 magnesium carbonate Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium carbonate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
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- 229910000021 magnesium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
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- HJGMWXTVGKLUAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);scandium(3+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Sc+3].[Sc+3] HJGMWXTVGKLUAQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- FVROQKXVYSIMQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Sr+2].[La+3].[O-][Mn]([O-])=O Chemical compound [Sr+2].[La+3].[O-][Mn]([O-])=O FVROQKXVYSIMQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- JBQYATWDVHIOAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellanylidenegermanium Chemical compound [Te]=[Ge] JBQYATWDVHIOAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
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- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 claims description 2
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- KFDQGLPGKXUTMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Mn].[Co].[Ni] Chemical compound [Mn].[Co].[Ni] KFDQGLPGKXUTMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
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- VZSRBBMJRBPUNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-ylamino)-N-[3-oxo-3-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)propyl]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide Chemical compound C1C(CC2=CC=CC=C12)NC1=NC=C(C=N1)C(=O)NCCC(N1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2)=O VZSRBBMJRBPUNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 15
- -1 LSGM) Chemical compound 0.000 description 13
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- 229910013716 LiNi Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 10
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 10
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- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
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- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 9
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- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
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- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Inorganic materials [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910021437 lithium-transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 description 7
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052772 Samarium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ceric oxide Chemical compound O=[Ce]=O CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910000422 cerium(IV) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
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- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
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- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 description 5
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- QBAZWXKSCUESGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium(3+);trinitrate;hexahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.[Y+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O QBAZWXKSCUESGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
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- AFCARXCZXQIEQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-[3-oxo-3-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)propyl]-2-[[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methylamino]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide Chemical compound O=C(CCNC(=O)C=1C=NC(=NC=1)NCC1=CC(=CC=C1)OC(F)(F)F)N1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2 AFCARXCZXQIEQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- VJIWFUIHZFWRJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N zirconium(2+) dinitrate dihydrate Chemical compound O.O.[Zr++].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O VJIWFUIHZFWRJX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- NIPNSKYNPDTRPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-[2-oxo-2-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)ethyl]-2-[[3-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]methylamino]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide Chemical compound O=C(CNC(=O)C=1C=NC(=NC=1)NCC1=CC(=CC=C1)OC(F)(F)F)N1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2 NIPNSKYNPDTRPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000008139 complexing agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- RKTYLMNFRDHKIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper;5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin-22,24-diide Chemical compound [Cu+2].C1=CC(C(=C2C=CC([N-]2)=C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C=CC(N=2)=C(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C2=CC=C3[N-]2)C=2C=CC=CC=2)=NC1=C3C1=CC=CC=C1 RKTYLMNFRDHKIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 3
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- RUDFQVOCFDJEEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium(III) oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Y+3].[Y+3] RUDFQVOCFDJEEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910017815 (ZrO2)1-2x-z(Sc2O3)x(CeO2)z Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229910002607 Gd0.1Ce0.9O1.95 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- 229910013553 LiNO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- QBYHSJRFOXINMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Co].[Sr].[La] Chemical compound [Co].[Sr].[La] QBYHSJRFOXINMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 150000001860 citric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 2
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000361 cobalt sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229940044175 cobalt sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(2+) sulfate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 2
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- CHPZKNULDCNCBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N gallium nitrate Chemical compound [Ga+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O CHPZKNULDCNCBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002354 inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lactic acid Chemical compound CC(O)C(O)=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical group [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000007561 laser diffraction method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 description 2
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- AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium bromide Chemical compound [Li+].[Br-] AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium fluoride Chemical compound [Li+].[F-] PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- VGYDTVNNDKLMHX-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;manganese;nickel;oxocobalt Chemical compound [Li].[Mn].[Ni].[Co]=O VGYDTVNNDKLMHX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MFUVDXOKPBAHMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;dinitrate;hexahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.[Mg+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O MFUVDXOKPBAHMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940099596 manganese sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000011702 manganese sulphate Substances 0.000 description 2
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- HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium iodide Inorganic materials [Li+].[I-] HSZCZNFXUDYRKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- QEXMICRJPVUPSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium manganese(2+) oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Mn+2].[Li+] QEXMICRJPVUPSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- QMMRZOWCJAIUJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Ni]Cl QMMRZOWCJAIUJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- GBMVKQYRESIEOT-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitric acid;decahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O[N+]([O-])=O GBMVKQYRESIEOT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- SIWVEOZUMHYXCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoyttriooxy)yttrium Chemical compound O=[Y]O[Y]=O SIWVEOZUMHYXCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium hydroxide Substances [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- HZQULVNEUCEVQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N scandium(3+);trinitrate;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Sc+3].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O HZQULVNEUCEVQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010944 silver (metal) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
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- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Nickelates
- C01G53/42—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
- C01G53/44—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
- C01G53/50—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type [MnO2]n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2, Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0471—Processes of manufacture in general involving thermal treatment, e.g. firing, sintering, backing particulate active material, thermal decomposition, pyrolysis
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1391—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/70—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data
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Description
本出願は、2014年12月5日付韓国特許出願第2014−0174079号及び2015年12月4日付韓国特許出願第2015−0172358号に基づいた優先権の利益を主張し、当該韓国特許出願の文献に開示されている全ての内容は、本明細書の一部として含まれる。
本発明は、正極活物質、この製造方法、及びこれを含むリチウム二次電池に関する。
正極活物質用金属の前駆体をセラミック系イオン伝導体のナノゾルと混合し、前記前駆体の表面にセラミック系イオン伝導体のナノゾルを吸着させる段階(段階1)、及び
前記セラミック系イオン伝導体のナノゾルが吸着された前駆体をリチウム原料物質と混合したあと熱処理し、リチウム複合金属酸化物粒子を含み、前記リチウム複合金属酸化物粒子の表面側に存在するリチウム複合金属酸化物が前記セラミック系イオン伝導体の金属元素でドープされた正極活物質を製造する段階(段階2)を含む。
また、前記LSGMは、Sr及びMgがドープされて高いリチウムイオン伝導度を有するランタン−ストロンチウム−ガリウム−マグネシウム酸化物であって、具体的に(LaxSr1−x)(GayMg1−y)O3−δ(0.05≦x<1及び0.05≦y<1であり、δは、理想的化学量論(perfect stoichiometry)からの小さい偏差を意味する値に定義され得る)などであってよい。
[化学式(1)]
ALi1+aNi1−b−cMnbCoc・(1−A)M’sM’’vO2
[化学式(2)]
Li1+aNi1−b−cMnbCocO2
製造例1
400gのエチレングリコール(C2H6O2)中に20gのジルコニウムジナイトレートジヒドレート(ZrO(NO3)2・2H2O)と2.7gのイットリウムナイトレートヘキサヒドレート(Y(NO3)3・6H2O)を溶解させたあと、撹拌して混合溶液を準備した。前記混合溶液を撹拌しながら160℃の温度で5時間の間加熱したあと、90℃の温度に冷却し、水を投入して平均粒径(D50)10nmのYSZナノゾル(Zr(1−x)YxO2−x/2、x値=0.094、YSZ内のY:Zrの重量比=9:91)を製造した。
前記製造例1でイットリウムナイトレートヘキサヒドレートに代えてカルシウムナイトレートテトラヒドレート(Ca(NO3)2・4H2O)を0.85gの量で用いることを除き、前記製造例1と同様の方法で実施してCSZナノゾル(CSZ内のCaOの含量=5モル%、Ca:Zrの重量比=2:98)を製造した。
前記製造例1でイットリウムナイトレートヘキサヒドレートに代えてスカンジウムナイトレートヒドレート(Sc(NO3)3・H2O)を2.55gの量で用いることを除き、前記製造例1と同様の方法で実施してSSZナノゾル((ZrO2)1−2x(Sc2O3)X、x値=0.12、SSZ内のSc:Zrの重量比=6:94)を製造した。
前記製造例1でジルコニウムジナイトレートジヒドレート及びイットリウムナイトレートヘキサヒドレートに代えて、40gのセリウムナイトレートヘキサヒドレート(Ce(NO3)3・6H2O)と6gのガドリニウムナイトレートヘキサヒドレート(Gd(NO3)3・6H2O))を用いることを除き、前記製造例1と同様の方法で実施してGDCナノゾル(Gd0.1Ce0.9O1.95、GDC内のGd:Ceの重量比=14:86)を製造した。
前記製造例1でジルコニウムジナイトレートジヒドレート及びイットリウムナイトレートヘキサヒドレートに代えて、10gのランタンナイトレートヘキサヒドレート(La(NO3)3・6H2O)、1.55gのストロンチウムナイトレート(Sr(NO3)2)、6gのガリウムナイトレートヒドレート(Ga(NO3)3・H2O)及び1.55gのマグネシウムナイトレートヘキサヒドレート(Mg(NO3)2・6H2O)を混合して用いることを除き、前記製造例1と同様の方法で実施してLSGMナノゾル((LaxSr1−x)(GayMg1−y)O3、x=0.75、y=0.78、LSGM内のLa:Sr:Ga:Mgの重量比=58:12:28:2)を製造した。
400gのエチレングリコール(C2H6O2)溶液内に20gのニッケルクロリド(NiCl2)を分散させたあと、撹拌して混合溶液を製造した。前記混合溶液を撹拌しながら160℃の温度で5時間の間加熱したあと、90℃の温度に冷却し、水を投入して平均粒径(D50)10nmのNiナノゾルを製造した。
実施例1−1
40℃に設定されたバッチ(batch)型反応器で、正極活物質を構成するリチウム複合金属酸化物がLiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2の組成になるよう、ニッケルスルフェート、コバルトスルフェート及びマンガンスルフェートを水中にそれぞれ添加して遷移金属含有原料物質の水溶液を製造した。このとき、前記水溶液中の遷移金属含有原料物質の全体濃度が2Mになるようにした。前記水溶液にNH4OHとNaOHを1:10のモル比にして前記水溶液のpHが12になるように添加した。
前記実施例1−1において、製造例1で製造したYSZナノゾルに代えて製造例2で製造したCSZナノゾルを用いることを除き、前記実施例1−1と同様の方法で実施して、LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2粒子の表面側に、CSZセラミック系イオン伝導体由来セラミック元素(Ca及びZr)でドープされたリチウム複合金属酸化物(0.998LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2・0.002Ca0.2Zr0.85O2)が形成された正極活物質(平均粒径(D50):5μm)を製造した。
前記実施例1−1において、製造例1で製造したYSZナノゾルに代えて製造例3で製造したSSZナノゾルを用いることを除き、前記実施例1−1と同様の方法で実施して、LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2粒子の表面側に、SSZセラミック系イオン伝導体由来セラミック元素(Sc及びZr)でドープされたリチウム複合金属酸化物(0.998LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2・0.002Sc0.09Zr0.91O2)が形成された正極活物質(平均粒径(D50):5μm)を製造した。
前記実施例1−1において、製造例1で製造したYSZナノゾルに代えて製造例4で製造したGDCナノゾルを用いることを除き、前記実施例1−1と同様の方法で実施して、LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2粒子の表面側に、GDCセラミック系イオン伝導体由来セラミック元素(Gd及びCe)でドープされたリチウム複合金属酸化物(0.998LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2・0.002Gd0.15Ce0.85O2)が形成された正極活物質(平均粒径(D50):5μm)を製造した。
前記実施例1−1において、製造例1で製造したYSZナノゾルに代えて製造例5で製造したLSGMナノゾルを用いることを除き、前記実施例1−1と同様の方法で実施して、LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2粒子の表面側に、LSGMセラミック系イオン伝導体由来セラミック元素(La、Sr、Ga及びMg)でドープされたリチウム複合金属酸化物(0.998LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2・0.002La0.4Sr0.1Ga0.4Mg0.1O2)が形成された正極活物質(平均粒径(D50):5μm)を製造した。
前記実施例1−1で、YSZナノゾルとともに、ドープされるリチウム複合金属酸化物の総重量に対してNiナノゾル由来Niの含量が0.2重量%になるよう、前記製造例6で製造したNiナノゾルを更に混合して用いることを除き、前記実施例1−1と同様の方法で実施して、LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2粒子の表面側に、YSZセラミック系イオン伝導体由来セラミック元素(Y及びZr)とNiでドープされたリチウム複合金属酸化物(0.998LiNi0.62Mn0.2Co0.2・0.002Y0.09Zr0.91O2)が形成された正極活物質(平均粒径(D50):5μm)を製造した。
前記実施例1−1でYSZナノゾルを投入しないことを除き、前記実施例1と同様の方法で行って正極活物質(平均粒径(D50):5μm)を製造した。
40℃に設定されたバッチ(batch)型反応器で、正極活物質を構成するリチウム遷移金属酸化物がLiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2の組成になるよう、ニッケルスルフェート、コバルトスルフェート、マンガンスルフェートを水中にそれぞれ添加して遷移金属含有原料物質の水溶液を製造した。このとき、前記水溶液中の遷移金属含有原料物質の全体濃度が2Mになるようにした。前記水溶液にNH4OHとNaOHを1:10のモル比に、水溶液のpHが12になるように添加した。前記水酸化物の粒子を分離して水洗したあと、120℃のオーブンで乾燥した。
前記比較例1−2で、YSZパウダーとともにNiO2パウダーを混合して用いることを除き、前記比較例2と同様の方法で行って正極活物質(平均粒径(D50):5μm)を製造した。このとき、NiO2パウダーは、ドープされるリチウム複合金属酸化物の総重量に対してNiナノゾル由来Niの含量が0.2重量%になるように用いた。
実施例2−1
正極の製造
前記実施例1−1で製造した正極活物質94重量%、導電材としてカーボンブラック(carbon black)3重量%、そして、バインダとしてポリビニリデンフルオリド(PVdF)3重量%を溶媒であるN−メチル−2−ピロリドン(NMP)に添加して正極スラリーを製造した。前記正極スラリーを厚さ約20μmの正極集電体であるアルミニウム(Al)薄膜に塗布し、乾燥して正極を製造したあと、ロールプレス(roll press)を実施して正極を製造した。
負極活物質として黒鉛粉末96.3重量%、導電材としてsuper−p 1.0重量%、及び、バインダとしてスチレンブタジエンゴム(SBR)及びカルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)を1.5重量%と1.2重量%で混合し、溶媒であるNMPに添加して負極スラリーを製造した。前記負極スラリーを厚さ約10μmの負極集電体である銅(Cu)薄膜に塗布し、乾燥して負極を製造したあと、ロールプレス(roll press)を実施して負極を製造した。
電解質としてエチレンカーボネート及びジエチルカーボネートを30:70の体積比で混合して製造された非水電解液溶媒にLiPF6を添加し、1MのLiPF6非水性電解液を製造した。
前記で製造した正極と負極の間に多孔性ポリエチレンの分離膜を介在し、リチウム塩含有電解液を注入してセルを製造した。
前記実施例1−2から1−7で製造した正極活物質をそれぞれ用いることを除き、実施例2−1と同様の方法で実施してリチウム二次電池を製造した。
前記比較例1−1で製造した正極活物質を用いることを除き、実施例2−1と同様の方法で実施してリチウム二次電池を製造した。
前記比較例1−2で製造した正極活物質を用いることを除き、実施例2−1と同様の方法で実施してリチウム二次電池を製造した。
前記比較例1−3で製造した正極活物質を用いることを除き、実施例2−1と同様の方法で実施してリチウム二次電池を製造した。
前記製造例1で製造したセラミック系イオン伝導体のナノゾルを、透過電子顕微鏡(TEM)を利用して観察し、また、X線回折分析(XRD)を行った。
リチウム複合金属酸化物内に含まれているセラミック系イオン伝導体由来金属元素の分布を確認すべく、前記実施例1−1で製造した活物質に対し、X線光電子分光法(XPS)を利用してアルゴンガスで0から1000秒間エッチングを実施し、エッチング時間に応じた元素の検出量を分析した。その結果を下記表1に示した。
<電池容量評価>
前記実施例1−1から1−6及び比較例1−1から1−3で製造した正極活物質を含むリチウム二次電池(実施例2−1から2−6及び比較例2−1から2−3)の容量特性を調べるため、下記のような方法で電気化学評価実験を行った。
前記実施例1−1から1−6及び比較例1−1から1−3で製造した正極活物質を含むリチウム二次電池(実施例2−1から2−6及び比較例2−1から2−3)のサイクル数に応じた容量減少を調べるため、下記のような方法で電気化学評価実験を行った。
Claims (14)
- 正極活物質用金属の前駆体をセラミック系イオン伝導体のナノゾルと混合し、前記前駆体の表面にセラミック系イオン伝導体のナノゾルを吸着させる段階、及び
前記セラミック系イオン伝導体のナノゾルが吸着された前駆体をリチウム原料物質と混合したあと熱処理し、リチウム複合金属酸化物粒子を含み、前記リチウム複合金属酸化物粒子の表面側に存在するリチウム複合金属酸化物が前記セラミック系イオン伝導体の金属元素でドープされた正極活物質を製造する段階
を含み、
前記セラミック系イオン伝導体は、イットリア安定化ジルコニア、ガドリニアドープされたセリア、ランタンストロンチウムガレートマグネサイト、ランタンストロンチウムマンガナイト、カルシア安定化ジルコニア、スカンジア安定化ジルコニア及びニッケル−イットリア安定化ジルコニアサーメットからなる群より選択されるいずれか一つまたは二つ以上の混合物を含むものである正極活物質の製造方法。 - 前記セラミック系イオン伝導体は、イットリア安定化ジルコニア、カルシア安定化ジルコニア、ガドリニアドープされたセリア、ランタンストロンチウムガレートマグネサイト及びスカンジア安定化ジルコニアからなる群より選択されるいずれか一つまたは二つ以上の混合物を含むものである請求項1に記載の正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記イットリア安定化ジルコニアは、Zr(1−x)YxO2−x/2(0.01≦x≦0.30)のものである請求項2に記載の正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記カルシア安定化ジルコニアは、カルシア安定化ジルコニアの総重量に対してCaOを1モル%から20モル%で含むものである請求項2に記載の正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記スカンジア安定化ジルコニアは、(ZrO2)1−2x(Sc2O3)X、(ZrO2)1−2x(Sc2O3)x−z(Y2O3)z及び(Zr02)1−2x−z(Sc2O3)x(CeO2)z(0.01≦x≦0.2、0.01≦z≦0.1)からなる群より選択されるいずれか一つまたは二つ以上の混合物を含むものである請求項2に記載の正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記セラミック系イオン伝導体は、非晶質のものである請求項1に記載の正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記セラミック系イオン伝導体は、水酸化物形態を有するものである請求項1に記載の正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記セラミック系イオン伝導体の平均粒径(D50)が1nmから100nmのものである請求項1に記載の正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記セラミック系イオン伝導体のナノゾルは、グリコール系溶媒中にセラミック系イオン伝導体形成用金属の前駆体を溶解させて反応させたあと、水を添加して製造されるものである請求項1に記載の正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記グリコール系溶媒は、エチレングリコール、プロピレングリコール、ジエチレングリコール、トリエチレングリコール及びポリエチレングリコールからなる群より選択されるいずれか一つまたは二つ以上の混合物を含むものである請求項9に記載の正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記セラミック系イオン伝導体形成用金属の前駆体の溶解後、水を添加する前に、120℃からグリコール系溶媒の沸点以下の温度で熱処理する工程がさらに行われるものである請求項9に記載の正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記正極活物質用金属の前駆体とセラミック系イオン伝導体のナノゾルとの混合時、アルミニウム(Al)、ニオビウム(Nb)、チタン(Ti)、タングステン(W)、モリブデン(Mo)、クロム(Cr)、銅(Cu)、バナジウム(V)及び亜鉛(Zn)からなる群より選択されるいずれか一つまたは二つ以上の金属を含むナノゾルがさらに添加されるものである請求項1に記載の正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記正極活物質用金属の前駆体は、Ni、Co及びMnを含むニッケルコバルトマンガンの水酸化物のものである請求項1に記載の正極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記熱処理は、700℃から950℃の温度範囲で行われるものである請求項1に記載の正極活物質の製造方法。
Applications Claiming Priority (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
KR10-2014-0174079 | 2014-12-05 | ||
KR20140174079 | 2014-12-05 | ||
PCT/KR2015/013265 WO2016089176A1 (ko) | 2014-12-05 | 2015-12-04 | 양극 활물질, 이의 제조방법, 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차전지 |
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KR102026918B1 (ko) | 2016-07-04 | 2019-09-30 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 이차전지용 양극활물질의 제조방법 및 이에 따라 제조된 이차전지용 양극활물질 |
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