JP6513467B2 - 治療薬の組み合わせおよび投与の様式ならびに併用療法 - Google Patents
治療薬の組み合わせおよび投与の様式ならびに併用療法 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本出願は、仮特許出願第60/654,245号(2005年2月18日出願)の優先権を主張し、この出願は、本明細書中でその全体が参考として援用される。
本発明はタキサン及び少なくとも1つのその他の治療薬との組み合わせを投与することからなる増殖性疾患を処置するための方法及び組成物、並びに増殖性疾患の処置に有用なその他の処置療法に関する。特に、本発明は、癌の処置に使用される場合があるその他の化学療法薬又は放射線療法と併用するパクリタキセル及びアルブミン(アブラキサンTM等)を含むナノ粒子の使用に関する。
多くの腫瘍が薬剤及び/又は放射線療法に奏功しないことが、癌の処置において深刻な問題となっている。事実、化学療法の分野においては一定の進歩が見られるにもかかわらず、ヒトで最も良く見られる癌の多くが依然として有効な化学療法によるインターベンションに抵抗性を示している大きな理由の一つに、この問題が含まれている。
化学療法薬の問題
薬剤耐性の問題は、併用化学療法の重要性を更に高める理由でもある。化学療法により、耐性細胞の発現を避けつつも、すでに薬剤耐性となった既存の細胞を殺す必要があるためである。
腫瘍の処置における化学療法薬によるターゲティング
固形腫瘍の増殖及び転移は何れも血管新生依存性である(Folkman,J.Cancer Res.,46,467−73(1986);Folkman,J.Nat.Cancer Inst.,82,4−6(1989);Folkman et al.,“Tumor Angiogenesis”,Chapter 10,pp.206−32 in The Molecular Basis of Cancer,Mendelsohn et al.,eds(W.B.Saunders,1995))。例えば、直径2mm以上に増大した腫瘍は、自らへの血液供給を獲得しなければならず、そのために新しい毛細血管の増殖を誘導することが明らかになっている。これらの新しい血管が腫瘍に包埋されると、血管は腫瘍の増殖に必須の栄養及び増殖因子を供給すると共に、腫瘍細胞が全身循環に入り込む手段となり、肝、肺又は骨といった遠隔部位への転移が起こる(Weidner,New Eng.J.Med.,324(1),1−8(1991))。腫瘍を有する動物に対して薬剤として使用される場合、血管新生の天然の阻害物質は、小さな腫瘍の増殖を予防することができる(O’Reilly,et al.,O’Reilly,et al.,Cell,79,315−28(1994))。事実、プロトコールによっては、こうした阻害物質の投与が処置の中断の後でも腫瘍を退縮させるか休眠させている(O’Reilly,et al.,Cell,88,277−85(1997))。更に、特定の腫瘍に血管新生の阻害物質を供給することで、他の治療計画(化学療法等)に対する腫瘍の反応が強化されることがある(Teischer,et al.,Int.J.Cancer,57,920−25(1994)を参照)。
化学療法薬の投与方法
癌と診断された者は、原発腫瘍の部位又は癌が転移した遠隔部位の癌細胞を殺すために、単一又は複数の化学療法薬で処置されることが多い。化学療法は典型的には、単回又は数回の高用量で、数週間から数ヵ月にかけて投与される。しかし、化学療法薬の反復投与又は高用量の投与は、高い毒性及び重度の副作用の原因となることがある。
化学療法薬
パクリタキセルは薬剤不応性の卵巣癌において著明な抗新生物作用及び抗癌作用を有することが明らかになっており、多岐にわたる腫瘍モデルにおいて優れた抗腫瘍活性を示しており、極めて低用量で使用する場合には血管新生を抑制する(Grant,et al.,Int.J.Cancer,2003)。しかし、パクリタキセルは水に溶けにくいため、ヒトへの投与には問題がある。事実、元々水性培地に溶けないか溶けにくい薬剤の送達は、経口送達が有効ではない場合には、深刻に損なわれる。従って、現在使用されているパクリタキセル製剤(タキソール(登録商標))は、薬剤を溶解するためのクレモフォール(登録商標)を必要とする。この調剤におけるクレモフォール(登録商標)の存在は、動物(Lorenz,et al.,Agents Actions 7:63−67(1987))及びヒト(Weiss,et al.,J.Clin.Oncol.8:1263−68(1990))において重度の過敏反応を引き起こしてきており、従ってコルチコステロイド(デキサメタゾン)及び抗ヒスタミン薬を投与されている個体には前投薬が必要になる。又、タキソール(登録商標)における調剤ビヒクルであるクレモフォール(登録商標)ELの濃度が臨床的意義を有するほど高ければ、パクリタキセルの抗血管新生作用がなくなることが報告されており、クレモフォール(登録商標)ELと調剤するこの薬剤又は他の抗癌剤は、有効なメトロノーム化学療法を行うために、想定したよりもはるかに高用量で使用する必要があることが示唆されている(Ng,et al.,Cancer Res.,64:821−824(2004))。このように、従来のMTD化学療法に比した場合の低用量パクリタキセルの投与計画に伴う望ましくない副作用がないという利点は損なわれることがある。米国特許2004/0143004号、WO00/64437号も参照されたい。
アブラキサンTMはクレモフォール(登録商標)ELを含まないアルブミン結合パクリタキセルのナノ粒子である
前臨床モデルは、タキソール(登録商標)に比した場合、アブラキサンTMの安全性及び有効性(Desai,et al.,EORTC−NCI−AACR,2004)及び転移性乳癌の個体(O’Shaughnessy,et al.,San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium,Abstract#1122,Dec.2003)において著明な改善が認められることを示してきている。これはおそらく、アブラキサンTMには界面活性剤(タキソール(登録商標)及びTaxotere(登録商標)にそれぞれ使用されるクレモフォール(登録商標)又はTween(登録商標)80)が存在せず、微小血管の内皮細胞上のgp60/小胞を使用するアルブミンに基づいた輸送機序が優先的に使用されることによるものであると考えられる(Desai,et al.,EORTC−NCI−AACR,2004)。又、クレモフォール(登録商標)及びTween(登録商標)80の何れもが、パクリタキセルとアルブミンの結合を強力に阻害し、おそらくはアルブミンに基づいた輸送を阻害していることが明らかにされている(Desai,et al.,EORTC−NCI−AACR,2004)。
本発明は、癌等の増殖性疾患の処置方法を提供する。本発明は、a)タキサン(パクリタキセル等)及び担体タンパク質(アルブミン等)を含むナノ粒子を含む組成物の有効量を個体に投与することからなる第一の療法及びb)化学療法、放射線療法、手術又はそれらの組み合わせ等の第二の療法からなる、増殖性疾患(癌等)の併用治療法を提供する。別の態様においては、タキサン(パクリタキセル等)及び担体タンパク質(アルブミン等)を含むナノ粒子を含む組成物を、メトロノーム投与法に基づいて個体に投与する方法が提供される。
例えば、本願発明は以下の項目を提供する。
(項目1)
個体における増殖性疾患を処置する方法であって、
a)タキサン及びアルブミンを含むナノ粒子を含む組成物の有効量、及び
b)少なくとも1つの他の化学療法薬の有効量
を個体に投与することを含み、前記化学療法薬が、抗代謝薬、白金系薬剤、アルキル化剤、チロシンキナーゼ阻害剤、アントラサイクリン抗生物質、ビンカアルカロイド、プロテアソーム阻害剤、マクロライド及びトポイソメラーゼ阻害剤からなる群から選択される、方法。
(項目2)
前記化学療法薬が抗代謝薬である、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目3)
前記抗代謝薬がゲムシタビン、カペシタビン又はフルオロウラシルである、項目2に記載の方法。
(項目4)
前記化学療法薬が白金系薬剤である、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目5)
前記白金系薬剤がシスプラチン又はカルボプラチンである、項目4に記載の方法。
(項目6)
前記化学療法薬がチロシンキナーゼ阻害剤である、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目7)
前記チロシンキナーゼ阻害剤がラパチニブである、項目6に記載の方法。
(項目8)
前記増殖性疾患が癌である、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目9)
前記癌が乳癌である、項目8に記載の方法。
(項目10)
前記癌が肺癌である、項目8に記載の方法。
(項目11)
タキサン及びアルブミンを含むナノ粒子を含む前記組成物並びに前記化学療法薬が同時に投与される、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目12)
タキサン及びアルブミンを含むナノ粒子を含む前記組成物並びに前記化学療法薬が逐次投与される、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目13)
前記タキサンがパクリタキセルである、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目14)
前記組成物中の前記ナノ粒子の平均直径が約200nm以下である、項目13に記載の方法。
(項目15)
前記ナノ粒子組成物中の前記アルブミンと前記パクリタキセルの重量比が約9:1未満である、項目14に記載の方法。
(項目16)
前記ナノ粒子組成物にクレモフォールが実質的に存在しない、項目14に記載の方法。
(項目17)
前記組成物中の前記ナノ粒子の平均直径が約200nm以下である、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目18)
前記ナノ粒子組成物中の前記アルブミンと前記パクリタキセルの重量比が約9:1未満である、項目17に記載の方法。
(項目19)
前記ナノ粒子組成物にクレモフォールが実質的に存在しない、項目17に記載の方法。
(項目20)
前記個体がヒトである、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目21)
個体における腫瘍を処置する方法であって、
a)タキサン及びアルブミンを含むナノ粒子を含む組成物の有効量を前記個体に投与することを含む第一の療法、及び
b)放射線療法、手術又はそれらの組み合わせを含む第二の療法
からなる、方法。
(項目22)
前記第二の療法が放射線療法である、項目21に記載の方法。
(項目23)
前記放射線療法が前記第一の療法の前に行われる、項目22に記載の方法。
(項目24)
前記第二の療法が手術である、項目22に記載の方法。
(項目25)
前記タキサンがパクリタキセルである、項目21に記載の方法。
(項目26)
前記組成物中の前記ナノ粒子の平均直径が約200nm以下である、項目25に記載の方法。
(項目27)
前記ナノ粒子組成物中の前記アルブミンと前記パクリタキセルの重量比が約9:1未満である、項目25に記載の方法。
(項目28)
前記ナノ粒子組成物にクレモフォールが実質的に存在しない、項目26に記載の方法。
(項目29)
前記組成物中の前記ナノ粒子の平均直径が約200nm以下である、項目21に記載の方法。
(項目30)
前記ナノ粒子組成物中の前記アルブミンと前記パクリタキセルの重量比が約9:1未満である、項目29に記載の方法。
(項目31)
前記ナノ粒子組成物にクレモフォールが実質的に存在しない、項目29に記載の方法。
(項目32)
前記個体がヒトである、項目21に記載の方法。
(項目33)
タキサン及びアルブミンを含むナノ粒子を含む組成物を個体に投与する方法であって、
前記ナノ粒子組成物が少なくとも1ヵ月間にわたって投与され、各投与の間隔が約1週間を超えることがなく、各投与時における前記組成物中のタキサンの用量が、従来の投与計画に準じた最大耐用量の約0.25〜約25%である、方法。
(項目34)
前記タキサンの用量が、従来の投与計画に準じた最大耐用量の約0.25〜約8%である、項目33に記載の方法。
(項目35)
前記組成物が少なくとも週に3回投与される、項目33に記載の方法。
(項目36)
前記タキサンがパクリタキセルである、項目33に記載の方法。
(項目37)
前記組成物中の前記ナノ粒子の平均直径が約200nm以下である、項目36に記載の方法。
(項目38)
前記ナノ粒子組成物中の前記アルブミンと前記パクリタキセルの重量比が約9:1未満である、項目37に記載の方法。
(項目39)
前記ナノ粒子組成物にクレモフォールが実質的に存在しない、項目37に記載の方法。
(項目40)
前記組成物中の前記ナノ粒子の平均直径が約200nm以下である、項目33に記載の方法。
(項目41)
前記ナノ粒子組成物中の前記アルブミンと前記タキサンの重量比が約9:1未満である、項目40に記載の方法。
(項目42)
前記ナノ粒子組成物にクレモフォールが実質的に存在しない、項目40に記載の方法。
(項目43)
前記個体がヒトである、項目33に記載の方法。
(項目44)
個体における増殖性疾患を処置する方法であって、
a)タキサン及びアルブミンを含むナノ粒子を含む組成物の有効量;及び
b)少なくとも1つの他の化学療法薬及びアルブミンを含むナノ粒子を含む組成物の有効量
を前記個体に投与することを含む、方法。
(項目45)
前記タキサンがパクリタキセルである、項目44に記載の方法。
(項目46)
前記化学療法薬がラパマイシンである、項目44に記載の方法。
(項目47)
前記化学療法薬が17AAGである、項目44に記載の方法。
(項目48)
前記個体がヒトである、項目44に記載の方法。
(項目49)
前記増殖性疾患が癌である、項目44に記載の方法。
本発明は、タキサン及び担体タンパク質(アルブミン等)を含むナノ粒子の投与からなる第一の療法と、放射線療法、手術、少なくとも1つの他の化学療法薬の投与又はそれらの組み合わせ等の第二の療法を組み合わせた併用療法を提供する。本発明は又、メトロノーム療法も提供する。
化学療法薬との併用療法
本発明は、a)タキサン及び担体タンパク質(アルブミン等)を含むナノ粒子を含む組成物の有効量及びb)少なくとも1つの他の化学療法薬の有効量を個体に投与することからなる、個体における増殖性疾患(癌等)を処置する方法を提供する。幾つかの実施形態において、タキサンは、パクリタキセル、ドセタキセル及びortataxelの何れかである(及び幾つかの実施形態では主として上記の薬剤からなる)。幾つかの実施形態において、ナノ粒子組成物はアブラキサンTMを含む。幾つかの実施形態において、科学療法薬は抗代謝薬(ヌクレオシド類似体を含む)、白金系薬剤、アルキル化剤、チロシンキナーゼ阻害剤、アントラサイクリン抗生物質、ビンカアルカロイド、プロテアソーム阻害剤、マクロライド及びトポイソメラーゼ阻害剤の何れかである(又幾つかの実施形態ではこれらの群から選択される)。
投与法
タキサンを含むナノ粒子を含む組成物(「ナノ粒子組成物」とも呼ぶ)及び化学療法薬は、同時(同時投与)及び/又は逐次的(逐次投与)に投与することができる。
放射線療法及び手術との併用療法
別の態様において、本発明は、タキサン(特にタキサンを含むナノ粒子)及び担体タンパク質の投与からなる第一の療法及び放射線療法及び/又は手術を含む第二の療法からなる方法を提供する。
メトロノーム投与
又、本発明は、メトロノーム投与計画を提供する。タキサン(パクリタキセル、ドセタキセル又はortataxel等)及び担体タンパク質(アルブミン等)を含むナノ粒子を含む組成物を、メトロノーム投与計画に基づき個体に投与する方法が提供される。この方法は、本明細書に記載の処置、疾患発現の遅延の方法及びその他の臨床的状況及び構成に適用することができる。例えば、幾つかの実施形態において、この方法は増殖性疾患(癌等)の処置に有用である。
本発明のその他の態様
別の態様においては、タキサン(パクリタキセル、ドセタキセル又はortataxel等)及び担体タンパク質(アルブミン等)を含むナノ粒子を含む組成物を投与することからなる、増殖性疾患の処置方法が提供される。幾つかの実施形態においては、ortataxel及び担体タンパク質(アルブミン等)を含むナノ粒子を含む組成物を個体に投与することからなる、癌の処置方法が提供される。
本明細書に記載のナノ粒子組成物は、タキサン(パクリタキセル等)及び担体タンパク質(アルブミン等)を含む(種々の実施形態においては実質的にこれらで構成される)ナノ粒子を含む。水に溶けにくい薬剤(タキサン等)のナノ粒子については、米国特許第5,916,596号、第6506405号及び第6537579号及び米国特許2005/0004002A1号に開示されている。下記の説明はタキサンを特定したものであるが、同じ説明がラパマイシン、17−AAG及び二量体チオコルヒチンといった他の薬剤にも適用されることを理解されたい。
ナノ粒子組成物中の他の構成要素
本明細書に記載のナノ粒子は、他の物質、調剤又は安定剤を含む組成物中に存在することができる。例えば、ナノ粒子の負のゼータ電位を増加させて安定性を上昇させるために、特定の陰性に帯電した構成要素を添加することができる。こうした陰性に帯電した構成要素には、グリコール酸、コール酸、ケノデオキシコール酸、タウロコール酸、グリコケノデオキシコール酸、タウロケノデオキシコール酸、リトコール酸、ウルソデオキシコール酸、デヒドロコール酸及びその他からなる胆汁酸の胆汁塩、以下のホスファチジルコリン:パルミトイルオレオイルホスファチジルコリン、パルミトイルリノレオイルホスファチジルコリン、ステアロイルリノレオイルホスファチジルコリン、ステアロイルオレオイルホスファチジルコリン、ステアロイルアラキドイルホスファチジルコリン及びジパルミトイルホスファチジルコリンを含むレシチン(卵黄)系のリン脂質を含むリン脂質が含まれるがこれらに限定されない。他のリン脂質には、L−α−ジミリストイルホスファチジルコリン(DMPC)、ジオレオイルホスファチジルコリン(DOPC)、ジステアロイルホスファチジルコリン(DSPC)、水素化大豆ホスファチジルコリン(HSPC)及び他の関連化合物が含まれる。陰性に荷電した界面活性剤又は乳化剤、例えば硫酸コレステリルナトリウム等も添加剤として好適である。
キット
本発明は、簡便な方法で使用できるキットも提供する。本発明のキットは、タキサン含有ナノ粒子組成物を含む1つ以上の容器(又は単位用量形態及び/又は製品)及び/又は化学療法薬を含み、幾つかの実施形態においては、本明細書に記載の方法の何れかに準じた使用説明書を更に含む。キットは、更に好適な個体又は処置の選択方法の説明を含む場合もある。本発明のキットに同梱される説明書は通常、ラベル又は添付文書に記載される説明書であるが(例えば、キットに同梱されるペーパーシート)、機械で読み取れる説明書(例えば、磁気又は光学的保存ディスク)も許容される。
好中球減少及び過敏症の発現率が著明に低下し、ステロイドの前投与の必要がなくなり、ニューロパチーの発現期間が短縮し、短い注入期間で高用量が投与できた。
実施例2 タキサン抵抗性転移性乳癌個体におけるアブラキサンTMの毎週投与
最近行われた第II相臨床試験は、125mg/m2のアブラキサンTM(ナノ粒子アルブミン結合パクリタキセル)の毎週投与により、タキソール(登録商標)又はTaxotere(登録商標)を投与されたが疾患の進行をみた転移性乳癌個体(即ちタキサン抵抗性の個体)において、長期にわたって疾患をコントロールすることを明らかにした。
実施例3 アブラキサンTM(ABI−007)は、MDA−MB−435ヒト腫瘍異種移植片において、標的となる抗血管新生アポトーシス誘導ペプチド(HKP)と相乗的に作用する。
実施例4 ABI−007のメトロノーム投与:ナノ粒子アルブミン結合パクリタキセルの抗血管新生作用及び抗腫瘍作用
実施例4a
方法:ABI−007の抗血管新生作用を、ラット動脈輪、ヒト臍帯静脈内皮細胞(HUVEC)増殖及び管形成(tube formation)アッセイにより評価した。メトロノーム投与におけるABI−007の至適用量を、Balb/c非担癌マウス(n=5/群、用量:1〜30mg/kg、i.p.、毎日×7)の末梢血の循環血管内皮前駆細胞(CEP)の量をフローサイトメトリーで測定することによって決定した(Shaked,et al.,Cancer Cell,7:101−111(2005))。次に、メトロノーム(毎日、i.p.)及びMTD(毎日×5、1サイクル、i.v.)投与法によるABI−007及びタキソール(登録商標)の抗腫瘍作用を評価し、ヒトMDA−MD−231乳癌及びPC3前立腺癌異種移植片を有するSCIDマウスで比較した。
実施例4b
ラット動脈輪アッセイ。12穴組織培養プレートにMatrigel(Collaborative Biomedical Products[米国マサチューセッツ州ベッドフォード])をコーティングし、37℃で30分間及び5%CO2でゲル化させた。8〜10週齢の雄のSprague−Dawleyラットから胸部大動脈を摘出し、長さ1mmの輪切りにし、Matrigelをコーティングしたウェルに入れ、追加のMatrigelで覆った。Matrigelの二層目を入れた後、動脈輪をEGM−IIで覆い、37℃及び5%CO2で一晩インキュベートした。EGM−IIは、内皮細胞基礎培地(EBM−II;Cambrex[米国メリーランド州ウォーカーズビル])とEGM−II Bulletkit(Cambrex)として提供される内皮細胞増殖因子からなる。その後、培地を、2%FBS、0.25μg/mLアンフォテリシンB及び10μg/mLのゲンタマイシンを追加したEBM−IIに変更した。動脈輪を、ビヒクル(0.9%生食水/アルブミン)、カルボキシアミドトリアゾール(CAI;12μg/mL)又はABI−007(0.05〜10nMパクリタキセル)を含有するEBM−IIで4日間処理し、5日目に写真撮影した。既知の抗血管新生薬であるCAIを臨床で達成可能な濃度よりも高濃度で使用して、陽性対照とした。4匹のラットの動脈を使用して、実験を4回繰り返した。血管発芽の面積を平方ピクセルで報告し、Adobe Photoshop 6.0を使用して定量化した。
Matrigelに500ng/mLの塩基性線維芽細胞増殖因子(bFGF;R&D
Systems Inc.[米国ミネソタ州ミネアポリス])を添加したものを、0日目に10週齢の雌のBalb/cJマウスの横腹に皮下投与した。3日目に、マウスを8群(それぞれn=5)に無作為に割り当てた。各群に、0.9%生食水/アルブミンビヒクル対照、クレモフォール(登録商標)ELビヒクル対照、メトロノーム法によるタキソール(登録商標)(1.3mg/kg、腹腔内投与、毎日)、メトロノーム法によるABI−007(パクリタキセルとして3、6又は10mg/kg、腹腔内投与、毎日)、MTDのタキソール(登録商標)(13mg/kg、腹腔内投与、毎日×5を1サイクルとする)又はMTDのABI−007(パクリタキセルとして30mg/kg、静脈内投与、毎日×5を1サイクルとする)の何れかを投与した。陰性対照として、更に5例の雌の同週齢のBalb/cJマウスにMatrigelのみを注射した。10日目に、全てのマウスに25mg/mL FITC−デキストラン(Sigma[米国ミズーリ州セントルイス])0.02mLを静脈内注射した。続いて血漿試料を採取した。Matrigelプラグを除去し、Dispase(Collaborative Biomedical Products[米国マサチューセッツ州ベッドフォード])と共に一晩37℃でインキュベートした後、ホモジナイズした。FL600蛍光プレートリーダーを使用して、蛍光の測定を行った。血管新生の反応は、血漿の蛍光に対するMatrigelプラグの蛍光の比として示した。
実施例5 ナノ粒子アルブミン結合IDN5109(nab−5109)が、Tween(登録商標)配合剤(Tween(登録商標)−5109、Ortataxel)に比べて有効性に優れ、毒性が低いことを示す。
実施例6 ナノ粒子アルブミン結合(nab)二量体チオコルヒチンであるnab−5404、nab−5800及びnab−5801:アブラキサンTM及びイリノテカンとの抗腫瘍作用の比較評価
方法:ナノ粒子コルヒチンをnab技術を使用して調製した。ヒトMX−1乳癌培養物を使用して、細胞毒性をin vitroで評価した。ヌードマウスにおけるin vivoの抗腫瘍活性(ヒトHT29大腸癌異種移植片)を、イリノテカン及びアブラキサンTMと比較した。nab−コルヒチン及びイリノテカンの用量は20mg/kg、30mg/kg及び40mg/kgとし、3日毎×4回静脈内投与した。アブラキサンTMはそのMTDである30mg/kgを毎日×5回投与した。
実施例7 アブラキサンTMとTaxotere(登録商標):毒性及び有効性の前臨床比較試験
方法:アブラキサンTMとTaxotere(登録商標)の毒性を、ヌードマウスを使用して薬剤を4日毎×3回のスケジュールで投与する用量範囲探索試験で比較した。用量レベルはTaxotere(登録商標)7、15、22、33及び50mg/kg及びABX 15、30、60、120及び240mg/kgであった。アブラキサンTM及びTaxotere(登録商標)の抗腫瘍活性を、15mg/kgの3週間の毎週投与により、ヒトMX−1乳癌異種移植片を有するヌードマウスで比較した。
実施例8 チューブリン及びトポイソメラーゼ−1に対する二重の作用機序を有するナノ粒子アルブミン結合チオコルヒチン二量体(nab−5404):In vitro及びin vivo活性の評価
方法:IDN5404の細胞毒性を、MCF7−S乳癌及びその多剤耐性系であるMCF7−R(pgp+)を使用して試験した。その細胞毒性も、NCI−60ヒト腫瘍細胞系パネルで評価した。ナノ粒子アルブミン結合nab−5404を種々のスケジュールで、ヒトA121卵巣癌異種移植片を植え込まれたSCIDマウスに静脈内投与した。
実施例9 アブラキサンTMと他の薬剤の併用試験
アブラキサンTM(ABX、ナノ粒子アルブミン結合パクリタキセル)は上記のように有益な特性を有することから、多数の試験において種々の投与法及びスケジュールで、他の抗癌剤並びに放射線療法と併用して使用され、今も使用され続けている。以下にその一覧を示す。
本明細書に記載のナノ粒子発明薬剤は毒性が低いため、他の抗癌剤及び他の治療法との併用でより有益な転帰を得ることができる。これらには、パクリタキセル、ドセタキセル、他のタキサン及び類似体、ゲルダナマイシン、コルヒチン及び類似体、コンブレタスタチン及び類似体、疎水性ピリミジン化合物、ロマイビチシン及びロマイビチシンをコア構造とする化合物を含む類似体、エポチロン及び類似体、ディスコデルモリド及び類似体等のナノ粒子形態が含まれる。本発明の薬剤は、パクリタキセル、ドセタキセル、カルボプラチン、シスプラチン、その他の白金製剤、ドキソルビシン、エピルビシン、シクロホスファミド、イホスファミド、ゲムシタビン、カペシタビン、ビノレルビン、トポテカン、イリノテカン、タモキシフェン、カンポトテシン、5−FU、EMP、エトポシド、メトトレキセート等と併用することができる。
実施例11 アブラキサンTMとカルボプラチン及びHerceptin(登録商標)の併用
タキソール(登録商標)とカルボプラチンの併用は、転移性乳癌において著明な有効性を示してきた。この併用療法では、週毎のスケジュールでタキソール(登録商標)の用量はわずかに80mg/m2以下である。毒性のため、これよりも高用量は忍容されない。又、Herceptin(登録商標)をこの併用療法に組み入れると、HER2陽性個体はより大きな利益を得ることができる。このオープンラベル第II相臨床試験は、ABI−007(アブラキサンTM)とこれらの薬剤との相乗効果を確認するために実施された。実際の試験を開始して、HER−2陽性個体におけるABI−007/カルボプラチンとHerceptin(登録商標)の安全性及び抗腫瘍作用を評価した。ABI−007は、HER−2陽性進行性乳癌を来した個体に、カルボプラチン及びHerceptin(登録商標)と共に、毎週静脈内投与された。3例のコホート集団に75mg/m2のABI−007を静脈内投与した後、標的部位でAUC=2のカルボプラチンを毎週及びHerceptin(登録商標)の注入(1週目は4mg/kg、続く週は全て2mg/kg)を1サイクル実施した。これらの個体は皆その後の全てのサイクルにおいても薬剤を極めてよく忍容し、ABI−007の用量は100mg/m2まで上昇した。個体6例が今日まで投与を受けた。効果を評価された個体4例のうち、全4例(100%)で奏功がみられた。アブラキサンTMの毒性が低いため、タキソール(登録商標)に比べてより高用量のパクリタキセルを投与することができ、個体に利益をもたらしたことは特筆に価する。
実施例12 アブラキサンTMとカルボプラチンの併用
タキソール(登録商標)とカルボプラチンの併用療法は肺癌において著明な有効性を示してきた。肺癌個体を対象とした3週毎のアブラキサンTMとカルボプラチンの併用に関する別の試験が実施中である。
実施例13 放射線療法とアブラキサンTMの併用
実施例13a
アブラキサンTMは放射線療法と併用されると、治療的効果が増強され、正常組織の毒性も低減される。アブラキサンTMを使用して、腫瘍に対する放射線療法の治療効果を高め、単一及び分画照射に対する腫瘍の反応を高め、放射線に対する正常組織の反応を高め、放射線療法の治療指数を高める。
実施例13b
本試験の目的は、ABI−007が(a)単独の薬剤としてマウス卵巣癌OCa−1に対して相乗的な腫瘍活性を有するかどうか、又(b)前述の実施例で説明したような併用療法に以下の変更を加えた場合、OCa−1の放射線に対する反応を増強させるかどうかを評価することであった。
実施例14 アブラキサンTM及びチロシンキナーゼ阻害剤の併用
ゲフィチニブのパルス投与とアブラキサンTMの使用の併用は、EGFR過剰発現腫瘍の増殖を阻害するのに有用である。120匹のヌードマウスにBT474腫瘍細胞を接種して、BT474異種移植片腫瘍の担癌マウスを少なくとも90匹作製し、それを18処置群(各5匹)に分割する。第1群マウスには対照物質を静脈内投与する。その他の全てのマウスにはアブラキサンTM 50mg/kgを週1回、3週間にわたって静脈内投与する。第2群にはアブラキサンTMのみを投与する。第3、4、5、6、7、8群には、週1回アブラキサンTMを投与する2日前から、ゲフィチニブのパルス投与を用量を増加させて実施する。第9、10、11、12、13群には、週1回アブラキサンTMを投与する1日前から、ゲフィチニブのパルス投与を用量を増加させて実施する。第14、15、16、17、18群には、週1回アブラキサンTMを投与すると共に、ゲフィチニブの毎日投与を用量を増加させて実施する。アブラキサンTMの毎週投与の1又は2日前にパルス投与できるか、アブラキサンTMと共に継続投与できるゲフィチニブの最大耐量を設定する。更に、抗腫瘍作用を測定することで、用量反応関係が存在するかどうか、又2日パルス投与と1日パルス投与の何れが優れているのかが判定される。これらのデータを使用して、パルス投与のゲフィチニブの至適用量、及びアブラキサンTMと併用する毎日継続投与のゲフィチニブの至適用量を選択する。
実施例15 進行HER2陽性乳癌の初回治療としての用量強化nabTMパクリタキセル(アブラキサンTM)、カルボプラチン及びトラスツズマブの毎週投与に関する第II相臨床試験
本試験の目的は、進行/転移性(ステージIV腺癌)HER2過剰発現乳癌の個体に対する初回細胞毒性治療として用量強化トラスツズマブ/アブラキサンTM/カルボプラチンの毎週投与の(1)安全性及び忍容性及び(2)客観的奏功率を評価することである。トラスツズマブはモノクローナル抗体であり、Herceptin(登録商標)とも呼ばれ、erbB2受容体の細胞外領域に結合する。
実施例16 転移性乳癌の初回治療におけるカペシタビンとnabTMパクリタキセル(アブラキサンTM)の併用に関する第II相臨床試験
本第II相臨床試験の目的は、カペシタビンとアブラキサンTMの併用投与を受けたMBC個体における安全性、有効性(進行までの期間及び全体的生存率)及びQOLを評価することであった。カペシタビンはカルバミン酸フルオロピリミジンであり、Xeloda(登録商標)とも呼ばれ、単独及びタキサン類との併用でMBCの処置において実質的な有効性を示してきた。
実施例17 早期の乳癌患者に対する用量強化ドキソルビシンとシクロホスファミドの投与後のnab−パクリタキセル(アブラキサンTM)の使用に関するパイロット試験
本試験の目的は、早期の乳癌における用量強化ドキソルビシン(アドリアマイシン)とシクロホスファミドの投与後のアブラキサンTMの使用の毒性を評価することであった。
実施例18 転移性乳癌の初回治療としてのnab−パクリタキセル(アブラキサンTM)の毎週投与及びHER−2/neu陽性患者に対するトラスツズマブの追加併用
本試験の目的は、アブラキサンの毎週投与を初回治療にし、HER2/neu陽性患者に対してトラスツズマブを追加併用することであった。
実施例19 nab−パクリタキセル(アブラキサンTM)及びカルボプラチンの第I相臨床試験
本試験の目的は、カルボプラチンAUC=6と併用するアブラキサンTMの最大耐量を決定し(毎週及び3週毎の両方)、投与順序が薬物動態(PK)に与える影響を比較することであった。
実施例20 局所進行性/炎症性乳癌における用量強化ゲムシタビン、エピルビシン及びnab−パクリタキセル(アブラキサンTM)(GEA)の第II相臨床試験
オープンラベルの第II相臨床試験において、誘導/ネオアジュバント療法の投与計画を局所手術を行う前に実施した。投与計画は、ゲムシタビン2000mg/m2を2週毎に6サイクル静脈内投与、エピルビシン50mg/m2を2週毎に6サイクル、アブラキサンTM 175mg/m2を2週毎に6サイクル投与し、それに追加して、ペグフィルグラスチム6mgをDay2に2週毎に皮下投与するというものであった。局所手術後の術後/アジュバント療法の投与計画は、ゲムシタビン2000mg/m2を2週毎に4サイクル、アブラキサンTM 220mg/m2を2週毎に4サイクル及びペグフィルグラスチム6mgをDay2に2週毎に皮下投与するというものであった。組織学的に確定された局所進行性/炎症性乳腺癌を有する女性を患者群に組み入れた。
実施例21 アブラキサンTMと併用するnab−ラパマイシンの血管平滑筋細胞に対する細胞毒性
濃度を漸増させたnab−ラパマイシン及び0、1、10又は100μMのアブラキサンTM(ABI−007)を入れた96穴プレートに、血管平滑筋細胞(VSMC)を播種した。nab−ラパマイシン及びアブラキサンTMの細胞毒性を評価するため、処理したVSMCをエチジウムホモダイマー1(Invitrogen,Carlsbad CA)で染色し、赤蛍光で解析した。エチジウムホモダイマー1は核酸に高親和性の蛍光染色液であり、死亡細胞の不全の細胞膜を通過して核酸を染色することのみが可能である。図7Aに示す通り、nab−ラパマイシンはそれ自体で、蛍光の増加が示すように細胞を用量依存的に死滅させる作用を示した。nab−ラパマイシンによる細胞死滅は、1μM又は10μMのアブラキサンTMによっては増強されなかった。しかし、100μMのアブラキサンTMによっては大いに増強された(ANOVA、p<0.0001)。図7Aに示すエチジウムホモダイマー1で染色した細胞を、カルセインにも曝露した。カルセインAM(Invitrogen)は、非特異的な細胞質エステラーゼにより蛍光カルセインに加水分解される非蛍光分子である。カルセインAMに曝露された生存細胞は、蛍光産物を生成しそれを保持することができるため、明るい緑色の蛍光を発する。図7Bに示す通り、nab−ラパマイシンは、カルセインによる蛍光染色の量の減少が示すように用量依存性の細胞毒性を示した。この蛍光の減少は、アブラキサンTMとのインキュベーションで用量依存的に増強された。全ての濃度のアブラキサンTMでANOVA統計によればp<0.0001であった。
実施例22 アブラキサンTMと併用するnab−ラパマイシンのHT29(ヒト大腸癌)腫瘍異種移植片に対する細胞毒性
ヌードマウスの右横腹に106のHT29細胞を植え込んだ。腫瘍が触知できるようになり、100〜200mm3を超えた時点で投与を開始した。マウスを4群に無作為に割り当てた(各群でn=8)。第1群には生食水を週に3回、4週間静脈内投与した。第2群にはアブラキサンTM 10mg/kgを毎日5日間腹腔内投与した。第3群にはnab−ラパマイシン40mg/kgを週に3回、4週間静脈内投与した。第4群にはnab−ラパマイシン(40mg/kgを週に3回、4週間静脈内投与)及びアブラキサンTM(10mg/kgを毎日5日間腹腔内投与)の両方を投与した。図8に示す通り、腫瘍抑制作用はアブラキサンTMとnab−ラパマイシンの併用群が何れの単独処置群に比べても高かった。
実施例23 アブラキサンTMと併用するnab−ラパマイシンのH358(ヒト肺癌)腫瘍異種移植片に対する細胞毒性
ヌードマウスの右横腹に106のHT29細胞を植え込んだ。腫瘍が触知できるようになり、100〜200mm3を超えた時点で投与を開始した。マウスを4群に無作為に割り当てた(各群でn=8)。第1群には生食水を週に3回、4週間静脈内投与した。第2群にはアブラキサンTM 10mg/kgを毎日5日間腹腔内投与した。第3群にはnab−17−AAG 80mg/kgを週に3回、4週間静脈内投与した。第4群にはnab−17−AAG(80mg/kgを週に3回、4週間静脈内投与)及びアブラキサンTM(10mg/kgを毎日5日間腹腔内投与)の両方を投与した。図9に示す通り、腫瘍抑制作用はアブラキサンTMとnab−ラパマイシンの併用群が何れの単独処置群に比べても高かった。
Claims (17)
- (a)パクリタキセルおよびアルブミンを含むナノ粒子ならびに(b)抗VEGF抗体を含む、個体において癌を処置するための組成物であって、前記組成物中の前記ナノ粒子の平均直径が約200nm以下であり、前記組成物中のアルブミンおよびパクリタキセルの重量比が約9:1〜約1:1である、組成物。
- 前記抗VEGF抗体がベバシズマブである、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記組成物中の前記パクリタキセルおよび前記抗VEGF抗体の重量比が約0.01:1〜約100:1である、請求項1または2に記載の組成物。
- 前記組成物中の前記パクリタキセルおよび前記抗VEGF抗体の重量比が1抗VEGF抗体に対して30パクリタキセル未満である、請求項3に記載の組成物。
- 前記組成物中の前記パクリタキセルおよび前記抗VEGF抗体の重量比が1抗VEGF抗体に対して10パクリタキセル未満である、請求項4に記載の組成物。
- 前記組成物中の前記パクリタキセルおよび前記抗VEGF抗体の重量比が約2:1〜約3:1である、請求項5に記載の組成物。
- 前記組成物が白金系薬剤をさらに含む、請求項1〜6のいずれかに記載の組成物。
- 前記白金系薬剤がカルボプラチンである、請求項7に記載の組成物。
- 前記ナノ粒子がアルブミンでコーティングされたパクリタキセルを含む、請求項1〜8のいずれかに記載の組成物。
- 生食水をさらに含む、請求項1〜9のいずれかに記載の組成物。
- 薬学的に許容される調剤をさらに含む、請求項1〜10のいずれかに記載の組成物。
- 前記組成物が静脈内に投与される、請求項1〜11のいずれかに記載の組成物。
- 前記個体がヒトである、請求項1〜12のいずれかに記載の組成物。
- 前記癌が進行期にある、請求項1〜13のいずれかに記載の組成物。
- 前記癌がメラノーマである、請求項1〜14のいずれかに記載の組成物。
- 前記メラノーマが転移性メラノーマである、請求項15に記載の組成物。
- 前記癌が乳癌である、請求項1〜14のいずれかに記載の組成物。
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