JP6504507B2 - リチウム電池 - Google Patents
リチウム電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6504507B2 JP6504507B2 JP2015544784A JP2015544784A JP6504507B2 JP 6504507 B2 JP6504507 B2 JP 6504507B2 JP 2015544784 A JP2015544784 A JP 2015544784A JP 2015544784 A JP2015544784 A JP 2015544784A JP 6504507 B2 JP6504507 B2 JP 6504507B2
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- positive electrode
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- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 53
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 53
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 62
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 claims description 45
- 229910013063 LiBF 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 41
- AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L hydroxy(oxo)manganese;manganese Chemical compound [Mn].O[Mn]=O.O[Mn]=O AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 28
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical class [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 25
- 229910013684 LiClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 19
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000005676 cyclic carbonates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 22
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 19
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 13
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 13
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 13
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000004734 Polyphenylene sulfide Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229920000069 polyphenylene sulfide Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229910000733 Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000001989 lithium alloy Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 6
- NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese dioxide Chemical compound O=[Mn]=O NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 4
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 4
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 4
- PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium fluoride Chemical compound [Li+].[F-] PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 4
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910021383 artificial graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000003273 ketjen black Substances 0.000 description 3
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxolane Chemical compound C1COCO1 WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006231 channel black Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002657 fibrous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006232 furnace black Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006233 lamp black Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PPNAOCWZXJOHFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Mn+2] PPNAOCWZXJOHFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- QLOAVXSYZAJECW-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane;molecular fluorine Chemical compound C.FF QLOAVXSYZAJECW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000005010 perfluoroalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000005003 perfluorobutyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)* 0.000 description 2
- 125000005004 perfluoroethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)* 0.000 description 2
- 125000005009 perfluoropropyl group Chemical group FC(C(C(F)(F)F)(F)F)(F)* 0.000 description 2
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002006 petroleum coke Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000006234 thermal black Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000002023 trifluoromethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)* 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZZXUZKXVROWEIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-butylene carbonate Chemical compound CCC1COC(=O)O1 ZZXUZKXVROWEIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LZDKZFUFMNSQCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-diethoxyethane Chemical compound CCOCCOCC LZDKZFUFMNSQCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyltetrahydrofuran Chemical compound CC1CCCO1 JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910013075 LiBF Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002845 Poly(methacrylic acid) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000875 corresponding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KLKFAASOGCDTDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethoxymethoxyethane Chemical compound CCOCOCC KLKFAASOGCDTDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 description 1
- 229920001973 fluoroelastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910021385 hard carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011548 physical evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920005672 polyolefin resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 238000004080 punching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021384 soft carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
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- H01M10/4235—Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
-
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- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
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- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
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- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
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- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
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- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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- Secondary Cells (AREA)
Description
本実施形態に係るリチウム電池は、正極と、正極と対向配置された負極と、リチウムイオン伝導性を有する非水電解質と、を備える。正極と負極との間には、非水電解質を保持することが可能な多孔質材料で構成されたセパレータを介在させることが好ましい。
《実施例1》
(1)正極の作製
二酸化マンガン100質量部に対し、導電材としてケッチェンブラック5質量部と、結着剤としてポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)5質量部とを添加し、十分に混合して、正極合剤を調製した。正極は、正極合剤を直径15mm、厚み3.0mmの円盤状に成形した後、200℃で乾燥することにより作製した。
厚み1.0mmの金属リチウムからなるシートを直径16mmの円盤状に打ち抜いて、これを負極とした。
プロピレンカーボネート(PC)と1,2−ジメトキシエタン(DME)とを体積比1:1で混合して非水溶媒を得た。この非水溶媒を用いて、溶質としてLiClO4を0.5mol/Lの割合で含み、かつLiBF4を2.0質量%の割合で含む非水電解質を調製した。溶質にはLiClO4を単独で用いた。溶質(LiClO4)100質量部に対するLiBF4の割合は、約42.0質量部である。
開口を有するステンレス鋼製の有底の電池ケース(正極端子)を準備し、その内側に正極とセパレータをこの順に配置した。セパレータには、厚み0.45mmのポリフェニレンサルファイド(PPS)製の不織布を用いた。一方、周縁部にPPS製のガスケットが配されたステンレス鋼製の封口板(負極端子)を準備し、その内面に負極を貼り付け、更に、円盤状の炭素材料と保持材料との複合物を負極の表面(正極との対向面)に貼り付けた。電池ケースの内部に非水電解質を注入し、正極およびセパレータを非水電解質と接触させた後、電池ケースの開口を封口板で塞ぎ、電池ケースの開口端部を封口板の周縁部に加締めた。こうして、図1に示すようなコイン型リチウム電池(電池A1)を得た。
非水電解質中にLiBF4を添加しなかったこと以外、電池A1と同様にして、コイン型リチウム電池(電池B)を作製した。
非水電解質中にLiBF4を添加せず、かつ、炭素材料と保持材料との複合物を負極の表面(正極との対向面)に貼り付けなかったこと以外、電池A1と同様にして、コイン型リチウム電池(電池C)を作製した。
非水電解質に含まれるLiBF4の割合を1.0質量%に変更したこと以外、電池A1と同様にして、コイン型リチウム電池(電池A2)を作製した。
非水電解質に含まれるLiBF4の割合を3.0質量%に変更したこと以外、電池A1と同様にして、コイン型リチウム電池(電池A3)を作製した。
非水電解質に含まれるLiBF4の割合を4.0質量%に変更したこと以外、電池A1と同様にして、コイン型リチウム電池(電池A4)を作製した。
非水電解質に含まれるLiBF4の割合を5.0質量%に変更したこと以外、電池A1と同様にして、コイン型リチウム電池(電池A5)を作製した。
上記実施例および比較例の電池について、以下の評価を行った。
<高温保存後の低温パルス電圧>
[評価1]
各電池を105℃の環境下に2000時間保存し、所定時間を経過する毎に、各電池を−40℃の環境下に移動させて3時間放置した。電池表面の温度が−40℃に低下した後、パルス電圧(V)(CCV(Closed-circuit-voltage):10mAで200ms放電後の電圧)を求めた。測定結果を図2および図3に示す。
炭素材料と保持材料との複合物を負極の表面(正極との対向面)に貼り付けなかったこと以外、電池A1と同様にして、コイン型リチウム電池(電池D1)を作製した。
非水電解質に含まれるLiBF4の割合を3.0質量%に変更したこと以外、電池D1と同様にして、コイン型リチウム電池(電池D2)を作製した。
非水電解質に含まれるLiBF4の割合を4.0質量%に変更したこと以外、電池D1と同様にして、コイン型リチウム電池(電池D3)を作製した。
<高温保存後の低温パルス電圧>
[評価2]
各電池を100℃の環境下に1000時間保存し、所定時間を経過する毎に、各電池を−40℃の環境下に移動させて3時間放置した。電池表面の温度が−40℃に低下した後、パルス電圧(V)(CCV:8mAで200ms放電後の電圧)を求めた。測定結果を図4に示す。
正極活物質としてフッ化黒鉛を含む正極を用いたこと以外、電池A1と同様にして、コイン型リチウム電池(A6)を作製した。
正極は、以下の要領で作製した。
石油コークスをフッ素化し、正極活物質であるフッ化黒鉛(CF1.05)を調製した。このフッ化黒鉛と、導電材であるアセチレンブラックと、結着剤であるスチレンブタジエンゴム(SBR)とを100:15:6の質量比で混合した。この混合物に、水とイソプロピルアルコールを加え、十分に混練し、正極合剤を得た。得られた正極合剤を100℃で乾燥させた後、直径15mm、厚み3.0mmの円盤状のペレットに成形した。その後、ペレットを100℃で24時間乾燥して正極として用いた。
[評価3]
評価1と同じ条件で、電池A6を105℃で1000時間保存後の低温パルス特性を測定したところ、8mAで200ms放電後のCCVは2.1Vであった。以上より、正極活物質としてフッ化黒鉛を用いた電池A2も、二酸化マンガンを用いた電池A1と同様に、高温保存後の低温パルス特性が優れていることが示された。
Claims (6)
- 正極と、リチウムを含む負極と、リチウムイオン伝導性を有する非水電解質と、を備え、
前記正極は、マンガン酸化物およびフッ化黒鉛よりなる群から選択される少なくとも一種を含み、
前記正極と対向する前記負極の表面の少なくとも一部に、粉末状または繊維状の炭素材料が付着しており、
前記非水電解質が、非水溶媒と、溶質と、添加剤と、を含み、
前記溶質は、LiClO4を含み、
前記添加剤は、LiBF4である、リチウム電池。 - 前記溶質の100質量部に対して、前記LiBF4の割合は1〜100質量部である、請求項1に記載のリチウム電池。
- 前記非水溶媒は、環状炭酸エステルと、鎖状エーテルと、を含む、請求項1または2に記載のリチウム電池。
- 前記環状炭酸エステルは、プロピレンカーボネートを含み、
前記鎖状エーテルは、ジメトキシエタンを含み、
前記非水電解質は、前記プロピレンカーボネートおよび前記ジメトキシエタンを40〜98質量%の割合で含む、請求項3に記載のリチウム電池。 - 前記正極および前記負極が、いずれも円盤状である、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載のリチウム電池。
- 前記非水電解質は、前記LiBF4を1〜5質量%の割合で含む、請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載のリチウム電池。
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