JP6462748B2 - 光により制御される中枢神経系(cns)機能不全 - Google Patents
光により制御される中枢神経系(cns)機能不全 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本願は、それぞれの内容の全体が参照により本明細書に組み込まれる、2010年11月5日に提出された米国特許仮出願番号第61/410,748号および2011年3月8日に提出された米国特許仮出願番号第61/464,806号の優先権の利益を主張するものである。
不安感は、目下の脅威が無い状況で、高まった心配が持続する状態であり、病的な状態では、非常に心身を衰弱させるものとなる。不安障害は、精神病のうちで最も一般的なものを代表し(28%の生涯有病率を有する)、そして、大うつ病と物質乱用の原因論と関係づけられている。感情処理に重要な脳の領域である扁桃体が不安感について役割を担うと長らく仮定されてきたが、不安感を制御、仲介する神経メカニズムは未だ特定されていない。不安障害は高い有病率を持ち、そして、深刻であるにも関わらず、対応する神経回路基質の理解は不十分であり、安全で効果的な治療の開発を妨げている。利用可能な治療法は効果が一貫しない傾向にあり、または、ベンゾジアゼピン類の場合、常習性になり、認知障害や死を引き起こすこともありうる鎮静状態と呼吸抑制を含む顕著な副作用に直結する傾向がある。哺乳類の脳における不安感の制御機構のより深い理解が、副作用がより少ない、より効果的な治療法を開発するために必要である。自然の不安緩解の経路をリクルートする可能性が特に興味深く、そして、新しい。
本開示は、本明細書において記載されるような、不安感および不安症状を伴う障害などの神経系障害の制御に関連する。本開示は、必ずしも、これらの状況に限定されないが、これらの状況および他の状況を用いて実施例を考察することにより、本発明の様々な態様を理解することができる。
表1は、可視光のスペクトルでの細胞活性の抑制に働く特定されたオプシンを示す。
本開示は不安状態および/または不安症状の制御に有用であると考えられる。本発明の具体的な応用は、不安状態および/または不安症状に関係した神経回路の時間的制御、空間的制御および/または細胞種的制御を関連付ける光遺伝学的システムまたは方法に関連する。本明細書において開示される例示的実施形態の多くの態様がこの分野のこれまでの発展に関連し、顕著にもそれをもとにしているので、実施例において見いだされるものを含む、発明の実施の詳細と変更を引き出し得る基礎と基礎をなす教示についてのしっかりとした理解をもたらすために、次の考察でそのようなこれまでの発展について概要を述べる。この文脈で、以下の考察が提供され、参考文献の教示が参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。本発明は必ずしもそのような応用に限定されるものではないが、この文脈を用いて、様々な例の考察を通して本発明の様々な態様が理解され得る。
不安感は、目下の脅威が無い状況で、高まった心配が持続する状態であり、病的な状態では、非常に心身を衰弱させるものとなる1。不安障害は、精神病のうちで最も一般的なものを代表し(28%の生涯有病率を有する)2、そして、大うつ病と物質乱用の原因論と関係づけられている3〜5。感情の処理に重要な脳の領域である扁桃体9〜17が不安感に役割を担うと長らく仮定されてきたが18〜23、不安感を制御、仲介する神経メカニズムは未だ特定されていない。本明細書で、我々は、不安感関連行動の根底にある神経回路を特定するために、細胞種特異的光遺伝学的ツールを二光子顕微鏡法、電気生理学および自由に動くマウスでの不安感測定法と組み合わせる。細胞種だけではなく細胞間の特定の結合を制御するために光遺伝学のユニークな能力24〜26を利用して、我々は、ChR2によるBLAのウイルス性形質導入とそれに続く下流CeAでの限定的な照明により分析されて、扁桃体中心核(CeA)中の基底外側扁桃体(BLA)末端の時間的に正確な光遺伝学的刺激が甚大で即時の、そして、可逆的な抗不安効果を及ぼすことを観察した。逆に、eNpHR3.025を用いる同じ限定された投射の選択的光遺伝学的抑制が不安感関連行動を強力に、迅速に、そして、可逆的に増加させた。重要なことに、これらの効果はBLA細胞体そのものの直接的光遺伝学的制御では観察されなかった。まとめると、これらの結果は、回路の要素としての特定のBLA−CeA投射が哺乳類の脳における内在性の不安感制御に必要であると共に充分であることを意味し、そして、細胞種よりもむしろ特定の投射を光遺伝学的に標的とすることの精神疾患に関連の神経回路機能の研究における重要性を示す。
対象:実験法開始エポックで4〜6週齢のオスC57BL/6マウスを反転型12時間明暗サイクル、自由飲食条件で飼育した。図3、4および5に示される動物(ChR2末端グループ、EYFP末端グループおよびChR2細胞体グループのマウス)は、不安感のベースラインレベルを上昇させるために典型的な高トラフィックマウス飼育施設に全て1匹ずつ飼育された。マウスはそれぞれ1つの処理グループに属した。図6に示される動物(両側性EYFPグループおよびeNpHR3.0グループ)は、不安感のベースラインレベルを低下させるために特別な低トラフィックマウス飼育施設に集団で飼育された。我々の動物の動物管理と実験操作の全ての態様は米国国立衛生研究所のガイドラインに準拠しており、そして、スタンフォード機関内動物実験委員会のメンバーにより認可されたものである。
μは全ての細胞での総平均であり(観察値の収集におけるij番目の「細胞」とはi番目の条件、j番目の処理に対応する)
ciは(複数の)処理でのi番目の動物条件に起因する固定効果(例えば、遺伝学的操作)であり、
tjは(複数の)条件でのj番目の処理に起因する固定効果(例えば、ライト・オンまたはライト・オフ)であり、
(c:t)ijはij番目の細胞でのi番目の条件とj番目の処理の相互作用に起因する固定効果であり、
bjは(複数の)処理で用いられる動物に対応するランダム効果であり、そして、
eijkは、平均値が0で分散がσ2であり、全てのjについてbjに独立した、独立同分布(i.i.d.)ランダム正規外乱である。
BLA細胞は、分界条床核(BNST)、側坐核、海馬および皮質への投射を含む、脳全体に渡って乱雑な投射を有する38、43。BLA−CeLシナプスが必然的に不安感に関与し得るかどうか試験するために、したがって、他のBLA投射を直接影響することなくCeL中のBLA末端を選択的に制御する方法を開発することが必要であった。BLA−CeLシナプスを優先的に標的とするために、我々はオプシン遺伝子の発現をBLAグルタミン酸作動性投射ニューロンに限定し、そして、光送達をCeAに限定した。CaMKIIαプロモーターの制御下にある光活性化光遺伝学的制御遺伝子を有するアデノ随伴ウイルス(AAV5)ベクターを用いてBLAグルタミン酸作動性投射ニューロンの制御が達成された。BLA内では、CaMKIIαはグルタミン酸作動性錐体ニューロンだけで発現し、局所性インターニューロンまたは介在細胞では発現しない48。CeA投射へ光を優先的に送達するために、BLAへの光送達を防ぎ、そして、CeAの選択的照明を可能にするためにCeL上に斜めに切ったガイドカニューレを埋め込むと共に、定位ガイダンスの下、BLAにウイルスを片側的に送達した(図7および8)。その結果の光の分布についての幾何的および機能的特質は、BLA細胞体ではなくBLA末端の選択的制御についての光パワーパラメータを判定するために、インビトロとインビボの両方で、インビボ電気生理学的レコーディングを用いて定量され得る(図9)。
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1. BLAのグルタミン酸作動性錐体ニューロンにおいて発現する光反応性オプシンを含む動物であって、前記オプシンが光による過分極を誘導するオプシンであり、BLA−CeLにおける前記オプシンの選択的照明により不安感が誘発される、動物。
2. 前記オプシンが、NpHR、BR、ARおよびGtR3からなる群より選択される、実施形態1に記載の動物。
3. BLAのグルタミン酸作動性錐体ニューロンにおいて発現する第2の光反応性オプシンをさらに含み、前記第2オプシンが光による脱分極を誘導するオプシンであり、BLA−CeLにおける前記第2オプシンの選択的照明により不安感が軽減される、実施形態1に記載の動物。
4. 前記第2オプシンが、ChR2、VChR1およびDChRからなる群より選択される、実施形態3に記載の動物。
5. BLAのグルタミン酸作動性錐体ニューロンにおいて発現する光反応性オプシンを含む動物であって、前記オプシンが光による脱分極を誘導するオプシンであり、BLA−CeLにおける前記オプシンの選択的照明により不安感が軽減される、動物。
6. 前記オプシンが、ChR2、VChR1およびDChRからなる群より選択される、実施形態5に記載の動物。
7. 個体のBLAのグルタミン酸作動性錐体ニューロンに核酸を送達するためのベクターであって、光反応性オプシンをコードし、前記グルタミン酸作動性錐体ニューロンにおける前記オプシンの特異的な発現を制御するプロモーターに機能的に連結した核酸を含む、ベクター。
8. 前記オプシンをコードする前記核酸がCaMKIIαプロモーターに機能的に連結した、実施形態7に記載のベクター。
9. 前記ベクターがAAVベクターである、実施形態7に記載のベクター。
10. 前記オプシンが光による脱分極を誘導するオプシンであって、BLA−CeLにおける前記オプシンの選択的照明が不安感を軽減する、実施形態7に記載のベクター。
11. 前記オプシンが、ChR2、VChR1およびDChRからなる群より選択される、実施形態10に記載のベクター。
12. 前記オプシンが光による過分極を誘導するオプシンであって、BLA−CeLにおける前記オプシンの選択的照明が不安感を誘発する、実施形態7に記載のベクター。
13. 前記オプシンが、NpHR、BR、ARおよびGtR3からなる群より選択される、実施形態12に記載のベクター。
14. 前記個体がマウスまたはラットである、実施形態7に記載のベクター。
15. 個体のBLAのグルタミン酸作動性錐体ニューロンに核酸を送達する方法であって、光反応性オプシンをコードし、前記グルタミン酸作動性錐体ニューロンにおける前記オプシンの特異的な発現を制御するプロモーターに機能的に連結した核酸を含むベクターの有効量を前記個体に投与することを含む、方法。
16. BLA、CeLおよびCeMを含む冠状断脳組織薄片であって、前記BLAの前記グルタミン酸作動性錐体ニューロンにおいて光反応性オプシンが発現する、冠状断脳組織薄片。
17. 不安感を軽減する化合物をスクリーニングする方法であって、
(a)BLAの前記グルタミン酸作動性錐体ニューロンにおいて発現するオプシンの選択的照明により誘発される不安感を有する動物に化合物を投与すること、このとき前記動物はBLAの前記グルタミン酸作動性錐体ニューロンにおいて発現する光反応性オプシンを含み、前記オプシンが光による過分極を誘導するオプシンである;および
(b)前記動物における不安感のレベルを判定すること
を含み、前記不安感のレベルの低下が、その化合物が不安感の治療に有効であり得ることを示す、方法。
18. 前記オプシンが、NpHR、BR、ARおよびGtR3からなる群より選択される、実施形態17に記載の方法。
19. 個体における不安感を軽減する方法であって、
(a)光反応性オプシンをコードし、BLAのグルタミン酸作動性錐体ニューロンにおけるオプシンの特異的な発現を制御するプロモーターに機能的に連結した核酸を含むベクターの有効量を個体に投与すること、このとき前記オプシンがBLAの前記グルタミン酸作動性錐体ニューロンにおいて発現し、光による脱分極を誘導するオプシンである;および
(b)不安感を軽減するためにBLA−CeLの前記グルタミン酸作動性錐体ニューロンにおける前記オプシンを選択的に照明すること
を含む、方法。
20. 前記オプシンが、ChR2、VChR1およびDChRからなる群より選択される、実施形態19に記載の方法。
21. 個体において不安感を誘発させる方法であって、
(a)オプシンをコードし、BLAのグルタミン酸作動性錐体ニューロンにおけるオプシンの特異的な発現を制御するプロモーターに機能的に連結した核酸を含むベクターの有効量を個体に投与すること、このとき前記オプシンが前記グルタミン酸作動性錐体ニューロンにおいて発現し、光による脱分極を誘導するオプシンである;および
(b)不安感を誘発するためにBLA−CeLの前記グルタミン酸作動性錐体ニューロンにおける前記オプシンを選択的に照明すること
を含む、方法。
22. 不安感を治療または研究するためのBLA−CeMの修飾活性に関連する装置または方法。
23. 修飾活性がBLA−CeLの選択的刺激を含む、実施形態22に記載の装置または方法。
24. 修飾活性が光反応性オプシンのグルタミン酸作動性錐体ニューロンにおける標的発現によるBLA−CeLの選択的刺激を含む、実施形態22に記載の装置または方法。
25. 修飾活性が、BLA細胞体の照明に対して、CeAの選択的照明をさらに含む、実施形態24に記載の装置または方法。
26. BLAへの光の送達を妨げ、そして、CeAの選択的照明を可能にするために斜めに切ったガイドカニューレをCeLに埋め込むことをさらに含む、実施形態24に記載の装置または方法。
27. 薬理学的薬剤、電気刺激、磁気刺激、外科的手段または光遺伝学的刺激のうちの1つ以上を含むが、これらに限定されない治療法をスクリーニングすることをさらに含む、実施形態22に記載の装置または方法。
28. BLA−CeM回路を標的とする治療法であって、薬理学的薬剤、電気刺激、磁気刺激、外科的手段または光遺伝学的刺激のうちの1つ以上を含むが、これらに限定されない前記方法を提供することをさらに対象とする、実施形態22から27のいずれか1項に記載の装置または方法。
29. 不安感および/または関連の障害の研究および厳密な調査のための本開示の回路モデルを使用する装置または方法。
30. 表現型を特定すること、エンドフェノタイプを特定することおよび治療標的を特定することのうちの1つ以上をさらに含む、実施形態22から29のいずれか1項に記載の装置または方法。
31. 実施例に記載される実施形態を含む、本開示の実施形態のいずれか1つに記載の装置または方法。
Claims (6)
- マウスまたはラットにおいて不安感を誘発させるための方法であって、
(a)マウスまたはラットに、オプシンをコードする核酸を含むベクターを投与することであって、このとき前記核酸が、基底外側扁桃体(BLA)のグルタミン酸作動性錐体ニューロンにおけるオプシンの特異的な発現を制御するプロモーターに機能的に連結しており、前記オプシンが前記グルタミン酸作動性錐体ニューロンにおいて発現し、光により過分極を誘導するものであること、および
(b)外側中心核(CeL)を選択的に照明して、不安感を誘発すること
を含む、方法。 - 前記の光による過分極を誘導するオプシンが、NpHR、BR、ARおよびGtR3からなる群より選択される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記の光による過分極を誘導するオプシンが、配列番号1または配列番号4と90%を超える同一性を有するアミノ酸配列を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- マウスまたはラットにおいて不安感を軽減するための方法であって、
(a)マウスまたはラットに、光反応性オプシンをコードする核酸を含むベクターを投与することであって、このとき前記核酸が、基底外側扁桃体(BLA)のグルタミン酸作動性錐体ニューロンにおけるオプシンの特異的な発現を制御するプロモーターに機能的に連結しており、前記オプシンがBLAのグルタミン酸作動性錐体ニューロンにおいて発現し、光による脱分極を誘導するものであること、および
(b)外側中心核(CeL)を選択的に照明して、不安感を軽減すること
を含む、方法。 - 前記の光による脱分極を誘導するオプシンが、ChR2、VChR1およびDChRからなる群より選択される、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 前記の光による脱分極を誘導するオプシンが、配列番号5または配列番号8と90%を超える同一性を有するアミノ酸配列を含む、請求項4に記載の方法。
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AU2011323237B2 (en) | 2015-11-12 |
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CA3056186A1 (en) | 2012-05-10 |
AU2011323237A1 (en) | 2013-05-09 |
US9421258B2 (en) | 2016-08-23 |
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