JP6030493B2 - 薬物を選択するための方法 - Google Patents
薬物を選択するための方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6030493B2 JP6030493B2 JP2013088483A JP2013088483A JP6030493B2 JP 6030493 B2 JP6030493 B2 JP 6030493B2 JP 2013088483 A JP2013088483 A JP 2013088483A JP 2013088483 A JP2013088483 A JP 2013088483A JP 6030493 B2 JP6030493 B2 JP 6030493B2
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Description
本発明は、精神科診断と薬物に対する薬理学的反応とに関連する多型を有する一連の遺伝子の同定に基づく。結果として、本発明の方法により、患者の遺伝子型を決定すること、ならびに遺伝子型に基づいて、該患者への適切な薬物を選択することが可能になる。本発明の方法は、多数の遺伝子型アセスメントの出力を統合することを可能にし、どの薬物を選択および投薬するかに関する重要かつ改善された臨床情報を提供する。したがって、本発明の該方法は、該患者の至適反応をもたらす薬物の同定のための合理的方法を提供する。
概して、本発明は、薬物選択に有用である遺伝子の遺伝子型に基づいて、患者への薬物(例えば、向精神薬)を選択するための方法を特徴とする。遺伝子型同定される遺伝子は、典型的には、薬物の代謝に影響する、またはより良好な治療反応と関連する産物をコードする。薬物代謝酵素遺伝子(例えば、チトクロムP450遺伝子)の問題の遺伝子型に基づいて薬物を最初に除外するアルゴリズムを使用することができる。そのようなアルゴリズムの第2の段階は、潜在的に適切な薬物のリスト(例えば、抗うつ剤)で開始することができ、標的遺伝子の遺伝子型に基づいて至適治療のさらなる分類をもたらすことができる。例えば、抗うつ剤では、潜在的な抗うつ剤のさらなる分類は、セロトニントランスポータ(5HTTR)およびセロトニン受容体2A(HTR2A)の遺伝子型に基づくことができる。
方法は、患者から生体試料を得るステップと、遺伝子のパネルに関する患者の遺伝子型を得るステップとを含む。典型的には、遺伝子型同定される遺伝子のパネルは、少なくとも3つのチトクロムP450遺伝子を含む。チトクロムP450遺伝子は、表1に記載したP450遺伝子から選択することができる。例えば、少なくとも3つのチトクロムP450遺伝子は、CYP2D6、1A2、および2C19をコードすることができる。抗うつ剤薬物を選択するための実施形態においては、4つのチトクロムP450遺伝子(例えば、CYP2D6、2C19、3A4、および1A2をコードする遺伝子)の遺伝子型を得ることができる。他の実施形態においては、少なくとも5つのチトクロムP450遺伝子(例えば、CYP1A1、1A2、2D6、2C19、および3A4をコードする遺伝子)の遺伝子型を得ることこができる。さらに他の実施形態においては、少なくとも10のチトクロムP450遺伝子(例えば、CYP1A1、1A2、1B1、2A6、2B6、2C8、2C9、2C18、2C19、2D6、2E1、3A4、および3A5をコードする遺伝子)の遺伝子型を得ることができる。これらのチトクロムP450遺伝子のそれぞれに関する対立遺伝子を表1に記載する。
mRNAを使用することもできるが、概して、ゲノムDNAが遺伝子型を決定するために使用される。ゲノムDNAは、典型的には、末梢血液試料等の生体試料から抽出されるが、組織(例えば、口腔粘膜の粘膜擦過または腎もしくは肝組織から)を含む他の生体試料から抽出することができる。通例の方法は、血液または組織試料からゲノムDNAを抽出するために使用することができ、その方法には、例えば、フェノール抽出が含まれる。代替として、ゲノムDNAは、QIAamp(登録商標)Tissue Kit(Qiagen,Chatsworth,カリフォルニア州)、Wizard(登録商標)ゲノムDNA精製キット(Promega)、およびA.S.A.P.(商標)ゲノムDNA単離キット(Boehringer Mannheim, Indianapolis,インディアナ州)等のキットで抽出することができる。
パネル上の各遺伝子に対して遺伝子型を決定した後、薬物を選択することができる。典型的には、選択するステップは、チトクロムP450遺伝子の遺伝子型を、各チトクロムP450遺伝子によってコードされた各チトクロムP450酵素の薬物を代謝する能力と相関させることを含む。例えばセロトニントランスポータおよびセロトニン受容体2A等のパネル上の他の標的遺伝子の遺伝子型は、患者の薬物に反応する能力と相関させることができる。
本明細書に記述した技術は、コンピュータプログラムにおいて特定の命令を実行するプロセッサを有するコンピュータシステムにおいて実施することができる。コンピュータシステムは、患者の遺伝子型を受け取るステップに基づいて、薬物特性を出力するようにアレンジしてもよい。特に、コンピュータプログラムは、システムが、個々の患者への最も適切な薬物(例えば、向精神薬)を選択できるようにする命令を含み得る。
一実施形態においては、製造品は、オリゴヌクレオチドプライマーを含有する組成物である。典型的には、そのような組成物は、それぞれ10から50ヌクレオチドの長さである第1のオリゴヌクレオチドプライマーおよび第2のオリゴヌクレオチドプライマーを含有し、これらは哺乳類からのゲノムDNAと組み合わせられて、PCR条件を受けることができ、標的遺伝子内の関心領域に対応する核酸産物を生じる。組成物は、PCR(例えば、DNAポリメラーゼまたはヌクレオチド)に必要である緩衝液および他の試薬も含有してよい。さらに、組成物は、複数のの核酸産物を生成することができるように、1つまたは複数の付加的な対のオリゴヌクレオチドプライマー(例えば、5、10、15、または20プライマー対)を含有することができる。
実施例1
患者のCYP450遺伝子型
この実験は、選択的セロトニン再取り込み阻害剤に対して非定型反応を持つ青年のアセスメント結果を明らかにする。欠乏をもたらす以下のCYP2D6対立遺伝子を検出した。*2(1661G>Cおよび2850C>T)、*3(2549A>del)、*4(1661G>Cおよび1846G>A)、*10(100C>T、1661G>Cおよび1846G)、*17(1023C>Tおよび2850C>T)。CYP2D6(*5del)の欠失は、PCR増幅後の電気泳動法によって検出した。CYP2D6遺伝子の縦列重複を、電気泳動法後の検出によって、重複特異的な配列の増幅によって検出した。
A.PreNest(最初の増幅):
CYP2D6 PreNest B
CYP2D6(C1661G)、CYP2D6(G1846A)、CYP2D6(A2549Del)、CYP2D6(C100T)、CYP2D6(C2850T)、およびCYP2D6(C1023T)多型に対する最初のPreNest PCRは、試料ごとに以下の試薬を用いて行った。総量50μLにおいて、0.6μL 25μM PreNest B F、0.6μL 25μM PreNestB R、2.5μL 10mM dNTP、39.55μL dH2O、5.0μL Expand Buffer 3(Roche)、0.75μL Expand Enzyme Mix(Roche)、および1.0μlゲノムDNA。PCRは、2分間94℃で保持し、次いで、30サイクルの変性を94℃で30秒間、アニーリングを67℃で30秒間、伸長を68℃で7分間、続いて、10分間72℃での最終的な伸長をすることによって行った。予期されたPCR産物は、ほぼ4.8〜5Kbであった。
(C100T)ネステッドPCRを、鋳型として1μlの最初のPreNest B単位複製配列を使用して行った。このPCRの産物は、CYP2D6(C100T)変異を検出するために使用し、以下の試薬(25μL総量)を使用する。1.0μl 25μM CYP2D6(100)Bf、1.0μl 25μM CYP2D6(100)Br、12.5μl Qiagen Hot Start Master Mix、および9.5μl dH2O。PCRは、95℃で15分間保持し、次いで、30サイクルの変性を95℃で30秒間、アニーリングを57℃で30秒間、および伸長を72℃で1分間、続いて72℃で7分間の最終的な伸長を行うことによって実施した。
(C1023T)ネステッドPCRを鋳型として1μlのPreNest B産物を使用して行った。このPCRの産物は、CYP2D6(C1023T)変異を検出するために使用し、以下の試薬(25μL総量)を使用する。1.0μl 25μM CYP2D6(1023)Bf、1.0μl 25μM CYP2D6(1023)Br、12.5μl Amplitaq Gold Master Mix、および9.5μl dH2O。PCRは、95℃で10分間保持し、次いで、30サイクルの変性を95℃で30秒間、アニーリングを59℃で30秒間、および伸長を72℃で1分間、続いて72℃で7分間の最終的な伸長を行うことによって実施した。
(C1661GおよびG1846A)ネステッドPCRを、鋳型として1μlのPreNest B産物を使用して行った。このPCRの産物は、CYP2D6(C1661G)およびCYP2D6(G1846A)変異を検出するために使用し、以下の試薬(25μL総量)を使用する。1.0μl 25μM CYP2D6(1661,1846)Bf、1.0μl 25μM CYP2D6(1661,1846)Br、12.5μl 2X Amplitaq Gold Master Mix、および9.5μl dH2O。PCRは、95℃で10分間保持し、次いで、30サイクルの変性を95℃で30秒間、アニーリングを63℃で30秒間、および伸長を72℃で1分間、続いて72℃で7分間の最終的な伸長を行うことによって実施した。
(A2549DelおよびC2850T)ネステッドPCRを鋳型として1μlのPreNest B産物を使用して行った。このPCRの産物は、CYP2D6(A2549Del)およびCYP2D6(C2850T)変異を検出するために使用し、以下の試薬(25μL総量)を使用する。1.0μl 25μM CYP2D6(2549、2850)Bf、1.0μl 25μM CYP2D6(2549、2850)Br、12.5μl 2X Amplitaq Gold Master Mix、および9.5μl dH2O。PCRは、95℃で10分間保持し、次いで、30サイクルの変性を95℃で30秒間、アニーリングを57℃で30秒間、および伸長を72℃で1分間、続いて72℃で10分間の最終的な伸長を行うことによって実施された。
ドーパミントランスポータ、ドーパミン受容体、トリプトファン水酸化酵素、セロトニン受容体、およびCOMT遺伝子の遺伝子型の決定
表7の以下のプローブおよびプライマーは、ドーパミントランスポータ(DAT1、SLC6A3)、ドーパミン受容体(DRD1、DRD2、DRD3、DRD4、およびDRD5)、トリプトファン水酸化酵素(TPH)、セロトニントランスポータ(5−HTT)、セロトニン受容体(HTR1A、HTR1B、HTR1D、HTR2A、およびHTR2C)、およびCOMT遺伝子の遺伝子型を検出するために生成することができる。
CYP2D6、CYP2C19、および5HTTR遺伝子の遺伝子型を、上述の方法を使用して97人の患者において判定した。実施例1に示すように、CYP2D6*2、*3、*4、*10、*17、および*5del対立遺伝子、CYP2C19*2(A、B)、*3、*4、*5(A、B)、*6、*7、および*8対立遺伝子、ならびに5HTTR遺伝子の短/長形を評価した。
CYP2D6、CYP2C19、CYP3A4、CYP1A2、およびHTR2A遺伝子の遺伝子型を、上述の方法を使用して10人の患者において決定した。5HTTR遺伝子の遺伝子型は、領域に隣接するプライマーを使用して、遺伝子の多型領域を増幅することによって決定した。反応産物は、電気泳動法(Agilent Technologies)を使用してサイズ決定した。CYP3A4*1B、*2、*5、*6、*12、*13、*15A、*17、および*18A対立遺伝子、CYP1A2*1F対立遺伝子、ならびにHTR2A 102多型を検出した。
CYP2D6、CYP2C19、CYP1A2、およびHTR2A遺伝子の遺伝子型は、上述の方法を使用して、患者において決定した。CYP2D6遺伝子型に基づいて、患者を低、中間、高、または超急速代謝群であると分類した。CYP2C19遺伝子型では、患者を高、中間、または低代謝群のいずれかであると分類した。1A2遺伝子型では、患者を低、中間、高、または超急速代謝群であると分類した。5HTTR遺伝子型では、患者を、遺伝子の短/短(s/s)形、遺伝子の短/長(s/l)形、または遺伝子の長/長(l/l)形を有するとして分類した。HR2A遺伝子型では、患者をC/C対立遺伝子、T/T対立遺伝子、またはT/C対立遺伝子を有するとして分類した。
患者の遺伝子型および関連した薬物特性に基づいて、患者に適した薬物を選択することができる。
本実施例は、薬理ゲノム研究に登録した患者について実施された電子カルテ審査を説明する。38人の患者がベンラファキシンで治療され、2D6遺伝子に関して遺伝子型同定された。2つの不活性2D6対立遺伝子または1つの不活性および1つの減少2D6対立遺伝子のいずれかを有すると定義されるように、遅い(「低」とも称する)代謝群であった参加者は、75mgより多いベンラファキシンの用量で維持されなかった。対照的に、少なくとも1つの完全に機能する2D6対立遺伝子を有する残り33人の被験者(79%)のうちの26人は、150mg以上の用量のベンラファキシンに耐容性を示した(p<.002)。
向精神薬に対する非定型反応の確認された病歴を有する199人の患者の試料を、治験プロトコルの一部として2D6遺伝子に関して遺伝子型同定した。非定型反応は、有害な副作用の発生または薬物への無反応と定義した。14の変異体対立遺伝子は、TM Bioscienceプラットフォームを使用して検査した。2D6遺伝子型の測定に関する試験・再試験信頼度は、99%を超えて正確であった。電子医療記録の再調査は、このプロトコルへの38人の参加者が、治療の経過前または経過中に、参加者の2D6遺伝子型に関して知識を持っていなかった臨床医によって、ベンラファキシンで以前に治療されていたことを明らかにした。表10は、2D6対立遺伝子および対応する活性レベルを提供する。
本発明は、その詳細な説明とともに記述したが、上記の説明は、例示のみであり、添付の特許請求の範囲により定義される本発明の範囲を限定することを意図しないことを理解されたい。他の側面、利点、および変更は、以下の特許請求の範囲内にある。
Claims (8)
- 向精神薬の初回用量を低減することに関する情報を提供する方法であって、
該向精神薬がベンラファキシンであり、
該方法が、
(1)以下の対立遺伝子を含むチトクロムP450 CYP2D6対立遺伝子のパネルに関する患者の遺伝子型を決定する工程:
(a)*1及び*2A(機能的)、並びに
(b)*2B、*2D、*9、*10、*12、*17及び*41(活性低下)並びに*3、*4、*5、*6、*7、*8及び*11(不活性);及び
(2)該患者が低代謝群であるかどうかを決定する工程であって、ここで、2つの不活性2D6対立遺伝子、又は1つの不活性及び1つの活性低下2D6対立遺伝子のいずれかを有する患者が低代謝群であると決定されること、を含み、
該向精神薬の初回用量が、工程(1)及び(2)により2D6低代謝群であるとされた患者のための低減された初回用量であると決定され、その低減された初回用量が37.5mg/日である、前記方法。 - 該方法が、コンピュータシステムにおいて、チトクロムP450 CYP2D6対立遺伝子のパネルに関する患者の遺伝子型を受け取る工程を含み、該コンピュータシステムがデータベースを含み、該データベースが複数の向精神薬特性を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 工程(1)及び(2)の1以上がコンピュータシステムによって実施され、該方法が、患者に投与される向精神薬の初回用量をコンピュータシステムから出力する工程をさらに含む、請求項2に記載の方法。
- ユーザが患者の遺伝子型をコンピュータシステムに入力する、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 患者の遺伝子型の決定に使用される装置から患者の遺伝子型を直接受け取る、請求項3又は4に記載の方法。
- 請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の方法に従い、向精神薬の初回用量を低減することが必要な患者を同定することにより、患者における向精神薬への非定型反応を防止する方法。
- 患者が気分変調性障害、注意欠陥多動性障害、大うつ病性障害、又は全般性不安障害に罹患している、請求項1〜6のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 患者が全般性不安障害に罹患している、請求項7に記載の方法。
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WO2008017038A2 (en) | 2008-02-07 |
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EP2046996A2 (en) | 2009-04-15 |
AU2014203333B2 (en) | 2016-05-19 |
CA2659648C (en) | 2019-12-31 |
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CA2659648A1 (en) | 2008-02-07 |
US8688385B2 (en) | 2014-04-01 |
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