JP6020496B2 - 接合構造体およびその製造方法 - Google Patents
接合構造体およびその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6020496B2 JP6020496B2 JP2014059139A JP2014059139A JP6020496B2 JP 6020496 B2 JP6020496 B2 JP 6020496B2 JP 2014059139 A JP2014059139 A JP 2014059139A JP 2014059139 A JP2014059139 A JP 2014059139A JP 6020496 B2 JP6020496 B2 JP 6020496B2
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- metal layer
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Description
(1)本発明の接合構造体は、第1金属層(を有する第1部材)と熱膨張率が該第1金属層と異なる第2金属層(を有する第2部材)とが接合された接合構造体であって、前記第1金属層と前記第2金属層は、厚さ50nm以下の接合界面組織を介して固相接合されており、該第1金属層は、半導体素子の電極層を構成する銅層であり、該第2金属層は、配線層を構成するアルミニウム層であり、該アルミニウム層は、該銅層よりも厚く、パワーモジュールの少なくとも一部を構成することを特徴とする。
(1)このような接合構造体は、例えば、次のような本発明の製造方法により得られる。すなわち本発明の製造方法は、第1金属層(を有する第1部材)と熱膨張率が該第1金属層と異なる第2金属層(を有する第2部材)とが接合された接合構造体の製造方法であって、前記第1金属層の接合前における被接合面である第1被接合面と前記第2金属層の接合前における被接合面である第2被接合面は、表面粗さが中心線平均粗さ(Ra)で0.02μm以下であると共に実表面積(S0)が外形寸法から算出される基準表面積(St)に対して15%以上大きい微細凹凸形状を有しており、該第1被接合面と該第2被接合面を接触させて加圧、加温または加振することにより接合することを特徴とする。
特に断らない限り本明細書でいう「x〜y」は下限値xおよび上限値yを含む。本明細書に記載した種々の数値または数値範囲に含まれる任意の数値を新たな下限値または上限値として「a〜b」のような範囲を新設し得る。
発熱体と基体は、種々の組み合わせが考えられる。本発明の接合構造体が電子モジュールである場合なら、発熱体の一例は半導体素子等の電子デバイスであり、基体の一例はその電子デバイスを搭載する基板である。
第1金属層と第2金属層(両者を併せて、単に「金属層」ともいう。)は、その材質を問わず、同質でも異質でもよく、例えば、熱伝導性(さらには電気伝導率)に優れる銅(Cu)、アルミニウム(Al)、金(Au)、銀(Ag)、スズ(Sn)、ニッケル(Ni)さらにはそれらの合金などである。特に弾性率(ヤング率)が相対的に低い金属(例えば、Alのように弾性率が100GPa以下の金属)は、被接合面間が密着し易く、また応力緩和層としても機能し易くて好ましい。
本発明の接合構造体では、第1金属層と第2金属層が固相接合され、それらの接合部(接合界面の近傍域および周辺域)では接合前後で組織が殆ど変化しない。組織変化があるとしても、通常の電子顕微鏡では観察できないほど非常に薄い接合層(厚さ50nm以下さらには20nm以下の接合界面組織)が生じる程度である。
本発明の接合構造体はその製造方法を問わないが、上述したように第1金属層と第2金属層の被接合面を所定の微細凹凸形状とし、それらを低温域で軽く圧接する程度で、両層が確実に固相接合させた接合構造体が得られる。以下では、その被接合面の形態と、その被接合面同士を接合する接合工程に分けて説明する。
(1)表面粗さ
本発明の製造方法を行う際、接合前に第1金属層と第2金属層の被接合面の表面エネルギーを高めておく必要がある。その方法として、被接合面を所定の微細凹凸形状とすることが有効である。具体的には、被接合面の表面粗さを、中心線平均粗さ(Ra/JIS)で0.02μm以下さらには0.01μm以下とすると好ましい。さらにその表面粗さを最大高さ(Rmax/JIS)で0.2μm以下さらには0.1μm以下とすると好ましい。
本発明に係る金属層の被接合面は、実表面積が十分に大きい微細凹凸形状をしているほど、表面エネルギーが高まり固相接合が誘起され易くなって好ましい。具体的にいうと、外形寸法から算出される基準表面積(St)に対する実表面積(S0)の増加分の割合である表面積増加率ΔS0={100*(S0−St)/S0(%)が15%以上さらには18%以上とすると好ましい。表面積増加率が過小では金属層間の接合が促進されない。
このような表面粗さや表面積増加率を有する被接合面は、種々の方法により形成され得る。例えば、プラズマ処理、ナノ切削加工、化学エッチング、レーザーテクスチャ加工、スパッタリング等により可能である。
第1金属層の被接合面と第2金属層の被接合面は、接触(さらには密接)した状態で、トリガーとなる加圧、加温または加振等が印加されることにより、自己の有する高い表面エネルギーが一気に解放されて固相接合する。
本発明の接合構造体はその用途を問わず、種々の部品、装置、機器等に用いることができる。特に車載用等の高密度実装部品、次世代パワーモジュール等に本発明の接合構造体を用いると、金属層間に接合材(はんだ等)を介在させる必要がなく、伝熱性、耐熱性または信頼性等の向上が図られる。
本発明の接合構造体に係る一実施例であるパワーモジュールMの概要を図1に模式的に示した。パワーモジュールMは、IGBTからなるパワーデバイス1と、接合部bを介してパワーデバイス1を実装する絶縁積層基板2とからなる。
(1)試料の製造
シリコンチップ10の電極層11を、絶縁積層基板2(DBA基板)の純Alからなる配線層21上に固相接合したパワーモジュールMである試料1と、電極層11を配線層21上にハンダ接合(ロウ付け接合)したパワーモジュールMである試料C1を製造した。
試料1と試料C1に図2に示すヒートパターンを1サイクルとする冷熱サイクル試験を施して、各試料の耐熱性または耐熱衝撃性を試験した。なお、本試験では、ヒートパターン中の加熱温度Th:240℃、冷却温度Tc:−40℃とした。
試料1は、上述の冷熱サイクルを100サイクル行っても、接合状態が維持されており、耐熱性に優れることが確認された。一方、試料C1は、冷熱サイクルの加熱時にハンダの融点以上に曝されたため、電極層11と配線層21の間に剥離を生じた。なお、その冷熱サイクル試験(100サイクル)後の試料1の接合界面を超音波顕微鏡(SONOSCAN製D9500S)で観察したところ、剥離は殆ど生じていないことが確認された。
(1)試料の製造
シリコンチップ10の電極層11を、絶縁積層基板2(DBC基板)の純Cuからなる配線層21上に固相接合したパワーモジュールMである試料2と、シリコンチップ10の電極層11を、絶縁積層基板2(DBA基板)の純Alからなる配線層21上にNi薄膜を介して固相接合したパワーモジュールMである試料3とを製造した。
試料2と試料3に図2に示すヒートパターンを1サイクルとする冷熱サイクル試験を施して、各試料の耐熱性または耐熱衝撃性を試験した。本試験では、ヒートパターン中の加熱温度Th:150℃、冷却温度Tc:−40℃とした。各試料について、所定回数の冷熱サイクル試験後の接合界面を前述した超音波顕微鏡で観察した写真を図3にまとめて示した。
試料2の接合界面(冷熱サイクル試験前)を透過型電子顕微鏡(TEM)で観察して得たTEM像を図4に示した。図4からわかるように、接合界面に所々数十nm程度の非晶出酸化物相が観られた。しかし、その接合界面組織の両側にある金属組織は、接合前後で殆ど変化していないことも確認された。
1 パワーデバイス
10 シリコンチップ(発熱体)
11 電極層(第1金属層)
2 絶縁積層基板
20 絶縁層(基体、セラミックス層)
21 応力緩和層(第2金属層)
22 伝熱層
Claims (6)
- 第1金属層と熱膨張率が該第1金属層と異なる第2金属層とが接合された接合構造体であって、
前記第1金属層と前記第2金属層は、厚さ50nm以下の接合界面組織を介して固相接合されており、
該第1金属層は、半導体素子の電極層を構成する銅層であり、
該第2金属層は、配線層を構成するアルミニウム層であり、
該アルミニウム層は、該銅層よりも厚く、
パワーモジュールの少なくとも一部を構成することを特徴とする接合構造体。 - 前記第2金属層は、応力緩和層を兼ねる請求項1に記載の接合構造体。
- 前記第1金属層と前記第2金属層の接合部は、Niを含む請求項1または2に記載の接合構造体。
- 前記アルミニウム層は、絶縁層上に形成されている請求項1〜3のいずれかに記載の接合構造体。
- 前記絶縁層は、セラミックス層である請求項4に記載の接合構造体。
- 第1金属層と熱膨張率が該第1金属層と異なる第2金属層とが接合された接合構造体の製造方法であって、
前記第1金属層の接合前における被接合面である第1被接合面と前記第2金属層の接合前における被接合面である第2被接合面は、表面粗さが中心線平均粗さ(Ra)で0.02μm以下であると共に実表面積(S0)が外形寸法から算出される基準表面積(St)に対して15%以上大きい微細凹凸形状を有しており、
該第1被接合面と該第2被接合面を接触させて加圧、加温または加振することにより接合され、
請求項1〜5のいずれかに記載の接合構造体の製造方法。
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| JP5985849B2 (ja) * | 2012-03-23 | 2016-09-06 | 株式会社豊田中央研究所 | 接合体、その製造方法および被接合部材 |
| WO2013191288A1 (ja) * | 2012-06-21 | 2013-12-27 | 京セラ株式会社 | 回路基板およびこれを備える電子装置 |
| KR102208961B1 (ko) * | 2013-10-29 | 2021-01-28 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 반도체소자 패키지 및 그 제조방법 |
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| US9349704B2 (en) | 2016-05-24 |
| US20150270238A1 (en) | 2015-09-24 |
| JP2015185612A (ja) | 2015-10-22 |
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