JP5886875B2 - リチウム二次電池用負極活物質及びその製造方法、これを利用したリチウム二次電池 - Google Patents
リチウム二次電池用負極活物質及びその製造方法、これを利用したリチウム二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5886875B2 JP5886875B2 JP2013547363A JP2013547363A JP5886875B2 JP 5886875 B2 JP5886875 B2 JP 5886875B2 JP 2013547363 A JP2013547363 A JP 2013547363A JP 2013547363 A JP2013547363 A JP 2013547363A JP 5886875 B2 JP5886875 B2 JP 5886875B2
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- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims description 74
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 72
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 70
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 29
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 claims description 59
- 229920005749 polyurethane resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 41
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 claims description 40
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 claims description 39
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000012948 isocyanate Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 150000002513 isocyanates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 27
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 24
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- UPMLOUAZCHDJJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,4'-Diphenylmethane Diisocyanate Chemical compound C1=CC(N=C=O)=CC=C1CC1=CC=C(N=C=O)C=C1 UPMLOUAZCHDJJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000009656 pre-carbonization Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- ZXHZWRZAWJVPIC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-diisocyanatonaphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=C(N=C=O)C(N=C=O)=CC=C21 ZXHZWRZAWJVPIC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000005057 Hexamethylene diisocyanate Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- RRAMGCGOFNQTLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethylene diisocyanate Chemical compound O=C=NCCCCCCN=C=O RRAMGCGOFNQTLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- DVKJHBMWWAPEIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene 2,4-diisocyanate Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(N=C=O)C=C1N=C=O DVKJHBMWWAPEIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- AYLRODJJLADBOB-QMMMGPOBSA-N methyl (2s)-2,6-diisocyanatohexanoate Chemical compound COC(=O)[C@@H](N=C=O)CCCCN=C=O AYLRODJJLADBOB-QMMMGPOBSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
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- LFSYUSUFCBOHGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-isocyanato-2-[(4-isocyanatophenyl)methyl]benzene Chemical compound C1=CC(N=C=O)=CC=C1CC1=CC=CC=C1N=C=O LFSYUSUFCBOHGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ICLCCFKUSALICQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-isocyanato-4-(4-isocyanato-3-methylphenyl)-2-methylbenzene Chemical compound C1=C(N=C=O)C(C)=CC(C=2C=C(C)C(N=C=O)=CC=2)=C1 ICLCCFKUSALICQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexaphenoxy-1,3,5-triaza-2$l^{5},4$l^{5},6$l^{5}-triphosphacyclohexa-1,3,5-triene Chemical compound N=1P(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=NP=1(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)OC1=CC=CC=C1 RNFJDJUURJAICM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- QORUGOXNWQUALA-UHFFFAOYSA-N N=C=O.N=C=O.N=C=O.C1=CC=C(C(C2=CC=CC=C2)C2=CC=CC=C2)C=C1 Chemical compound N=C=O.N=C=O.N=C=O.C1=CC=C(C(C2=CC=CC=C2)C2=CC=CC=C2)C=C1 QORUGOXNWQUALA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004721 Polyphenylene oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- NIMLQBUJDJZYEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N isophorone diisocyanate Chemical compound CC1(C)CC(N=C=O)CC(C)(CN=C=O)C1 NIMLQBUJDJZYEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000570 polyether Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920006389 polyphenyl polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000909 polytetrahydrofuran Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 19
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 16
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 16
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 14
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- 238000010000 carbonizing Methods 0.000 description 5
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- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 3
- GTEXIOINCJRBIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]-n,n-dimethylethanamine Chemical compound CN(C)CCOCCN(C)C GTEXIOINCJRBIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910001290 LiPF6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 229910003481 amorphous carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 description 2
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 2
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229910021469 graphitizable carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 2
- ZFSLODLOARCGLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N isocyanuric acid Chemical group OC1=NC(O)=NC(O)=N1 ZFSLODLOARCGLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 239000011301 petroleum pitch Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- SCVFZCLFOSHCOH-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium acetate Chemical compound [K+].CC([O-])=O SCVFZCLFOSHCOH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- DQWPFSLDHJDLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphate Chemical compound CCOP(=O)(OCC)OCC DQWPFSLDHJDLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IMNIMPAHZVJRPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylenediamine Chemical compound C1CN2CCN1CC2 IMNIMPAHZVJRPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WVLBCYQITXONBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl phosphate Chemical compound COP(=O)(OC)OC WVLBCYQITXONBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UUVATWSCOUTTHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,4-tris[(dimethylamino)methyl]phenol Chemical compound CN(C)CC1=C(C(=C(C=C1)O)CN(C)C)CN(C)C.CN(C)CC1=C(C(=C(C=C1)O)CN(C)C)CN(C)C UUVATWSCOUTTHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HHDUMDVQUCBCEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[10,15,20-tris(4-carboxyphenyl)-21,23-dihydroporphyrin-5-yl]benzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)c1ccc(cc1)-c1c2ccc(n2)c(-c2ccc(cc2)C(O)=O)c2ccc([nH]2)c(-c2ccc(cc2)C(O)=O)c2ccc(n2)c(-c2ccc(cc2)C(O)=O)c2ccc1[nH]2 HHDUMDVQUCBCEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012935 Averaging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004438 BET method Methods 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910016523 CuKa Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl urethane Chemical compound CCOC(N)=O JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SVYKKECYCPFKGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine Chemical compound CN(C)C1CCCCC1 SVYKKECYCPFKGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002174 Styrene-butadiene Substances 0.000 description 1
- PZBFGYYEXUXCOF-UHFFFAOYSA-N TCEP Chemical compound OC(=O)CCP(CCC(O)=O)CCC(O)=O PZBFGYYEXUXCOF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- XLJMAIOERFSOGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M cyanate Chemical compound [O-]C#N XLJMAIOERFSOGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- QPJSUIGXIBEQAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-(2,4-dichloro-5-propan-2-yloxyphenyl)acetamide Chemical compound CC(C)OC1=CC(NC(C)=O)=C(Cl)C=C1Cl QPJSUIGXIBEQAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RNVCVTLRINQCPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N o-toluidine Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1N RNVCVTLRINQCPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005474 octanoate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000005486 organic electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
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- UKODFQOELJFMII-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentamethyldiethylenetriamine Chemical compound CN(C)CCN(C)CCN(C)C UKODFQOELJFMII-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/30—Active carbon
- C01B32/312—Preparation
- C01B32/318—Preparation characterised by the starting materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
- C01P2004/61—Micrometer sized, i.e. from 1-100 micrometer
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/40—Electric properties
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
Description
前記のような従来の難黒鉛化性炭素及び黒鉛を利用したリチウム二次電池用負極活物質は、比表面積が小さく、出力特性に優れた炭素素材の要件を満たして負極活物質として使用するには十分ではなかった。
(特許文献2)韓国公開特許第2011−0042840号
より試料表面の気孔を分析した。
Claims (12)
- ポリオール100重量部に対して、イソシアネート150ないし240重量部を含んで製造されるポリウレタン樹脂を不活性気体雰囲気下で熱処理して炭素化した炭化物を含み、水素と炭素との元素比(H/C%)が0.1以下、酸素と炭素との元素比(O/C%)が1.0以下であるリチウム二次電池用負極活物質。
- 前記炭化物は、平均粒子サイズが3ないし50μmであり、比表面積が2.0ないし5.0m2/gであり、平均気孔サイズが1ないし5nmである請求項1に記載のリチウム二次電池用負極活物質。
- 前記リチウム二次電池用負極活物質は、X線回折法により求められる(002)平均層面間隔(d002)が3.7ないし4.0Åで、C軸方向の結晶子直径Lc(002)が0.8ないし2nmであり、(002)ピークの2θの強度(B)と、Bの垂線とベースラインとの接点での強度(A)と、の比率である黒鉛格子結晶性比較分析値R(B/A)が1.3ないし2である請求項1に記載のリチウム二次電池用負極活物質。
- 前記ポリウレタン樹脂は、酸素の含有量が15ないし22重量%で、窒素の含有量が7ないし9重量%であり、水素の含有量が4ないし6重量%である請求項1に記載のリチウム二次電池用負極活物質。
- ポリオール100重量部に対して、イソシアネート150ないし240重量部を含んで製造されるポリウレタン樹脂を不活性気体雰囲気下で熱処理する炭素化ステップを含み、前記炭素化ステップは、1000ないし1500℃での熱処理ステップを含むリチウム二次電池用負極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記ポリオールは、ポリエーテル系ポリオール、ポリエステル系ポリオール、ポリテトラメチレンエーテルグリコールポリオール、PHDポリオール(PolyharnstoffDispersion(PHD)polyol)、アミン(Amine)変性ポリオール、マンニッヒ(Mannich)ポリオール及びこれらの混合物の中から選ばれる何れか一つ又は二つ以上であり、
前記イソシアネートは、ヘキサメチレンジイソシアネート(HDI)、イソホロンジイソシアネート(IPDI)、4,4−ジシクロヘキシルメタンジイソシアネート(H12MDI)、ポリエチレンポリフェニルイソシアネート、トルエンジイソシアネート(TDI)、2,2´−ジフェニルメタンジイソシアネート(2,2´−MDI)、2,4´−ジフェニルメタンジイソシアネート(2,4´−MDI)、4,4´−ジフェニルメタンジイソシアネート(4,4´−MDI,monomericMDI)、ポリメリックジフェニルメタンジイソシアネート(polymericMDI)、オルトトルイジンジイソシアネート(TODI)、ナフタリンジイソシアネート(NDI)、キシレンジイソシアネート(XDI)、リシンジイソシアネート(LDI)及びトリフェニルメタントリイソシアネート(TPTI)の中から選ばれる何れか一つ又は二つ以上である請求項5に記載のリチウム二次電池用負極活物質の製造方法。 - 前記ポリオールの分子量は、300ないし3000で、前記ポリオール内に存在するヒドロキシ含有量は、全体ポリオールの3ないし15重量%である請求項5に記載のリチウム二次電池用負極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記ポリウレタン樹脂は、発泡剤、難燃剤、触媒または整泡剤をさらに含む請求項5に記載のリチウム二次電池用負極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記炭素化ステップは、予備炭素化ステップ及び本炭素化ステップを含み、
前記予備炭素化ステップは、600ないし1000℃の温度で30ないし120分間熱処理するステップで、
前記本炭素化ステップは、1000ないし1400℃の温度で30ないし120分間熱処理するステップである請求項5に記載のリチウム二次電池用負極活物質の製造方法。 - 前記リチウム二次電池用負極活物質の平均粒子サイズが3ないし50μmになるように粉砕する微粉砕ステップをさらに含む請求項5に記載のリチウム二次電池用負極活物質の製造方法。
- 前記微粉砕ステップは、予備炭素化ステップ以前、予備炭素化ステップ以後または炭素化ステップ以後の中から選ばれる1回または2回以上行われる請求項10に記載のリチウム二次電池用負極活物質の製造方法。
- 請求項1ないし4のうちの何れか1項のリチウム二次電池用負極活物質を含むリチウム二次電池。
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