JP5878484B2 - 新規のs−ニトロソグルタチオンレダクターゼ阻害剤 - Google Patents
新規のs−ニトロソグルタチオンレダクターゼ阻害剤 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5878484B2 JP5878484B2 JP2012552997A JP2012552997A JP5878484B2 JP 5878484 B2 JP5878484 B2 JP 5878484B2 JP 2012552997 A JP2012552997 A JP 2012552997A JP 2012552997 A JP2012552997 A JP 2012552997A JP 5878484 B2 JP5878484 B2 JP 5878484B2
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Description
[0013] 本発明は、GSNORを阻害することを必要とする被検者においてそれをするための方法を提供する。そのような方法は、少なくとも1つのGSNOR阻害剤又はその医薬的に許容される塩、プロドラッグ、代謝産物、又は立体異性体を少なくとも1つの医薬的に許容される担体と組み合わせて含んでなる医薬組成物の治療有効量を投与することを含む。GSNOR阻害剤は、本発明による新規化合物であっても、GSNORの阻害剤であることがこれまで知られていなかった既知の化合物であってもよい。
[0017] 本発明の実施又は検証には、本明細書での記載に類似しているか又は同等である方法及び材料を使用することができるが、好適な方法及び材料を以下に記載する。本明細書に言及するすべての公的に利用可能な出版物、特許出願、特許、及び他の参考文献は、その内容全体が参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。抵触がある場合は、種々の定義を含めて、本明細書が基準となる。
[0020] 最近まで、S−ニトロソグルタチオンレダクターゼ(GSNOR)は、ホルムアルデヒドグルタチオン付加物、S−ヒドロキシメチルグルタチオンを酸化することが知られていた。これまでGSNORは、様々な細菌、酵母、植物、及び動物において確認されて、十分に保存されている。大腸菌(E. oli)、パン酵母(S. cerevisiae)、及びマウスマクロファージからのこのタンパク質は、60%以上のアミノ酸配列同一性を共有する。GSNORの活性(即ち、NADHが必須補因子として存在するときのGSNOの分解)は、大腸菌、マウスマクロファージ、マウス内皮細胞、マウス平滑筋細胞、酵母、及びヒトのヒーラ細胞、上皮細胞、及び単球細胞において検出されてきた。ヒトGSNORのヌクレオチド及びアミノ酸配列の情報は、米国立生物工学情報センター(NCBI)データベースより、登録番号M29872,NM_000671の項目で入手することができる。マウスGSNORのヌクレオチド及びアミノ酸配列の情報は、NCBIデータベースより、登録番号NM_007410の項目で入手することができる。このヌクレオチド配列では、開始部位と終結部位に下線が施されている。CDSは、コーディング配列を明示する。SNPは、一塩基多型を明示する。他の関連したGSNORのヌクレオチド及びアミノ酸の配列は、他の種のそれを含めて、米国特許出願:2005/0014697に見出すことができる。
Xは、O及びSからなる群より選択され;
Yは、O及びSからなる群より選択され;
Zは、Z1、Z2、Z3、及びZ4からなる群より選択され、ここで
Z1は、
R1は、水素、(C1−C6)アルキル、(C3−C7)シクロアルキル、(C1−C6)ハロアルキル、未置換アリール(C1−C4)アルキル、置換アリール(C1−C6)アルキル、(C1−C6)ヘテロアルキル、置換又は未置換アリール、及び置換又は未置換ヘテロアリールからなる群より選択され;
R2は、水素、ハロゲン、シアノ、及び(C1−C6)アルコキシからなる群より選択され;
R3は、水素、ハロゲン、(C1−C6)アルキル、(C1−C6)ハロアルキル、(C1−C6)アルコキシ、シアノ、及びN,N−ジメチルアミノからなる群より選択され;
R4は、テトラゾール、オキサジアゾロン、チアジアゾロン、メチルスルホニルカルバモイル、及びN−ヒドロキシカルバモイルからなる群より選択され;そして
R5は、カルボキシ、テトラゾール、オキサジアゾロン、チアジアゾロン、メチルスルホニルカルバモイル、及びN−ヒドロキシカルバモイルからなる群より選択される]を有する類似体、又はその医薬的に許容される塩、立体異性体、プロドラッグ、又は代謝産物である。
[0025] 本文脈で使用するように、「類似体」という用語は、中央の環系を保持する式Iの化合物と同様の化学構造及び機能を有する化合物を意味する。
[0030] 1.本発明の化合物
[0031] その側面の1つにおいて、本発明は、式I:
Xは、O及びSからなる群より選択され;
Yは、O及びSからなる群より選択され;
Zは、Z1、Z2、Z3、及びZ4からなる群より選択され、ここで
Z1は、
R1は、水素、(C1−C6)アルキル、(C3−C7)シクロアルキル、(C1−C6)ハロアルキル、未置換アリール(C1−C4)アルキル、置換アリール(C1−C6)アルキル、(C1−C6)ヘテロアルキル、置換又は未置換アリール、及び置換又は未置換ヘテロアリールからなる群より選択され;
R2は、水素、ハロゲン、シアノ、及び(C1−C6)アルコキシからなる群より選択され;
R3は、水素、ハロゲン、(C1−C6)アルキル、(C1−C6)ハロアルキル、(C1−C6)アルコキシ、シアノ、及びN,N−ジメチルアミノからなる群より選択され;
R4は、テトラゾール、オキサジアゾロン、チアジアゾロン、メチルスルホニルカルバモイル、及びN−ヒドロキシカルバモイルからなる群より選択され;そして
R5は、カルボキシ、テトラゾール、オキサジアゾロン、チアジアゾロン、メチルスルホニルカルバモイル、及びN−ヒドロキシカルバモイルからなる群より選択される]に示す構造を有する化合物、又はその医薬的に許容される塩、立体異性体、プロドラッグ、又は代謝産物を提供する。
R5は、カルボキシ、テトラゾール、1,2,4−オキサジアゾール−5(4H)−オン−3−イル、1,2,4−チアジアゾール−5(4H)−オン−3−イル、1,3,4−オキサジアゾール−2(3H)−オン−5−イル、1,3,4−チアジアゾール−2(3H)−オン−5−イル、1,2,4−チアジアゾール−3(2H)−オン−5−イル、1,2,4−オキサジアゾール−3(2H)−オン−5−イル、メチルスルホニルカルバモイル、及びN−ヒドロキシカルバモイルからなる群より選択される。
R2は、水素、フルオロ、クロロ、メトキシ、及びシアノからなる群より選択され;そして
R3は、水素、フルオロ、クロロ、メチル、CF3、メトキシ、シアノ、及びN,N−ジメチルアミノからなる群より選択される。
R2は、水素及びフルオロからなる群より選択され;
R3は、水素、フルオロ、クロロ、及びメチルからなる群より選択され;
R4は、テトラゾール、1,2,4−オキサジアゾール−5(4H)−オン−3−イル、1,2,4−チアジアゾール−5(4H)−オン−3−イル、1,3,4−オキサジアゾール−2(3H)−オン−5−イル、メチルスルホニルカルバモイル、及びN−ヒドロキシカルバモイルからなる群より選択され;そして
R5は、カルボキシ、テトラゾール、1,2,4−オキサジアゾール−5(4H)−オン−3−イル、1,2,4−チアジアゾール−5(4H)−オン−3−イル、1,3,4−オキサジアゾール−2(3H)−オン−5−イル、メチルスルホニルカルバモイル、及びN−ヒドロキシカルバモイルからなる群より選択される。
R5は、カルボキシ、テトラゾール、1,2,4−オキサジアゾール−5(4H)−オン−3−イル、1,2,4−チアジアゾール−5(4H)−オン−3−イル、メチルスルホニルカルバモイル、及びN−ヒドロキシカルバモイルからなる群より選択される。
[0037] 本発明のさらなる側面では、Yが、O及びSからなる群より選択される。本発明の別の側面では、YがOである。本発明のなお別の側面では、YがSである。
3−(4−(1H−テトラゾール−5−イル)フェニル)−7−ヒドロキシ−2−(トリフルオロメチル)−4H−クロメン−4−オン;
5−(7−ヒドロキシ−4−オキソ−2−(トリフルオロメチル)−4H−クロメン−3−イル)チオフェン−2−カルボン酸;
(トランス)−4−(7−ヒドロキシ−4−オキソ−2−(トリフルオロメチル)−4H−クロメン−3−イル)シクロヘキサンカルボン酸;
(シス)−4−(7−ヒドロキシ−4−オキソ−2−(トリフルオロメチル)−4H−クロメン−3−イル)シクロヘキサンカルボン酸;
3−(4−(1H−テトラゾール−5−イル)フェニル)−2−(ジフルオロメチル)−7−ヒドロキシ−4H−クロメン−4−オン;
3−(4−(1H−テトラゾール−5−イル)フェニル)−7−ヒドロキシ−2−メチル−4H−クロメン−4−オン;
4−(2−(4−カルボキシベンジル)−7−ヒドロキシ−4−オキソ−4H−チオクロメン−3−イル)安息香酸;
4−(7−ヒドロキシ−2−メチル−4−オキソ−4H−チオクロメン−3−イル)安息香酸;
3−(4−(7−ヒドロキシ−4−オキソ−2−(トリフルオロメチル)−4H−クロメン−3−イル)フェニル)−1,2,4−オキサジアゾール−5(4H)−オン;
4−(7−ヒドロキシ−4−オキソ−2−(トリフルオロメチル)−4H−クロメン−3−イル)−N−(メチルスルホニル)ベンズアミド;
3−(4−(7−ヒドロキシ−4−オキソ−2−(トリフルオロメチル)−4H−クロメン−3−イル)フェニル)−1,2,4−チアジアゾール−5(4H)−オン;
3−(4−(1H−テトラゾール−5−イル)フェニル)−7−ヒドロキシ−2−メチル−4H−チオクロメン−4−オン;
5−(7−ヒドロキシ−4−オキソ−2−(トリフルオロメチル)−4H−クロメン−3−イル)チオフェン−3−カルボン酸;
3−((トランス)−4−(1H−テトラゾール−5−イル)シクロヘキシル)−7−ヒドロキシ−2−(トリフルオロメチル)−4H−クロメン−4−オン;
N−ヒドロキシ−4−(7−ヒドロキシ−4−オキソ−2−(トリフルオロメチル)−4H−クロメン−3−イル)ベンズアミド;
3−(2−クロロ−4−(1H−テトラゾール−5−イル)フェニル)−7−ヒドロキシ−2−(トリフルオロメチル)−4H−クロメン−4−オン;
3−(3−クロロ−4−(7−ヒドロキシ−4−オキソ−2−(トリフルオロメチル)−4H−クロメン−3−イル)フェニル)−1,2,4−オキサジアゾール−5(4H)−オン;
3−(3−フルオロ−4−(7−ヒドロキシ−4−オキソ−2−(トリフルオロメチル)−4H−クロメン−3−イル)フェニル)−1,2,4−オキサジアゾール−5(4H)−オン;
3−(3−クロロ−4−(1H−テトラゾール−5−イル)フェニル)−7−ヒドロキシ−2−(トリフルオロメチル)−4H−クロメン−4−オン;及び
3−(4−(1H−テトラゾール−5−イル)フェニル)−7−ヒドロキシ−4H−クロメン−4−オン;及び
5−(4−(7−ヒドロキシ−4−オキソ−2−(トリフルオロメチル)−4H−クロメン−3−イル)フェニル)−1,3,4−オキサジアゾール−2(3H)−オンが含まれる。
[0043] R5が、カルボキシ、テトラゾール、1,2,4−オキサジアゾール−5(4H)−オン−3−イル、1,2,4−チアジアゾール−5(4H)−オン−3−イル、1,3,4−オキサジアゾール−2(3H)−オン−5−イル、1,3,4−チアジアゾール−2(3H)−オン−5−イル、1,2,4−チアジアゾール−3(2H)−オン−5−イル、1,2,4−オキサジアゾール−3(2H)−オン−5−イル、メチルスルホニルカルバモイル、及びN−ヒドロキシカルバモイルであるZ3の例には、それぞれ
[0044] ある置換基への結合が環中の2つの原子を連結する結合に交差するように示されるとき、このときそのような置換基は、環中のどの原子へも結合してよい。置換基が、所与の式の化合物の残り部分へそのような置換基が結合する原子を示さずに収載されるとき、このときそのような置換基は、そのような置換基中のどの原子を介しても結合してよい。置換基及び/又は可変基(variables)の組合せは、そのような組合せが安定な化合物をもたらしさえすれば、許容される。
[0048] 下記に提供する実施例は、本発明の代表的な新規類似体を収載する。各化合物を製造するために使用し得る合成法については、実施例25に記載される中間体を参照にして、実施例1〜24に詳しく記載する。実施例1〜22には、各化合物の裏付けとなる質量分析法データ及び/又はプロトンNMRデータも含まれる。実施例26に記載のアッセイによってGSNOR阻害剤の活性を定量して、実施例1〜22についてのIC50値を入手した。実施例1〜22のGSNOR阻害化合物は、約1μM未満のIC50を有した。実施例1〜3、5〜6、8〜9、11〜12、14、16〜22のGSNOR阻害化合物は、約0.1μM未満のIC50を有した。
[0050] 本明細書に使用するように、「約」は、当業者によって理解されて、それが使用される文脈に依ってある程度変化する可能性がある。それが使用される文脈があっても、当業者に明らかでないこの用語の使用があるならば、「約」は、その特定用語のプラス又はマイナス10%までを意味するものである。
[0052] 本明細書に使用する「アルキル」という用語は、指定数の炭素原子を有する直鎖又は分岐鎖の飽和炭化水素を意味する。例えば、(C1−C6)アルキルには、限定されないが、メチル、エチル、プロピル、イソプロピル、ブチル、sec−ブチル、tert−ブチル、ペンチル、イソペンチル、ネオペンチル、ヘキシル、イソヘキシル、及びネオヘキシルが含まれることになる。アルキル基は、未置換であっても、本明細書に記載のような1以上の置換基で置換されていてもよい。
[0061] 「Cm−Cn」という用語は、「m」個の炭素原子〜「n」個の炭素原子を意味する。例えば、「C1−C6」という用語は、1〜6の炭素原子(C1、C2、C3、C4、C5又はC6)を意味する。「C2−C6」という用語には、2〜6の炭素原子(C2、C3、C4、C5又はC6)が含まれる。「C3−C6」という用語には、3〜6の炭素原子(C3、C4、C5又はC6)が含まれる。
[0064] 本明細書に使用する「ハロアルキル」という用語は、C1−C6アルキル基の水素原子の1以上が、同じであっても異なっていてもよいハロゲン原子に置き換わっているC1−C6アルキル基を意味する。ハロアルキル基の例には、限定されないが、トリフルオロメチル、2,2,2−トリフルオロエチル、4−クロロブチル、3−ブロモプロピル、ペンタクロロエチル、及び1,1,1−トリフルオロ−2−ブロモ−2−クロロエチルが含まれる。
[0070] 本明細書に使用するように、「複素環」という用語は、飽和、不飽和、又は芳香族のいずれかであり、窒素、酸素、及びイオウより独立して選択される1〜4のヘテロ原子を含有する3〜14員の環系を意味して、そしてここで窒素及びイオウのヘテロ原子は、酸化されていてもよく、そして窒素ヘテロ原子は、四級化していてもよく、単環式、二環式、及び三環式の環系が含まれる。二環式及び三環式の環系には、ベンゼン環へ縮合した複素環又はヘテロアリールを含めてよい。複素環は、化学的に許容される場合、どのヘテロ原子又は炭素原子を介しても付くことができる。複素環には、上記に定義したようなヘテロアリールが含まれる。代表的な複素環の例には、限定されないが、アジリジニル、オキシラニル、チイラニル、トリアゾリル、テトラゾリル、アジリニル、ジアジリジニル、ジアジリニル、オキサジリジニル、アゼチジニル、アゼチジノニル、オキセタニル、チエタニル、ピペリジニル、ピペラジニル、モルホリニル、ピロリル、オキサジニル、チアジニル、ジアジニル、ジオキサニル、トリアジニル、テトラジニル、イミダゾリル、テトラゾリル、ピロリジニル、イソオキサゾリル、フラニル、フラザニル、ピリジニル、オキサゾリル、ベンゾオキサゾリル、ベンゾイソオキサゾリル、チアゾリル、ベンズチアゾリル、チエニル、ピラゾリル、トリアゾリル、ピリミジニル、ベンゾイミダゾリル、イソインドリル、インダゾリル、ベンゾジアゾリル、ベンゾトリアゾリル、ベンゾオキサゾリル、ベンゾイソオキサゾリル、プリニル、インドリル、イソキノリニル、キノリニル、及びキナゾリニルが含まれる。複素環基は、未置換であっても、本明細書で以下に記載のような1以上の置換基で置換されていてもよい。
[0074] 本明細書に使用するように、N−オキシド又はアミンオキシドは、1つの酸素原子の窒素原子への付加によって三級アミンより誘導される化合物、R3N+−O−を意味する。拡大解釈すると、この用語には、一級及び二級アミンの類似の誘導体が含まれる。
[0094] 本発明には、本明細書に記載の少なくとも1つの本発明の化合物と少なくとも1つの医薬的に許容される担体を含んでなる医薬組成物が含まれる。好適な担体については、参照により本明細書に組み込まれる「レミントン:科学と実践(Remington: The Science and Practice)」第20版(出版元:リッピンコット・ウィリアムズ・アンド・ウィルキンス)に記載されている。本発明による医薬組成物は、本発明の化合物ではない1以上の活性薬剤も含んでよい。
[00110] 本発明には、本発明の組成物を含んでなるキットも含まれる。そのようなキットは、例えば、(1)少なくとも1つの本発明の化合物;及び(2)溶媒又は溶液のような、少なくとも1つの医薬的に許容される担体を含むことができる。追加のキット成分には、例えば:(1)安定化剤、緩衝剤、等のような、本明細書において明確化した医薬的に許容される賦形剤のあらゆるもの、(2)キット成分を保持及び/又は混合するための少なくとも1つの容器、バイアル、又は同様の器具;及び(3)吸入器、ネブライザー、シリンジ、等のような送達器具が含まれてもよい。
[00112] 本発明の化合物は、既知の合成の方法論を使用して、又は既知の合成の方法論の変更により、容易に合成することができる。当業者に容易に認められるように、以下に記載の方法論は、多様な置換基を有する類似体の合成を可能にする。以下の実施例のセクションにおいて、例示の合成法を記載する。
[00118] 本発明には、開示される化合物の1以上の使用を通して医学的状態を予防するか又は治療する(例えば、その1以上の症状を軽減する)方法が含まれる。この方法は、本発明の化合物の治療有効量を必要とする患者へそれを投与することを含む。本発明の組成物は、予防療法へも使用することができる。
[00124] 有害なほどに高いレベルのGSNOR又はGSNOR活性がある被検者において、調節は、例えば、GSNOR機能を壊すか又はダウンレギュレートする、又はGSNORレベルを減少させる開示化合物の1以上を投与することによって達成され得る。これらの化合物は、抗GSNOR抗体又は抗体断片、GSNORアンチセンス、iRNA、又は低分子のような他のGSNOR阻害剤、又は他の阻害剤とともに、単独で、又は本明細書に詳しく記載されるような他の薬剤と組み合わせて投与してよい。
[00145] 本発明の化合物又はその医薬的に許容される塩、又はそのプロドラッグ又は代謝産物又は立体異性体は、そのような化合物の存在が有益であり得る状況において、様々な器具へ適用することができる。そのような器具は、どのデバイス又は容器であってもよい(例えば、患者への埋め込みに先立って外科用メッシュ又は心臓血管ステントをコートするのに本発明の化合物を使用し得る埋め込みデバイス)。本発明の化合物はまた、in vitro アッセイ目的又は細胞を培養するための様々な器具へ適用することができる。
[00159] データ:1H NMR (MeOH-d4 500 MHz TMS): δ 7.93 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (dd, J = 2.5, 9.0 Hz, 1H), 6.83 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 2.77-2.71 (m, 2H), 2.50-2.58 (m, 2H), 2.33 (s, 2H), 1.55-1.62 (m, 2H), 1.45-1.47 (m, 2H); MS (ESI): m/z 357.0 [M+1]+。
[00161] データ:1H NMR (MeOH-d4 500 MHz TMS): δ 8.18 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 8.07 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.03 (dd, J = 2.5 Hz, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.56 (t, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H); MS (ESI): m/z 357.0 [M+1]+。
[00163] データ:1H NMR (DMSO-d6 500 MHz TMS): δ 10.84 (s, 1 H), 8.09 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.90 (d, J = 9.0 Hz ,1H), 7.53 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.93 (dd, J = 2.5 Hz, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 6.87 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H), 2.29 (s, 3H); MS (ESI): m/z 321.0 [M+1]+。
[00179] データ:1HNMR (DMSO-d6 500 MHz TMS): δ 10.78 (s, 1H), 8.17 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 8.08 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.43 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.08 (s, 1H), 7.04 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 2.07 (s,3H); MS (ESI): m/z 337.0 [M+1]+。
[00207] 工程1:2−(4−(7−ヒドロキシ−4−オキソ−2−(トリフルオロメチル)−4H−クロメン−3−イル)ベンゾイル)ヒドラジンカルボン酸tert−ブチルの合成:DCM及びDMF(1:1)中の4−(7−ヒドロキシ−4−オキソ−2−(トリフルオロメチル)−4H−クロメン−3−イル)安息香酸(合成については、PCT/US2010/024035に記載されている)(1当量)、EDCI(1当量)、及びBocNHNH2(1当量)の混合物を25℃で一晩撹拌し、水系/EtOAcでの後処理を続けた。必要ならば、シリカゲルでのカラムクロマトグラフィーによる精製により、生成物を得る。
[00211] 上記の実施例において言及される中間体は、下記に記載のように合成することができる。
[00213] 工程1:2−(4−(メトキシカルボニル)フェニル)酢酸の合成。2−(4−ブロモフェニル)酢酸(91.3g,0.42モル、1.0当量)のMeOH(1.5L)溶液へ乾燥TEA(85.8g,0.85モル、2.0当量)とPd(dppf)Cl2(3.43g,4.2ミリモル、1%)を加えた。この溶液をCOガス(4MPa)下に120℃で16時間加熱した。次いで、これを濾過して、真空で濃縮した。残渣を500mlのEtOAcと1Lの水に溶かした。この混合物を飽和NaHCO3によってpH=7.5へ中和して、分離させた。無機相をEtOAc(500mlx3)で抽出し、1N HClでpH=5へ酸性化した。濾過と真空での乾燥によって、62.8gの生成物(白色の固形物、収率76%)を得た。MS (ESI): m/z 195.1 [M+1]+。
[00220] 工程1:2−(5−ブロモチオフェン−2−イル)酢酸の合成。2−(チオフェン−2−イル)酢酸(2g,14ミリモル)のHOAc(10ml)溶液へ臭素(2.25g,14ミリモル)を10〜20℃で30分間滴下した。この混合物をそのまま室温へ3時間温めた。次いで、これを水(100ml)で希釈し、無水炭酸ナトリウムでpH=5へ中和して、EtOAc(100mlx3)で抽出した。Na2SO4で乾燥させ、濾過して濃縮して、粗生成物を茶褐色のオイルとして得た。MS (ESI): m/z 220.9 [M+1]+。
[00225] 工程1:4−(2−tert−ブトキシ−2−オキソエチリデン)シクロヘキサンカルボン酸エチルの合成。無水塩化リチウム(1.9g,45ミリモル)のMeCN(100ml)懸濁液へ2−(ジエトキシホスホリル)酢酸tert−ブチル(7.6g,30ミリモル)を室温で加えた。この混合物を30分間撹拌した。TEA(6.4ml,45ミリモル)を加えて、この混合物をさらに30分間撹拌した。4−オキソシクロヘキサンカルボン酸エチル(5.1g,30ミリモル)を加えて、この混合物を一晩撹拌した。沈殿を濾過して除き、濾液を濃縮して茶褐色のオイルを得て、これをシリカゲルカラム(PE:EtOAc=10:1)によって精製して、生成物(5g,62%)を得た。
[00230] 工程1:2−(4−ブロモフェニル)−1−(2,4−ジヒドロキシフェニル)エタノンの合成。2−(4−ブロモフェニル)酢酸より出発し、中間体Cの工程4に従って、生成物(20g,27.9%)を橙色の粉末として得た。MS (ESI): m/z 307.0, 309.0 [M+1]+, [M+3]+ 。
[00234] 2−(4−(メトキシカルボニル)フェニル)酢酸(合成については、中間体A、工程1を参照のこと)(3.88g,20ミリモル)の乾燥DCM(50ml)溶液へ塩化オキサリル(8.4ml,100ミリモル)を室温で撹拌しながら滴下した。この混合物を室温で2時間撹拌した。TLC(PE:EtOAc=3:1,MeOHで止める)によって、反応が完了していることが示された。この混合物を濃縮して4−(2−クロロ−2−オキソエチル)安息香酸メチル(4.5g)を黄色のオイルとして得て、これを次の工程に直接使用した。
[00237] 工程1:S−3−メトキシフェニルエタンチオエートの合成。3−メトキシベンゼンチオール(5g,35.66ミリモル)及びTEA(7.45ml,53.49ミリモル)のDCM(60ml)溶液へAc2O(4g,39.23ミリモル)を室温で加えて、3時間撹拌した。この反応混合物を1N HCl(50mlx2)、水(50mlx2)、及び塩水(50ml)で洗浄し、無水硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥させ、濾過して濃縮して、生成物(6.5g,100%)を黄色の固形物として得た。MS (ESI): m/z 183.1 [M+1]+。
[00241] 工程1:7−メトキシ−2−メチル−4H−チオクロメン−4−オンの合成:PPA(200g)中の3−メトキシベンゼンチオール(24g,28.5ミリモル)の混合物へアセト酢酸エチル(22.8g,28.5ミリモル)を窒素下に室温で加えた。次いで、この反応混合物を激しく撹拌しながら110℃まで5時間加熱して、氷水(100ml)へ注いだ。生じる混合物を酢酸エチル(500mlx3)で抽出した。合わせた有機相を無水硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥させ、濾過して、濃縮してからシリカゲルカラム(PE/EtOAc=10/1)によって精製して、所望の生成物(2g,4%)を黄色の固形物として得た。
[00244] 工程1:2−(4−ブロモチオフェン−2−イル)酢酸メチルの合成:2−(チオフェン−2−イル)酢酸メチル(5g,32ミリモル)及び無水AlCl3(10.7g,80ミリモル)のCHCl3(50ml)溶液へ臭素(1.8ml,34ミリモル)を0〜5℃で30分にわたり滴下した。この添加が完了したとき、この混合物をそのまま室温へ一晩温めた。次いで、これを氷状の水(50ml)へ注ぎ、EtOAc(30mlx3)で抽出した。合わせた有機相をNa2SO4で乾燥させ、濾過して濃縮した。カラムクロマトグラフィー(PE/EtOAc=10/1)による精製によって、生成物(3.1g,41%)を淡黄色のオイルとして得た。
[00249] 工程1:3−フルオロ−4−メチル安息香酸メチルの合成:3−フルオロ−4−メチル安息香酸(20g,130ミリモル)の塩化チオニル(80ml)溶液を2時間加熱して還流させて(TLCは、出発材料がないことを示した)、揮発物質を蒸発させた。残渣へMeOH(100ml)を0℃で撹拌しながら滴下した。この混合物を室温で1時間撹拌した。この反応物を濃縮して、EtOAcで希釈して、塩水で洗浄した。有機層を無水Na2SO4で乾燥させ、濾過して蒸発させて、生成物(21g,96%)を白色の固形物として得て、さらに精製せずに次の工程に使用した。
[00254] 工程1:4−(2−エトキシ−2−オキソエチル)−3−メチル安息香酸メチルの合成:4−ブロモ−3−メチル安息香酸メチル(1.5g,6.55ミリモル)、3−オキソブタン酸メチル(0.99g,8.51ミリモル)、及びK3PO4(4.17g,19.6ミリモル)をPd(OAc)2(15mg)及びジtert−ブチル(2’−メチル−[1,1’−ビフェニル]−2−イル)ホスフィン(39mg)と混合して、トルエン(25ml)で希釈した。生じる混合物を単に真空により脱気して、アルゴンを入れた。次いで、これを90℃で24時間、そして110℃で5時間加熱した。EtOAcでの水系後処理の後で、所望の生成物:4−(2−エトキシ−2−オキソエチル)−3−メチル安息香酸メチル(366mg,25%)をEtOAc/ヘキサン(1/3)で溶出させるカラムクロマトグラフィーによって、オイルとして単離した。
[00258] 合成:DMF(50ml)中の2−(4−ブロモフェニル)−1−(2,4−ジヒドロキシフェニル)エタノン(工程1,中間体D)(5g,16.3ミリモル)及びCuCN(5.8g,65.4ミリモル)の混合物を窒素の保護下に150℃で6時間撹拌した。この混合物へ水(100ml)とEtOAc(100ml)を加えた。沈殿を濾過して除いて濾液を塩水(100ml)で洗浄し、Na2SO4で乾燥させて濃縮して黒色のオイルを得て、これを Combiflash(PE/EtOAc=3/1)によって精製して、中間体K(1.5g,36.6%)を黄色の粉末として得た。
[00260] 中間体Lは、2−(4−(メトキシカルボニル)フェニル)酢酸(合成については、PCT/US2010/024035に記載されている)と2−フルオロベンゼン−1,3−ジオール(市販されている)より出発し、中間体K,工程3に記載の手順に従って製造することができる。
[00261] 様々な化合物について、GSNOR活性を阻害するその能力を in vitro で試験した。実施例1〜22のGSNOR阻害化合物は、約1μM未満のIC50を有した。実施例1〜3、5〜6、8〜9、11〜12、14、16〜22のGSNOR阻害化合物は、約0.1μM未満のIC50を有した。
[00263] GSNORの発酵処理:100μg/mlのアンピシリンを含有する2XYT培地中のGSNORグリセロールストックの穿刺物より、37℃で一晩のインキュベーション後にプレ培養物を増殖させた。次いで、アンピシリンを含有する新鮮な2XYT(4L)へ細胞を加えて、37℃で0.6〜0.9のOD(A600)にまで増殖させた後で誘導した。20℃で一晩のインキュベーションにおいて、GSNOR発現を0.1%アラビノースで誘導した。
[00267] 実験喘息モデル:
[00268] 卵白アルブミン(OVA)誘発喘息のマウスモデルを使用して、GSNOR阻害剤について、メタコリン(MCh)誘発性気管支収縮/気道過敏反応に対する効力をスクリーニングした。これは、ヒトの喘息に類似した急性アレルギー喘息の表現型を提示する、広く使用されていて、十分に特徴づけられたモデルである。OVA感作と気道チャレンジの後に、そしてMChでのチャレンジに先立ってGSNOR阻害剤を投与するプロトコールを使用して、GSNOR阻害剤の効力を評価した。全身プレチスモグラフィー(Penh;Buxco)を使用して、増加用量のMChでのチャレンジに応じた気管支収縮応答を評価した。肺炎症の尺度として気管支肺胞洗浄液(BALF)への好酸球浸潤物の量も定量した。GSNOR阻害剤の効果を担体と陽性対照としてのコンビベント(吸入;IH)と比較した。
[00270] アレルゲン感作及びチャレンジのプロトコール
[00271] PBS中のOVA(500μg/ml)を等量の蒸留水中10%(w/v)硫酸アルミニウムカリウムと混合して、10N NaOHを使用してpH6.5へ調整後、室温で60分間インキュベートした。750xgで5分間の遠心分離後、OVA/ミョウバンペレットを蒸留水中の元の容量へ再懸濁させた。0日目に、ミョウバンと複合させた100μg OVA(生理食塩水中500μg/mLの0.2mL)の腹腔内(IP)注射液をマウスに与えた。生理食塩水中のケタミン及びキシラジン(それぞれ、0.44及び6.3mg/mL)の0.2mL混合物のIP注射によってマウスを麻酔して、ボード上に背臥位で置いた。各動物の舌の裏側に250マイクログラム(2.5mg/mlの100μl)のOVA(8日目)と125μg(2.5mg/mlの50μl)のOVA(15、18、及び21日目)を入れた。
[00273] 有意識で自由に動き、自発的に呼吸するマウスにおける最後のOVAチャレンジから24時間後に、Buxco チャンバ(ノースカロライナ州ウィルミントン)を使用する全身プレチスモグラフィーで、メタコリンへの in vivo 気道反応性を測定した。超音波ネブライザーによって産生する、エアゾール化した生理食塩水又は増加用量のメタコリン(5、20、及び50mg/mL)でマウスを2分間チャレンジした。気管支収縮の度合いは、同一マウスの気道抵抗性、インピーダンス、及び胸腔内圧の測定値と相関する、無次元の計算値である向上休止(Penh)として表した。それぞれの噴霧化チャレンジ後4分間のPenh読取り値を取って、平均化した。Penhは、以下のように計算する:Penh=[(Te/Tr−1)x(PEF/PIF)](ここでTeは無効化時間であり、Trは弛緩時間であり、PEFはピーク呼気流量であり、PIFはピーク吸気流量x0.67係数である)。最大値からユーザー定義の最大値百分率へ変化させるボックス圧力の時間が弛緩時間を表す。Tr測定は、最大ボックス圧力で始めて、40%で終える。
[00275] 気道過敏反応性の測定の後で、マウスを心臓穿刺によって失血させてから、両肺より、又は左肺を主気管支で結紮後に右肺より、BALFを採取した。0.05mLアリコートより全BALF細胞を計数し、残る体液を4℃、200xgで10分間遠心分離させた。細胞ペレットを10% BSA含有生理食塩水に再懸濁させて、スライドガラス上に塗抹標本を作製した。好酸球を0.05%エオジン水溶液と蒸留水中5%アセトンで5分間染色し、蒸留水で濯いで、0.07%メチレンブルーで対比染色した。あるいは、好酸球と他の白血球をDiffQuickで染色した。
[00277] GSNOR阻害剤をリン酸緩衝化生理食塩水(PBS)(pH7.4)又は0.5(w/v)%カルボキシメチルセルロースにおいて0.00005〜3mg/mLに及ぶ濃度で戻した。GSNOR阻害剤を静脈内(IV)又は経口ガバージュのいずれかにより単回用量又は多重用量(10mL/kg)としてマウスへ投与した。投薬は、MChチャレンジの30分〜24時間前に実施した。GSNOR阻害剤の効果を、同じやり方で投薬した担体と比較した。
[00280] ベースライン、生理食塩水、及び増加用量のMChチャレンジに対するPenhの曲線下面積値を、GraphPad Prism 5.0(カリフォルニア州サンディエゴ)を使用して計算して、それぞれの(IV又は経口投与)担体対照のパーセントとして表した。片側ANOVA、ダンネット(Dunnetts)又はボンフェローニ(Bonferroni)事後検定又はt検定(JMP 8.0,SAS研究所、ノースカロライナ州キャリー、又はマイクロソフト・エクセル)を使用して、各試験内の処置群とそれぞれの担体対照群の間の統計学的な差を計算した。処置群とそれぞれの担体対照群の間のp値が0.05未満であれば、有意に差があるとみなした。
[00282] 喘息のOVAモデルにおいて、実施例3の化合物は、評価の24時間前に10mg/kgの単回経口用量で投与するとき、PenhのAUCとBALFへの好酸球浸潤を担体対照に対してそれぞれ43%と42%減少させた(p<0.05)。別の試験では、実施例3の化合物は、評価の48時間、24時間、及び1時間前に10mg/kgの3回の経口用量で投与するとき、BALF中の好酸球浸潤を担体対照に対して12%減少させた。
[00286] 実験モデル
[00287] マウスを使用して、本発明の化合物の薬物動態を決定した。この種は、経口(PO)と静脈内(IV)の両方で試験品を投与することによって化合物のバイオアベイラビリティを評価するのに広く使用されている。IV又はPO投与のいずれかにより、雄性BALB/cにおいてピーク活性の時点で血漿曝露を評価することによって、本発明の化合物の効力を比較した。
[00289] 本発明の化合物のIV投与
[00290] 本発明の化合物をリン酸緩衝化生理食塩水(PBS)/10% Solutol(HS15)の澄明な溶液に戻し、0.2mg/mLの濃度を得て、マウスへ単回IV用量(2mg/kg)として投与した。動物に外側尾静脈より投薬した。イソフルラン麻酔下での心臓穿刺によって指定の時点(0.083、0.25、0.5、1、2、4、8、16、24時間)で血液試料(各動物で1mLまでの血液)を採取した。血液は、Li−ヘパリンを含有する試験管へ採取した。この血液試料を氷上に保存して、採取からほぼ30分以内に遠心分離させた。ラベルを付けたポリプロピレン管へ血漿を移して、LC/MS/MSによって分析するまで、−70℃で冷凍した。
[00292] 本発明の化合物を40%プロピレングリコール/40%炭酸プロピレン/20%の5%ショ糖の澄明な溶液へ戻し、2mg/mLの濃度を得て、マウスへ単回経口用量(10mg/kg)としてガバージュにより投与した。イソフルラン麻酔下での心臓穿刺によって投薬後0.25、0.5、1、2、4、8、12、16、20、及び24時間で血液試料を採取した。血液は、Li−ヘパリンを含有する試験管へ採取した。この血液試料を氷上に保存して、採取からほぼ30分以内に遠心分離させた。ラベルを付けたポリプロピレン管へ血漿を移して、LC/MS/MSによって分析するまで、−70℃で冷凍した。
[00294] 各時点での血漿試料について、LC−MS/MSを使用して、1ng/mLの定量下限(LLOQ)で分析した。血漿を分析して各試料中の本発明の化合物の量を定量して、本発明の各化合物について、関連するマトリックスにおいて回帰曲線を作成した。
IV部分のPK変数−AUClast;AUCINF;T1/2;Cl;Vss;Cmax;MRT
PO部分のPK定数−AUClast;AUCINF;T1/2;Cmax;Cl,MRT。
[00297] 結果
[00298] 実施例1、3、9、及び12の化合物は、約4〜41%の経口バイオアベイラビリティを有した。実施例16の化合物は、約44%の経口バイオアベイラビリティを有した。比較対照化合物の4−(7−ヒドロキシ−4−オキソ−2−(トリフルオロメチル)−4H−クロメン−3−イル)安息香酸(PCT/US2010/024035を参照のこと)は、約17%の経口バイオアベイラビリティを有した。この比較対照化合物は、実施例16より約3倍速く消失する(Cl)。
[00299] モデルの概説
[00300] マウスのデキストラン硫酸ナトリウム(DSS)誘発性IBDの急性及び慢性モデルを使用して、この疾患に対するGSNORiの効力を探究した。急性及び慢性DSS誘発IBDは、このヒト疾患で観察されるものに似た結腸中の病理学的変化を誘発する、広く使用されてよく特徴付けられたモデルである。このモデルとヒトの疾患では、結腸の陰窩内の上皮細胞が破壊されて、上皮壁の機能不全と続発する組織炎症、浮腫、及び潰瘍形成をもたらす。GSNORi療法は、s−ニトロソグルタチオン(GSNO)レベルを回復させることによってIBDに益して、それにより上皮壁の機能不全を予防するか又は逆転させる可能性がある。
[00302] 雄性C57B1/6マウス(各群N=8〜10匹のマウス)への飲料水中のDSSの6連日間の投与によって、実験IBDを誘発した。DSS曝露の2日前より開始して、その2日後まで継続する10日間、GSNORiを0.1〜10mg/kg/日の用量で経口投薬した。DSS曝露から2日後に、スコア=0(正常組織)〜スコア=4(潰瘍性の組織傷害と顕著な病理学的変化)の範囲に及ぶ5点尺度を使用して、内視鏡検査と組織病理学により盲検形式でGSNORiの効果を評価した。炎症経路に関与する循環サイトカインのレベルも評価した。GSNORiの効果を担体処置対照と比較した。本試験ではコルチコステロイドのプレドニンを陽性対照として使用して、経口投薬により3mg/kg/日で連日投与した。無処置マウス(N=5)も正常組織対照として評価した。
[00304] 雄性C57B1/6マウス(各群N=10〜12匹のマウス)への飲料水中のDSSの6連日間の投与によって、実験IBDを誘発した。DSS曝露の中止後1日目より開始して14日間、GSNORiを10mg/kg/日の用量で経口投薬した。GSNORi投薬の7日後と14日後に内視鏡検査により、そしてGSNORi投薬の14日後に組織病理学により、スコア=0(正常組織)〜スコア=4(潰瘍性の組織傷害と顕著な病理学的変化)の範囲に及ぶ5点尺度を使用して、盲検形式でGSNORiの効果を評価した。炎症経路に関与する循環サイトカインのレベルも評価した。GSNORiの効果を担体処置対照と比較した。本試験ではコルチコステロイドのプレドニンを陽性対照として使用して、経口投薬により3mg/kg/日で連日投与した。無処置マウス(N=5)も正常組織対照として評価した。
[00306] 急性DSS誘発IBDのマウスモデルにおいて、実施例3の化合物は、結腸損傷を減弱させた。内視鏡検査評価により重篤な結腸損傷スコアを呈するマウスのパーセントは、予防投薬レジメンを使用する0.1又は1mg/kg/日の実施例3の化合物での10連日間の経口処置後、担体対照に対してそれぞれ38%又は25%減少した。病理学評価により重篤な結腸損傷スコアを呈するマウスのパーセントは、0.1又は1mg/kg/日の実施例3の化合物での10日間の経口処置後、担体対照に対してそれぞれ12%又は33%減少した。
[00309] 短期間のタバコ煙COPDモデル
[00310] 短期間(4日又は11日)のタバコ煙への曝露によって誘発される慢性閉塞性肺疾患(COPD)のマウスモデルにおいてGSNOR阻害剤の効力を評価した。気管支肺胞洗浄液(BALF)中への炎症性細胞の浸潤と炎症及び組織代謝回転/修復に関与するケモカインのBALFレベルを測定して、COPDの発症及び進行に関連したいくつかの初期イベントに対するGSNOR阻害剤の影響を評価した。
[00312] マウスの急性(4日)及び亜慢性(11日)タバコ煙誘発COPDモデルを使用して、COPDに抗するGSNOR阻害剤の効力を探究した。動物をタバコ煙へ曝露すると、ヒト疾患と同じ原因体によって損傷が誘発されて、気道閉塞、気胞拡大、及びこれらの病理における炎症反応の関与が含まれる、ヒト疾患への類似性が損傷によって明示される、COPDのモデルがもたらされる。動物モデルでは、肺病理の変化が明白になるのは、タバコ煙への延長された(数ヶ月)期間の後なので、慢性モデルは、有効なスクリーニングツールとして不向きである。より最近になって、短期間(2週間又は2週未満)の煙曝露後に炎症反応を探究するマウスのモデルがCOPDに抗する新規治療薬剤の効力と作用機序をスクリーニングするためのツールとして利用されてきた。COPDの発症及び進行における炎症の重要な役割により、これらの短期モデルは、新規治療薬剤の効力の初期テストに適している。
[00316] 実施例3の化合物は、BALF細胞浸潤液及びBALF炎症性ケモカインにおける煙誘発性の変化を減弱させた。実施例3は、急性4日煙モデルにおいて10mg/kg/日で7日間経口投薬するとき、BALF中の全細胞、白血球、マクロファージ、好中球、及び好酸球の煙誘発性の増加を担体処置対照に比較して完全に(100%)そして有意に(p<0.05)阻害した。実施例3のこれらの効果は、ロフルミラストで観測されるものと同等であるか又はより大きかった。実施例3はまた、BALFケモカインを無処置マウスで観測されるレベルの方へ回復させた。亜慢性11日モデルにおいて、実施例3の化合物は、10mg/kg/日で11日間経口投薬するとき、BALF中の全細胞(p<0.05)、マクロファージ(p<0.05)、好中球、好酸球、及びリンパ球の煙誘発性の増加をそれぞれ26%、28%、25%、57%、及び24%阻害した。
Claims (8)
- 3−フルオロ−4−(7−ヒドロキシ−4−オキソ−2−(トリフルオロメチル)−4H−クロメン−3−イル)安息香酸である化合物またはその医薬的に許容される塩。
- 4−(7−ヒドロキシ−4−オキソ−2−(トリフルオロメチル)−4H−クロメン−3−イル)−3−メチル安息香酸である化合物またはその医薬的に許容される塩。
- 4−(8−フルオロ−7−ヒドロキシ−4−オキソ−2−(トリフルオロメチル)−4H−クロメン−3−イル)安息香酸である化合物またはその医薬的に許容される塩。
- 請求項1〜3のいずれかに記載の化合物またはその医薬的に許容される塩を含んでなる医薬組成物。
- 喘息の治療用である、請求項4に記載の医薬組成物。
- COPDの治療用である、請求項4に記載の医薬組成物。
- 炎症性腸疾患または嚢胞性線維症の治療用である、請求項4に記載の医薬組成物。
- 喘息、COPD、炎症性腸疾患または嚢胞性線維症を治療するための薬剤の製造における、請求項1〜3のいずれかに記載の化合物またはその医薬的に許容される塩の使用。
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Cited By (1)
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JP2016040285A (ja) * | 2010-02-12 | 2016-03-24 | ニヴァリス・セラピューティクス・インコーポレーテッド | 新規のs−ニトロソグルタチオンレダクターゼ阻害剤 |
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AU2011215833A1 (en) | 2012-08-30 |
PL2533638T3 (pl) | 2016-08-31 |
WO2011100433A1 (en) | 2011-08-18 |
SI2533638T1 (sl) | 2016-05-31 |
US9187447B2 (en) | 2015-11-17 |
IL220956A (en) | 2015-09-24 |
DK2533638T3 (en) | 2016-04-25 |
RS54618B1 (en) | 2016-08-31 |
SMT201600135B (it) | 2016-07-01 |
AU2011215833B2 (en) | 2015-07-09 |
HRP20160450T1 (hr) | 2016-05-20 |
KR20120138746A (ko) | 2012-12-26 |
BR112012019529A2 (pt) | 2019-09-24 |
JP2016040285A (ja) | 2016-03-24 |
US9707212B2 (en) | 2017-07-18 |
HUE029012T2 (en) | 2017-02-28 |
US20140275185A1 (en) | 2014-09-18 |
US20160045478A1 (en) | 2016-02-18 |
EP2533638B1 (en) | 2016-02-10 |
CN102869255B (zh) | 2016-08-31 |
US20120289555A1 (en) | 2012-11-15 |
ZA201205374B (en) | 2013-09-25 |
RU2585763C2 (ru) | 2016-06-10 |
ES2565345T3 (es) | 2016-04-04 |
EP2533638A1 (en) | 2012-12-19 |
RU2012132692A (ru) | 2014-02-10 |
CA2787633A1 (en) | 2011-08-18 |
EP2533638A4 (en) | 2013-06-05 |
CN102869255A (zh) | 2013-01-09 |
HK1178742A1 (zh) | 2013-09-19 |
US8759548B2 (en) | 2014-06-24 |
JP2013519680A (ja) | 2013-05-30 |
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