JP5791639B2 - 製油所廃液からセレンの除去 - Google Patents
製油所廃液からセレンの除去 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP5791639B2 JP5791639B2 JP2012557207A JP2012557207A JP5791639B2 JP 5791639 B2 JP5791639 B2 JP 5791639B2 JP 2012557207 A JP2012557207 A JP 2012557207A JP 2012557207 A JP2012557207 A JP 2012557207A JP 5791639 B2 JP5791639 B2 JP 5791639B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- selenium
- liquid
- amount
- ppm
- ferric
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F9/00—Multistage treatment of water, waste water or sewage
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/52—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flocculation or precipitation of suspended impurities
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/52—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flocculation or precipitation of suspended impurities
- C02F1/5236—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flocculation or precipitation of suspended impurities using inorganic agents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/52—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flocculation or precipitation of suspended impurities
- C02F1/5236—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flocculation or precipitation of suspended impurities using inorganic agents
- C02F1/5245—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flocculation or precipitation of suspended impurities using inorganic agents using basic salts, e.g. of aluminium and iron
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/58—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by removing specified dissolved compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/58—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by removing specified dissolved compounds
- C02F1/62—Heavy metal compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/66—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by neutralisation; pH adjustment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/72—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/72—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation
- C02F1/76—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation with halogens or compounds of halogens
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/72—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation
- C02F1/78—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation with ozone
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/72—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by oxidation
- C02F1/722—Oxidation by peroxides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2101/00—Nature of the contaminant
- C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
- C02F2101/20—Heavy metals or heavy metal compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/18—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from the purification of gaseous effluents
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Removal Of Specific Substances (AREA)
- Treatment Of Water By Oxidation Or Reduction (AREA)
- Separation Of Suspended Particles By Flocculating Agents (AREA)
- Paper (AREA)
Description
前記液体のpHを7.5未満に調節し、
前記液体中のセレンの四分の一未満が沈殿するような量で、第2鉄塩を添加し、
前記液体にジチオカルバメート物質を、前記物質中のジチオカルバメートの量(ppmで)が前記第2鉄塩の量(ppmで)よりも多くなるように添加する、ステップを含む。前記ジ前記チオカルバメート物質は、PDTC、DTC及びこれらの任意の組合せからなる群から選択され得る。前記液体は水であり得る。前記水はサワーストリッパー水であり得る。前記pHは、硫酸、HCl、H3PO4及びこれらの任意の組合せの添加により下げられ得る。前記第2鉄塩は、硫化第2鉄、塩化第2鉄、硫化第1鉄、塩化第1鉄及びこれらの任意の組合せからなる群から選択され得る。前記第2鉄塩は、1〜300ppmの間の量で添加され得る。前記ジチオカルバメート物質は、前記液体へ添加される第2鉄塩の量(ppmで)の50%と300%との間であり得る。
以下、本出願の目的のために用語が次のように定義される。
ここまで説明されたことは、次のいくつかの例を参照することでよりよく理解され得る。以下の例は例示することを目的とし、本発明の範囲を限定することを意図するものではない。
Claims (2)
- セレンを液体から除去する方法であり、
前記液体中のSeO 3 2− の大部分をHSeO 3 − へ変換するよう、前記液体に酸化剤を添加し、且つ前記液体のpHを6〜7に調節するステップと、
第2鉄塩を、前記液体中のセレンの四分の一未満が沈殿するような量で添加するステップと、
ジチオカルバメートモノマーを含むポリジチオカルバメート物質を、前記液体に、前記ジチオカルバメートモノマーの量(ppm)が前記第2鉄塩の量(ppm)よりも多くなるような量で添加するステップと、
を含む方法。 - 液体からセレンを除去する方法であり、
前記液体中のSeO 3 2− の大部分をHSeO 3 − へ変換するよう、前記液体に酸化剤を添加し、且つ前記液体のpHを6〜7に調節するステップと、
第2鉄塩を、前記液体中のセレンの四分の一未満が沈殿するような量で添加するステップと、
ジチオカルバメート物質を、前記液体に、ジチオカルバメート物質の量(ppm)が前記第2鉄塩の量(ppm)よりも多くなるような量で添加するステップと、
を含む方法。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US12/721,139 | 2010-03-10 | ||
US12/721,139 US8282835B2 (en) | 2010-03-10 | 2010-03-10 | Removal of selenium from refinery wastewater |
PCT/US2011/027711 WO2011112693A2 (en) | 2010-03-10 | 2011-03-09 | Removal of selenium from refinery wastewater |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2013522008A JP2013522008A (ja) | 2013-06-13 |
JP2013522008A5 JP2013522008A5 (ja) | 2014-04-24 |
JP5791639B2 true JP5791639B2 (ja) | 2015-10-07 |
Family
ID=44558954
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2012557207A Active JP5791639B2 (ja) | 2010-03-10 | 2011-03-09 | 製油所廃液からセレンの除去 |
Country Status (15)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8282835B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP2545006A4 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5791639B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR101818954B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN102791638B (ja) |
AR (1) | AR080392A1 (ja) |
AU (1) | AU2011224425B2 (ja) |
BR (1) | BR112012022753B1 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2792614C (ja) |
MX (1) | MX2012010442A (ja) |
NZ (1) | NZ602343A (ja) |
SG (1) | SG183994A1 (ja) |
TW (1) | TWI561477B (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2011112693A2 (ja) |
ZA (1) | ZA201206877B (ja) |
Families Citing this family (17)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2812100B1 (en) * | 2012-02-06 | 2020-05-20 | Nalco Company | Corrosion control in flue gas wet scrubber systems |
KR101798316B1 (ko) * | 2013-06-28 | 2017-11-15 | 미츠비시 히타치 파워 시스템즈 칸쿄 솔루션 가부시키가이샤 | 셀레늄 제거 방법 및 셀레늄 제거 장치 |
US9963360B2 (en) | 2013-10-04 | 2018-05-08 | Bqe Water Inc. | Removal of dissolved selenium from aqueous solutions |
JP6204146B2 (ja) * | 2013-10-16 | 2017-09-27 | 三菱重工業株式会社 | 排水処理方法及び排水処理装置 |
CN104556540B (zh) * | 2013-10-22 | 2016-11-16 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种含硒废水的处理方法 |
CN104556543B (zh) * | 2013-10-29 | 2017-02-08 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种含硒废水的处理方法 |
WO2015069403A1 (en) * | 2013-11-11 | 2015-05-14 | Nalco Company | Method of heavy metal removal from waste water streams |
CN105712569B (zh) * | 2014-12-05 | 2018-04-10 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种含硒废水的深度处理方法 |
WO2016111739A1 (en) | 2015-01-06 | 2016-07-14 | Ecolab Usa Inc. | Process for removal of selenium from water by dithionite ions |
EP3365101A4 (en) | 2015-10-21 | 2019-04-03 | The Texas A&M University System | PROCESS FOR TREATING SELENOCYANATE IN WASTEWATER |
EP3365283A4 (en) * | 2015-10-21 | 2019-04-03 | The Texas A & M University System | METHOD FOR REMOVAL OF RECALCITRADING SPECIES FROM SELENIUM PRESENT IN WASTEWATER |
RU2742636C2 (ru) | 2016-05-20 | 2021-02-09 | ЭКОЛАБ ЮЭсЭй ИНК. | Способ отделения ртути от продукта выщелачивания руды |
CN109415234A (zh) * | 2016-06-30 | 2019-03-01 | Bl 科技公司 | 用生物、化学和膜处理去除硒的方法 |
CN106365244B (zh) * | 2016-11-21 | 2019-07-19 | 南京大学 | 一种悬浊液态含铁复合试剂及其制备方法和高效去除水中硒酸盐的方法 |
US10947142B2 (en) * | 2017-09-01 | 2021-03-16 | Suncor Energy Inc. | Apparatus and methods for treating wastewater |
CN113058195B (zh) * | 2021-03-29 | 2022-04-08 | 清华大学 | 降低脱硫石膏硒污染物含量的湿法脱硫添加剂及其应用 |
CN113333177B (zh) * | 2021-05-20 | 2022-11-18 | 中国恩菲工程技术有限公司 | 含次生铜的硫化铜矿分离用组合抑制剂及分离方法 |
Family Cites Families (21)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4405464A (en) * | 1981-08-31 | 1983-09-20 | Kerr-Mcgee Nuclear Corporation | Process for the removal of selenium from aqueous systems |
US5071568A (en) * | 1990-10-31 | 1991-12-10 | Union Oil Company Of California | Selenium removal process |
US5200082A (en) * | 1991-07-02 | 1993-04-06 | Santina Water Company | Method for removing toxic substances from industrial and agricultural waste water |
US5510040A (en) * | 1994-11-21 | 1996-04-23 | Nalco Chemical Company | Removal of selenium from water by complexation with polymeric dithiocarbamates |
US5753125A (en) * | 1995-05-19 | 1998-05-19 | Kreisler; Lawrence | Method for recovering and separating metals from waste streams |
JPH0975954A (ja) * | 1995-09-19 | 1997-03-25 | Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co Ltd | セレン含有廃液中のセレノ硫酸イオンの除去方法 |
JP3530672B2 (ja) * | 1996-03-13 | 2004-05-24 | 日鉱金属株式会社 | セレン含有廃水の処理方法 |
JP3587952B2 (ja) * | 1996-07-31 | 2004-11-10 | ミヨシ油脂株式会社 | セレン含有廃液の処理方法 |
JP2945960B2 (ja) * | 1997-02-17 | 1999-09-06 | 工業技術院長 | セレン分離材及びそれを用いたセレンの選択的分離回収方法 |
US5993667A (en) * | 1997-10-20 | 1999-11-30 | Texaco Inc. | Process for removing selenium from refinery process water and waste water streams |
JP3060013B1 (ja) * | 1999-03-19 | 2000-07-04 | 工業技術院長 | セレンイオンの分離方法 |
TWI230691B (en) * | 2000-07-07 | 2005-04-11 | Microbar Sysyems Inc | Process and apparatus for removal of heavy metals from wastewater |
JP4534326B2 (ja) * | 2000-09-13 | 2010-09-01 | 株式会社Ihi | セレン含有廃液処理方法及びその装置 |
US6802980B1 (en) * | 2001-06-20 | 2004-10-12 | Sandia Corporation | Arsenic removal in conjunction with lime softening |
JP2003181467A (ja) * | 2001-12-13 | 2003-07-02 | Mitsubishi Materials Corp | セレン含有廃水の処理方法 |
JP4035347B2 (ja) * | 2002-02-28 | 2008-01-23 | 独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所 | セレン酸含有排水の処理方法及びこれに用いる処理剤 |
JP2006102559A (ja) * | 2004-09-30 | 2006-04-20 | Dowa Mining Co Ltd | セレン含有排水の処理方法 |
JP4670004B2 (ja) * | 2004-11-15 | 2011-04-13 | Dowaメタルマイン株式会社 | セレン含有水の処理方法 |
US7419602B2 (en) * | 2005-11-22 | 2008-09-02 | Conocophillips Company | Selenium removal from water |
JP5211320B2 (ja) * | 2006-01-12 | 2013-06-12 | 国立大学法人 筑波大学 | セレン含有排水処理方法 |
JP4970972B2 (ja) * | 2007-02-05 | 2012-07-11 | Dowaエコシステム株式会社 | セレン含有排水の処理方法 |
-
2010
- 2010-03-10 US US12/721,139 patent/US8282835B2/en active Active
-
2011
- 2011-03-04 TW TW100107257A patent/TWI561477B/zh active
- 2011-03-09 WO PCT/US2011/027711 patent/WO2011112693A2/en active Application Filing
- 2011-03-09 AU AU2011224425A patent/AU2011224425B2/en active Active
- 2011-03-09 MX MX2012010442A patent/MX2012010442A/es unknown
- 2011-03-09 CA CA2792614A patent/CA2792614C/en active Active
- 2011-03-09 AR ARP110100734A patent/AR080392A1/es active IP Right Grant
- 2011-03-09 SG SG2012067039A patent/SG183994A1/en unknown
- 2011-03-09 JP JP2012557207A patent/JP5791639B2/ja active Active
- 2011-03-09 EP EP11753993.2A patent/EP2545006A4/en active Pending
- 2011-03-09 KR KR1020127023689A patent/KR101818954B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2011-03-09 CN CN201180013277.2A patent/CN102791638B/zh active Active
- 2011-03-09 BR BR112012022753-0A patent/BR112012022753B1/pt active IP Right Grant
- 2011-03-09 NZ NZ602343A patent/NZ602343A/xx unknown
-
2012
- 2012-09-13 ZA ZA2012/06877A patent/ZA201206877B/en unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2545006A4 (en) | 2014-12-31 |
TW201144236A (en) | 2011-12-16 |
SG183994A1 (en) | 2012-10-30 |
US20110220583A1 (en) | 2011-09-15 |
BR112012022753A2 (pt) | 2019-09-10 |
ZA201206877B (en) | 2013-05-29 |
NZ602343A (en) | 2013-08-30 |
WO2011112693A3 (en) | 2012-01-05 |
KR101818954B1 (ko) | 2018-01-17 |
AR080392A1 (es) | 2012-04-04 |
EP2545006A2 (en) | 2013-01-16 |
TWI561477B (en) | 2016-12-11 |
CA2792614A1 (en) | 2011-09-15 |
BR112012022753B1 (pt) | 2021-05-25 |
KR20130073867A (ko) | 2013-07-03 |
CA2792614C (en) | 2018-03-27 |
WO2011112693A2 (en) | 2011-09-15 |
MX2012010442A (es) | 2013-02-26 |
CN102791638A (zh) | 2012-11-21 |
US8282835B2 (en) | 2012-10-09 |
AU2011224425B2 (en) | 2015-09-03 |
AU2011224425A1 (en) | 2012-09-27 |
JP2013522008A (ja) | 2013-06-13 |
CN102791638B (zh) | 2014-10-22 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
JP5791639B2 (ja) | 製油所廃液からセレンの除去 | |
Altaş et al. | Sulfide removal in petroleum refinery wastewater by chemical precipitation | |
BR112012022754A2 (pt) | "lipohydrophilic glycerol based polymers as digestion aids for improving wood pulping processes | |
Bustillo-Lecompte et al. | Photochemical treatment of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) in aqueous solutions using advanced oxidation processes: towards a cleaner production in the petroleum refining and petrochemical industries | |
Hariz et al. | Treatment of petroleum refinery sulfidic spent caustic wastes by electrocoagulation | |
Mosmeri et al. | Benzene-contaminated groundwater remediation using calcium peroxide nanoparticles: synthesis and process optimization | |
Hu et al. | As (III) oxidation by active chlorine and subsequent removal of As (V) by Al13 polymer coagulation using a novel dual function reagent | |
Pino-Cortés et al. | Characteristics and treatment of wastewater from the mercaptan oxidation process: a comprehensive review | |
Kholikulov et al. | Pilot tests of processing technologies of process solutions of copper production by ozonation | |
Tang et al. | Aerated electrolysis for reducing impacts of shale gas production wastewater on water sources regarding disinfection byproduct formation | |
Giwa et al. | Investigating the effects of some parameters on hydrogen sulphide stripping column using Aspen HYSYS | |
Falconi et al. | An overview of treatment techniques to remove ore flotation reagents from mining wastewater | |
Othman et al. | The study on the effectiveness of organic material in acid mine drainage treatment | |
CN103739054B (zh) | 苯海因含酚废水和焦化含酚废水的共处理方法 | |
Martin et al. | Photocatalytic treatment of organoselenium in synthetic mine-impacted effluents | |
Liu et al. | Treating boron-containing wastewater by electrocoagulation-flotation (ECF) process with the stepwise addition of anionic surfactants | |
Alnakeeb et al. | Chemical precipitation method for sulphate removal from treated wastewater of Al-Doura refinery | |
CN104609619B (zh) | 一种稀土废料回收废水的处理工艺 | |
Feijoo Moreira | Sulfate radical-based electrochemical advanced oxidation processes for the removal of contaminants of emerging concern in wastewater | |
Chica et al. | A heavy metal network: connecting remediation strategies | |
Zhang | Degradation of persistent organic pollutants in wastewater by periodate-based advanced oxidation processes | |
Merchant et al. | New advancement of advanced oxidation processes for the treatment of Petroleum wastewater | |
Lee et al. | Efficient cadmium removal from industrial wastewater generated from smelter using chemical precipitation and oxidation assistance | |
Wibowo et al. | Recent advances in acid mine drainage treatment through hybrid technology: Comprehensive review of scientific literature | |
Duz | Application of advanced oxidation processes in the reclamation of wastewaters from the oil & gas sector |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20140307 |
|
A621 | Written request for application examination |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A621 Effective date: 20140307 |
|
A977 | Report on retrieval |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A971007 Effective date: 20150130 |
|
A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20150217 |
|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20150428 |
|
TRDD | Decision of grant or rejection written | ||
A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 Effective date: 20150707 |
|
A61 | First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61 Effective date: 20150804 |
|
R150 | Certificate of patent or registration of utility model |
Ref document number: 5791639 Country of ref document: JP Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |