JP5766707B2 - 有機金属錯体に基づいたイオン対形成柔軟塩、及び有機発光ダイオードにおけるそれらの応用 - Google Patents
有機金属錯体に基づいたイオン対形成柔軟塩、及び有機発光ダイオードにおけるそれらの応用 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5766707B2 JP5766707B2 JP2012537185A JP2012537185A JP5766707B2 JP 5766707 B2 JP5766707 B2 JP 5766707B2 JP 2012537185 A JP2012537185 A JP 2012537185A JP 2012537185 A JP2012537185 A JP 2012537185A JP 5766707 B2 JP5766707 B2 JP 5766707B2
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- WCPAKWJPBJAGKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxadiazole Chemical compound C1=CON=N1 WCPAKWJPBJAGKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AZHVQJLDOFKHPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxathiazine Chemical compound O1SN=CC=C1 AZHVQJLDOFKHPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CQDAMYNQINDRQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxatriazole Chemical compound C1=NN=NO1 CQDAMYNQINDRQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000059 patterning Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000002080 perylenyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=C2C=CC=C3C4=CC=CC5=CC=CC(C1=C23)=C45)* 0.000 description 2
- CSHWQDPOILHKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N peryrene Natural products C1=CC(C2=CC=CC=3C2=C2C=CC=3)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 CSHWQDPOILHKBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XDJOIMJURHQYDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenalene Chemical compound C1=CC(CC=C2)=C3C2=CC=CC3=C1 XDJOIMJURHQYDW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229950000688 phenothiazine Drugs 0.000 description 2
- LFSXCDWNBUNEEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalazine Chemical compound C1=NN=CC2=CC=CC=C21 LFSXCDWNBUNEEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- CPNGPNLZQNNVQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N pteridine Chemical compound N1=CN=CC2=NC=CN=C21 CPNGPNLZQNNVQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PBMFSQRYOILNGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridazine Chemical compound C1=CC=NN=C1 PBMFSQRYOILNGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JWVCLYRUEFBMGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N quinazoline Chemical compound N1=CN=CC2=CC=CC=C21 JWVCLYRUEFBMGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 2
- VLLMWSRANPNYQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiadiazole Chemical compound C1=CSN=N1.C1=CSN=N1 VLLMWSRANPNYQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229930192474 thiophene Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000003852 triazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000005580 triphenylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- LENZDBCJOHFCAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris Chemical compound OCC(N)(CO)CO LENZDBCJOHFCAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JYEUMXHLPRZUAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3-triazine Chemical compound C1=CN=NN=C1 JYEUMXHLPRZUAT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TZMSYXZUNZXBOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 10H-phenoxazine Chemical compound C1=CC=C2NC3=CC=CC=C3OC2=C1 TZMSYXZUNZXBOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PRKPJLWFIWKKKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)pyridine;iridium Chemical compound [Ir].FC1=CC(F)=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=N1 PRKPJLWFIWKKKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RICKKZXCGCSLIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[2-[carboxymethyl-[[3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-4-yl]methyl]amino]ethyl-[[3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-4-yl]methyl]amino]acetic acid Chemical compound CC1=NC=C(CO)C(CN(CCN(CC(O)=O)CC=2C(=C(C)N=CC=2CO)O)CC(O)=O)=C1O RICKKZXCGCSLIU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000005360 2-phenylpyridines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- VSAQGILFCMISBU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2h-oxazine;triazine Chemical compound C1=CN=NN=C1.N1OC=CC=C1 VSAQGILFCMISBU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DHDHJYNTEFLIHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline Chemical group C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=NC2=C1C=CC1=C(C=3C=CC=CC=3)C=CN=C21 DHDHJYNTEFLIHY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DIVZFUBWFAOMCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-n-(3-methylphenyl)-1-n,1-n-bis[4-(n-(3-methylphenyl)anilino)phenyl]-4-n-phenylbenzene-1,4-diamine Chemical group CC1=CC=CC(N(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C=CC(=CC=2)N(C=2C=CC(=CC=2)N(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C=C(C)C=CC=2)C=2C=CC(=CC=2)N(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C=C(C)C=CC=2)=C1 DIVZFUBWFAOMCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TXNLQUKVUJITMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-tert-butyl-2-(4-tert-butylpyridin-2-yl)pyridine Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC=NC(C=2N=CC=C(C=2)C(C)(C)C)=C1 TXNLQUKVUJITMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ADLVDYMTBOSDFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-chloro-6-nitroisoindole-1,3-dione Chemical compound C1=C(Cl)C([N+](=O)[O-])=CC2=C1C(=O)NC2=O ADLVDYMTBOSDFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005033 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004566 IR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorous acid Chemical compound OP(O)=O ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005411 Van der Waals force Methods 0.000 description 1
- IXPCJOPIVIEBBA-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Pt+2].N1C(C=C2N=C(C=C3NC(=C4)C=C3)C=C2)=CC=C1C=C1C=CC4=N1 Chemical class [Pt+2].N1C(C=C2N=C(C=C3NC(=C4)C=C3)C=C2)=CC=C1C=C1C=CC4=N1 IXPCJOPIVIEBBA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001413 alkali metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960002685 biotin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000020958 biotin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011616 biotin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005587 bubbling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000160 carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen elemental analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001460 carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000021615 conjugation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- BOXSCYUXSBYGRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclopenta-1,3-diene;iron(3+) Chemical compound [Fe+3].C=1C=C[CH-]C=1.C=1C=C[CH-]C=1 BOXSCYUXSBYGRD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KZPXREABEBSAQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclopenta-1,3-diene;nickel(2+) Chemical compound [Ni+2].C=1C=C[CH-]C=1.C=1C=C[CH-]C=1 KZPXREABEBSAQM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003996 delayed luminescence Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- RAABOESOVLLHRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N diazene Chemical compound N=N RAABOESOVLLHRU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000071 diazene Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000003963 dichloro group Chemical group Cl* 0.000 description 1
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010893 electron trap Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000295 emission spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001815 facial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005189 flocculation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000016615 flocculation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004773 frontier orbital Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021397 glassy carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002391 heterocyclic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical compound [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 238000010952 in-situ formation Methods 0.000 description 1
- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- WLCOSQYAGXLNDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium;2-phenylquinoline Chemical compound [Ir].C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=C(C=CC=C2)C2=N1 WLCOSQYAGXLNDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004807 localization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001819 mass spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013086 organic photovoltaic Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002902 organometallic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052762 osmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000951 phenoxy group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(O*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000004437 phosphorous atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalocyanine Chemical class N1C(N=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C(N=C3C4=CC=CC=C4C(=N4)N3)=N2)=C(C=CC=C2)C2=C1N=C1C2=CC=CC=C2C4=N1 IEQIEDJGQAUEQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004033 porphyrin derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000425 proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003226 pyrazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006479 redox reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000027756 respiratory electron transport chain Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- FZHCFNGSGGGXEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N ruthenocene Chemical compound [Ru+2].C=1C=C[CH-]C=1.C=1C=C[CH-]C=1 FZHCFNGSGGGXEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012488 sample solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004756 silanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010129 solution processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001947 vapour-phase growth Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003981 vehicle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001429 visible spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F15/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table
- C07F15/0006—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table compounds of the platinum group
- C07F15/0033—Iridium compounds
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- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/06—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing organic luminescent materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B33/00—Electroluminescent light sources
- H05B33/12—Light sources with substantially two-dimensional radiating surfaces
- H05B33/14—Light sources with substantially two-dimensional radiating surfaces characterised by the chemical or physical composition or the arrangement of the electroluminescent material, or by the simultaneous addition of the electroluminescent material in or onto the light source
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
- H10K50/11—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED] characterised by the electroluminescent [EL] layers
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/10—Organic polymers or oligomers
- H10K85/111—Organic polymers or oligomers comprising aromatic, heteroaromatic, or aryl chains, e.g. polyaniline, polyphenylene or polyphenylene vinylene
- H10K85/113—Heteroaromatic compounds comprising sulfur or selene, e.g. polythiophene
- H10K85/1135—Polyethylene dioxythiophene [PEDOT]; Derivatives thereof
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/30—Coordination compounds
- H10K85/341—Transition metal complexes, e.g. Ru(II)polypyridine complexes
- H10K85/342—Transition metal complexes, e.g. Ru(II)polypyridine complexes comprising iridium
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- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/631—Amine compounds having at least two aryl rest on at least one amine-nitrogen atom, e.g. triphenylamine
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/631—Amine compounds having at least two aryl rest on at least one amine-nitrogen atom, e.g. triphenylamine
- H10K85/633—Amine compounds having at least two aryl rest on at least one amine-nitrogen atom, e.g. triphenylamine comprising polycyclic condensed aromatic hydrocarbons as substituents on the nitrogen atom
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- C09K2211/00—Chemical nature of organic luminescent or tenebrescent compounds
- C09K2211/10—Non-macromolecular compounds
- C09K2211/1018—Heterocyclic compounds
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- C09K2211/00—Chemical nature of organic luminescent or tenebrescent compounds
- C09K2211/18—Metal complexes
- C09K2211/185—Metal complexes of the platinum group, i.e. Os, Ir, Pt, Ru, Rh or Pd
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- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/30—Coordination compounds
- H10K85/321—Metal complexes comprising a group IIIA element, e.g. Tris (8-hydroxyquinoline) gallium [Gaq3]
- H10K85/322—Metal complexes comprising a group IIIA element, e.g. Tris (8-hydroxyquinoline) gallium [Gaq3] comprising boron
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- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Electroluminescent Light Sources (AREA)
- Pyridine Compounds (AREA)
Description
下記式:
その2つの中性種を反応させて下記式:
一般に、OLEDは、アノードとカソードとの間に配置され且つそれらと電気的に接続された少なくとも1つの有機層を含む。電流が流された場合、有機層(1又は複数)にアノードは正孔を注入し、カソードは電子を注入する。注入された正孔と電子はそれぞれ反対に帯電した電極に向かって移動する。電子と正孔が同じ分子上に局在する場合、励起エネルギー状態を有する局在化された電子−正孔対である「励起子」が形成される。励起子が発光機構によって緩和するときに光が発せられる。いくらかの場合には、励起子はエキシマー又はエキシプレックス上に局在化されうる。非放射機構、例えば、熱緩和も起こりうるが、通常は好ましくないと考えられる。
及び、Baldoら,“Very high-efficiency green organic light-emitting devices based on electrophosphorescence”, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 75, No. 3, 4-6 (1999) (“Baldo-II”)、これらを参照により全体を援用する。燐光は、米国特許第7,279,704号明細書の第5〜6欄に、より詳細に記載されており、これを参照により援用する。
evices with an exciton-block layer. Applied Physics Letters 2001, 79(2), 156-158; Markham, J. P. J.ら,High-efficiency green phosphorescence from spin-coated single-layer dendrimer light-emitting diodes. Applied Physics Letters 2002, 80(15), 2645-2647。最も成功したリン光発光体の中にはシクロメタル化Ir錯体があり、それは多くの有用な特徴によるものであり、それには強いスピン軌道カップリングが含まれ、それが1〜10μsecの範囲のリン光寿命(Baldo, M. A.ら,Very High Efficiency Green Organic Light-Emitting Devices Based on Electrophosphorescence. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1999, 75(1), 4-6)、室温での高いリン光効率(Sajoto, T.ら,Temperature Dependence of Blue Phosphorescent Cyclometallated Ir (III) Complexes. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2009, 131(28), 9813-9822)、及び可視スペクトルにわたる発光エネルギーの良好な色の調節可能性(Sajoto, T.ら,Blue and Near-UV Phosphorescence from Iridium Complexes with Cyclometallated Pyrazolyl or N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands. Inorg. Chem. 200S. 44(22), 7992-8003; Lamansky, S.ら,Highly Phosphorescent Bis-Cyclometallated Iridium Complexes: Synthesis, Photophysical Characterization, and Use in Organic L
ight Emitting Diodes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123(18), 4304-4312)をもたらす。中性及びイオン性Ir系錯体の両方とも、これらの光物理特性を有する。(Lowry, M. S.ら,Accelerated luminophore discovery through combinatorial synthesis. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2004, 126(43), 14129-14135; Lo, K. K. W.ら,Novel luminescent cyclometallated iridium (III) diimine complexes that contain a biotin moiety. Organometallics 2004, 23(13), 3108-3116)。中性のIr系錯体は、明確なキャリア輸送/阻止層及び発光層からなるOLED構造中に用いられてきている。(Tang, C. W.ら,Electroluminescence of doped organic thin films. J. Appl. Phys. 1989, 65(9), 3610-3616)。カチオン性のIr錯体は発光電気化学セル(LEC)に用いられてきており、このセルは典型的には、キャリア輸送及び発光の両方を行う単一の活性層からなる一方で、アニオン性のIr錯体の研究は主にそれらの光物性に焦点が当てられてきている。(Slinker, J. D.ら,Green electroluminescence from an ionic iridium complex. Applied Physics Letters 200S, 86(17), 173506; Tamayo, A. B.ら,Cationic Bis-cyclometallated Iridium(III) Diimine Complexes and Their Use in Efficient Blue, Green, and Red Electroluminescent Devices. Inorg. Chem. 200S, 44(24), 8723-8732; Graber, S.ら,A Supramolecularly-Caged Ionic Iridium(III) Complex Yielding Bright and Very Stable Solid-State Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2008, 130(4S), 14944-14945; Su, U. C.ら,Decreased Turn-On Times of Single Component Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells by Tethering an Ionic Iridium Complex with Imidazolium Moieties. Chemistry-an Asian Journal 2008, 3(11), 1922-1928)。
柔軟塩の成分イオン、すなわちカチオン及びアニオンはメタセシス反応の前に酸化され及び還元されて、安定且つ昇華性の可能性のある中性のメタル化錯体を形成することができる。これらの中性錯体が減圧下で一緒に熱蒸着される場合に、それらは基板上で反応し、それらの本来の原子価に戻り、そうして柔軟塩を形成する。この蒸着法は、非昇華性の柔軟塩を蒸着することに等しい。膜中の各成分の量を制御することによって、様々なタイプの電荷をもつ膜を得ることができる。1:1の比は、純粋な柔軟塩の膜をもたらしうる。一つの成分又は他の成分を過剰に用いて、一緒にした柔軟塩及び中性ドーパント膜の膜である膜を作ることもできる。この方法の一つの利点は、全工程中で溶媒を排除することであり、これは品質の高いデバイスを得るために有用であり、なぜなら柔軟塩(ソフト塩)は多孔質の格子を作る傾向があり、その格子に溶媒分子がトラップされて除去するのが困難なおそれがあるからである。減圧下での蒸着はその場で純粋な柔軟塩を作り、膜の品質をも確かなものにする。
イオン類及び柔軟塩の発光データを表1にまとめてある。脱気したアセトニトリル溶液中でのイオンC2及びA3のフォトルミネッセンス(PL)スペクトルを、例として図4(a)に示している。A3の発光(これは約450nmにピークがある)は、キレートしている配位子中の電気求引性フッ素によって青色シフトしており、良く分解された振電構造をもっている。この構造化された発光は、シクロメタル化配位子上の三重項配位子中心(CLC)遷移の結果である(Li, J.ら,Synthetic control of excited-state properties in cyclometallated Ir(III) complexes using ancillary ligands. Inorganic Chemistry 2005, 44(6), 1713-1727)。残りのイオンは、C2によって例示される、幅広く特徴のないスペクトルを示す。単一の配位子錯体C1、A1、及びA2は全てが金属から配位子への電荷移動(MLCT)状態から発光することが予測されると同時に、C^N配位子の違いはピーク位置のシフトの原因である。(Columbo, M.G.ら,Facial Tris Cyclometallated Rh3+ And Ir3+ Complexes - Their Synthesis, Structure, And Optical Spectroscopic Properties. Inorganic Chemistry 1994, 33(3), 545-550; Lamansky, S.ら,Synthesis and Characterization of Phosphorescent Cyclometallated Iridium Complexes. Inorg. Chem. 2001, 40(7), 1704-1711)。混合配位子錯体C2は、C1及びAtと比較して顕著な赤色シフトした発光を示したが、なぜなら、Ir→トリルピリジンに代わってIr→ビピリジンCT遷移が、この場合の最も低いエネルギー遷移になるからである。(Columbo, M.G.ら,Competition Between Ligand Centered And Charge-Transfer Lowest Excited-States In Bis Cyclometallated Rh3+ And Ir3+ Complexes. Electronic And Vibronic Spectra Of Transition Metal Complexes I, 1994; Vol. 171, pp 143-171)。
柔軟塩(ソフト塩)及びそれらの成分イオン類の量子収率(QY)は、溶液中、及び添加物なしの膜として測定した(表1)。溶液中では、QYは脱気後に顕著に増大し、この錯体からのリン光の効率的な酸素による消光と整合している。C1A2及びC2A3の脱気溶液のQYは、そのペア中でより低いエネルギーをもつイオンのQY値に合致しており、柔軟塩(ソフト塩)中での効率的なエネルギー移動に整合している。膜中では、QYは脱気溶液中で観測される値と比較して一般的に低く、それは自己消光によって予測されるとおりである。QY値も、配位子及び対イオンの大きさに敏感であることが分かったことは興味深い。例えば、柔軟塩(ソフト塩)は一般に、添加物なしの膜中でそれらの成分イオン類よりも高いQYを有するが、なぜなら、その柔軟塩のイオン類はハライド又はアルカリ金属イオン類よりも顕著に大きく、その柔軟塩中に、より大きな分子間空間をもたらすからである。同様に、より嵩高い配位子は、そのイオン類をイオン性固体中でさらに離して位置付けることによってQYを向上させることができ、これが、それらのQYが溶液中では全く似ているにもかかわらず、膜試料中でC2ClがC1CIよりも高いQYを有することを説明している。
柔軟塩(ソフト塩)及び個々のイオン類の電気化学的特性は、サイクリックボルタンメトリー(CV)によって試験した。測定はアセトニトリル中で行い、フェロセンを内部基準として用いた。これまでに刊行された相関関係に基づいて、酸化還元電位(レドックスポテンシャル)から得られたHOMO/LUMOレベルを、表1にまとめている(D’Andrade, B. W.ら,Relationship between the ionization and oxidation potentials of molecular organic semiconductors. Organic Electronics 2005, 6(1), 11-20; Djurovich, P. I.ら,Measurement of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energies of molecular organic semiconductors. Organic Electronics, 2009, 10(3), 515-520)。このエネルギーレベルは比較する目的で図6にもグラフにしてある。これらのデータによれば、イオン類のHOMO/LUMO値は、全電荷とキレートしている配位子の両方によって影響を受けている。例えば、C1A1は同じC^Nキレート配位子を有する2つのイオン性Ir錯体を含み、非常に似た発光及び吸収エネルギーをもたらしている一方で、それらのHOMO及びLUMOエネルギーレベルは顕著に異なっている。アニオン性Ir錯体(A1)はより容易に酸化され、還元されにくく、これは類似しているカチオン錯体(C1)よりも高いHOMO及びLUMOとなる。
柔軟塩を、単層LEC及びヘテロ構造OLEDデバイスの両方で試験した。典型的なLECは遅延発光を示し、これは、電極/有機の界面での緩やかな電荷の蓄積の結果であり、これが電荷注入を容易にしている。柔軟塩(ソフト塩)をLEC構造(アノード/柔軟塩/カソード)中で用いた場合には、特徴的なLECの挙動は観察されなかった。この柔軟塩LECデバイスは開回路のままであり、数時間後には2.5V〜7Vの範囲の様々な電圧のもとで作動しなかった。このことは、適用された電場中で移動するLEC中に存在する小さなイオン類(これが機能可能なLECへの電荷の注入を容易にする)の不存在によって説明することができる。これらの柔軟塩に基づくLECにおける電荷注入は、柔軟塩の層の中に再結合ゾーンを確立するための、移動性イオン類を移動させることによって作り出されるオーム接合なしには困難であり且つバランスがとれない。柔軟塩層へのイオン性液体の添加(これはLECについて作動回数を顕著に少なくすることが示されている)は、この場合には、柔軟塩LECの特性を向上させない。(Pei, Q.ら,Polymer Light-Emitting Electrochemical-Cells. Science 1995, 269 (5227), 1086-1088; Pei, Q. B.ら,Polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells: In situ formation of a light-emitting p-n junction. Journal of The American Chemical Society 1996, 118(16), 3922-3929)。この単純なデバイス構造は、柔軟塩材料中に効率的な電荷注入はもたさないが、LECと同様に、柔軟塩の層中のキャリア輸送は荷電イリジウム錯体のレドックス反応によることが予測される。それ自身をカチオン及びアニオンの混合物にすることで、柔軟塩(ソフト塩)は同時二極性となり、正孔と電子の両方を輸送することが予測される。
全てのイオン性Ir錯体は、以下に示す一般法で合成した。
イリジウム2−(p−トリル)ピリジンジクロロ架橋ダイマー(150 mg、0.13 mmol)と4,4′−ジ−tert−ブチル−2,2′−ビピリジン(79 mg、0.29 mmol)の混合物をメタノール(10 mL)に溶かし、15時間還流させた。その溶液を濃縮し、ヘキサンで洗って、黄色固体として純粋な生成物(185 mg、84%)を得た。
イリジウム2−(p−トリル)ピリジンジクロロ架橋ダイマー(500 mg、0.44 mmol)をシアン化ナトリウム(261 mg、5.32 mmol)とメタノール(50 mL)中で一緒にし、撹拌しながら15時間還流させた。粗生成物をシリカゲル上でのカラムクロマトグラフィー(DMF)によって精製して、明るい黄色固体として純粋な生成物(470 mg、88%)を得た。
イリジウムフェニルキノリンジクロロ架橋ダイマー(500 mg、0.39 mmol)をメタノール(50 mL)中でシアン化ナトリウム(231 mg、4.71 mmol)と一緒にし、撹拌しながら15時間還流させた。粗生成物をシリカゲル上でのカラムクロマトグラフィー(DMF)によって精製して、明るい黄色固体として純粋な生成物(521 mg、94%)を得た。
イリジウム2−(2,4−ジフルオロフェニル)ピリジンジクロロ架橋ダイマー300 mg、0.25 mmol)をメタノール(30 mL)中でシアン化ナトリウム(145 mg、2.96 mmol)と一緒にし、撹拌しながら15時間還流させた。粗生成物をシリカゲル上でのカラムクロマトグラフィー(DMF)によって精製して、明るい黄色固体として純粋な生成物(270 mg、84%)を得た。
全てのIr系柔軟塩は、以下の一般法によって合成した。
[Ir(tpy)2(CN)2]OTf(50 mg, 0.07 mmol)及びNa[Ir(tpy)2(CN)2](50 mg, 0.08 mmol)を水(10 mL)に添加した。この反応混合物を1時間室温で撹拌し、次にCH2Cl2で抽出した。一緒にした有機抽出液をMgSO4上で乾燥させ、ロータリーエバポレーターで濃縮した。得られた固体をジエチルエーテルで洗い、柔軟塩(ソフト塩)1(49 mg, 65%)を黄色固体として得た。
[Ir(tpy)2(CN)2]OTf(80 mg, 0.09 mmol)及びNa[Ir(pq)2(CN)2](80 mg, 0.11 mmol)を水(15 mL)に添加した。この反応混合物を1時間室温で撹拌し、次にCH2Cl2で抽出した。一緒にした有機抽出液をMgSO4上で乾燥させ、ロータリーエバポレーターで濃縮した。得られた固体をジエチルエーテルで洗い、柔軟塩(ソフト塩)2(85 mg, 67%)を黄色固体として得た。
[Ir(tpy)2(tbpy)2]Cl(83 mg, 0.10 mmol)及びNa[Ir(dfppy)2(CN)2](80 mg, 0.12 mmol)を水(15 mL)に添加した。この反応混合物を1時間室温で撹拌し、次にCH2Cl2で抽出した。一緒にした有機抽出液をMgSO4上で乾燥させ、ロータリーエバポレーターで濃縮した。得られた固体をジエチルエーテルで洗い、柔軟塩(ソフト塩)3(90 mg, 64%)を黄色固体として得た。
酸化及び還元電位は、EG&Gポテンシオスタットモデル283を使用するサイクリックボルタンメトリー(CY)によって測定した。CYスキャンは、電解質として0.1Mテトラブチルアンモニウムヘキサフルオロホスフェートを用い、無水且つ脱気したDMF中で、100mV/sのスキャン速度で記録した。フェロセン/フェロセニウム(Cp2Fe/Cp2Fe+)レドックスカップルを、内部基準として用いた。Ptワイヤ及びガラス状炭素が、それぞれ対極及び作用電極として働いた。さらにAgワイヤを偽参照電極として使用した。二分子消光速度定数を測定するために応用した消光研究では、下記式1にしたがって計算した。
20Ω/平方(sq.)のシート抵抗をもつ、予め清浄にしたインジウム錫オキシド(ITO)コーティングしたガラス基板上に、OLEDを成長させた。20mgのPYKを1mLのジクロロベンゼンに溶かし、濾過した後で、3000rpmの速度で40秒間、ITO上にスピンコーティングし、次に90℃で1時間、真空下でベーキングした。柔軟塩(ソフト塩)を次にアセトニトリル溶液(30 mg/ml)からスピンコーティングした後、同じ条件でベーキングした。その後、その基板を真空チャンバーに移し、そこでBCP層を、抵抗加熱したタンタルボートからの熱蒸発によって約2Å/sの速度で堆積させた。基板上にシャドウマスクを置き、10ÅのLiF及び1200ÅのAlからなるカソードを順次堆積させた。デバイスは、空気中で、作成後1時間以内に試験をした。正面の表面から出てくる光を、Newport1835−C光学計につながれたKeithley2400電源計/2000マルチメーターへと導かれるUV−818Si光電陰極によって集めた。デバイスの電流−電圧及び光強度特性を、National InstrumentsによるLabVIEWプログラムを用いて測定した。
Claims (9)
- 下記式:
Ciは(Li)fMiXiであり、式Cjは(Lj)gMjXjであり;
Mi及びMjのそれぞれは独立に遷移金属又はランタニドであり;
Li及びLjのそれぞれは独立に、単座、二座、三座、又は多座配位子であり;
f及びgのそれぞれは、ビス又はトリス配位子配位を表すことができ;
Xi及びXjは任意の数のキレート配位子又は補助配位子を表し;
m及びnは1〜20の整数である。)
で表され、かつ、
前記有機金属アニオンが以下のもの:
前記有機金属カチオンが以下のもの:
- 以下のもの:
- アノード;
カソード;及び
前記アノードとカソードの間に配置された有機層であって、下記式:
式Ciは(Li)fMiXiであり;式Cjは(Lj)gMjXjであり;
Mi及びMjのそれぞれは独立に遷移金属又はランタニドであり;
Li及びLjのそれぞれは独立に、単座、二座、三座、又は多座配位子であり;
f及びgのそれぞれは、ビス又はトリス配位子配位を表していてもよく;
Xi及びXjは任意の数のキレート配位子又は補助配位子を表し;
m及びnは1〜20の整数である。)
で表され、かつ、
前記有機金属アニオンが以下のもの:
前記有機金属カチオンが以下のもの:
を含む有機発光デバイス。 - 前記化合物が以下のもの:
- 前記有機金属アニオン及び前記有機金属カチオンのうちの一つが、他のものよりも低い酸化電位及びより小さな負(負の程度が少ない)の還元電位の両方を有する、請求項3に記載のデバイス。
- 下記式:
下記式:
これら2つの中性種を反応させて下記式:
前記式中、
Ciは(Li)fMiXiであり、且つ式Cjは(Lj)gMjXjであり;
Mi及びMjのそれぞれは独立に、遷移金属又はランタニドであり;
Li及びLjのそれぞれは独立に、単座、二座、三座、又は多座配位子であり;
f及びgのそれぞれは、ビス又はトリス配位子配位を表していてもよく;
Xi及びXjは任意の数のキレート配位子又は補助配位子を表し;
m及びnは1〜20の整数であり、且つ、
前記有機金属アニオンが以下のもの:
前記有機金属カチオンが以下のもの:
- 前記の中性金属錯体を基板上に組み合わせて熱真空蒸着させ、基板上で反応が完了して前記有機金属錯体が得られる、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 第一の電極をもたらす工程;
前記第一の電極上に前記有機金属カチオンと前記有機金属アニオンを堆積させる工程;及び
第二の電極を堆積させる工程を更に含む、請求項6に記載の方法。 - 前記第一の電極がアノードであり、前記第二の電極がカソードある、請求項8に記載の方法。
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