JP5689140B2 - 胃癌およびその他のがんの治療に用いる腫瘍関連ペプチド組成物と関連抗がんワクチン - Google Patents
胃癌およびその他のがんの治療に用いる腫瘍関連ペプチド組成物と関連抗がんワクチン Download PDFInfo
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Description
胃癌は、がんによる死亡原因では肺癌に続き世界で 2 番目であり、高い死亡率(約 80 万人/年)の疾患である男性で多く見られ、アジア諸国や開発途上国ではより多く発生する。(情報はWHOから得られる)。
根治的切除術後の 5 年生存率は、病期 II の患者で 30〜50% 、病期 III で 10〜25% である。これらの患者は局所および全身での再発傾向が高い。胃癌患者の 80〜90% が転移し、6 ヶ月生存率は早期に診断されると 65% 、末期に診断されると 15% 未満である。
米国がん協会(ACS)によると、大腸癌(CRC)は米国で3番目に多いがんであり、175,000例を超える患者が毎年新たに罹患している。米国、日本、フランス、ドイツ、イタリア、スペイン、英国では480,000例を超える患者が罹患している。先進国でのがんによる死亡の最も一般的な原因の1つである。大腸癌の発症は遺伝的要因と環境的要因の相互作用の結果であることを調査が示唆している。殆どの場合、腺腫性ポリープが大腸癌の前駆状態として現れるが、癌への移行には多年を要することもある。大腸癌の主なリスク要因は年齢であり、大腸癌と診断される症例の90%が50歳を超えている。米国がん協会によると大腸癌の他のリスク要因には、アルコール消費量、脂肪および/または赤身肉の多い食事、および果物野菜の不十分な摂取などが含まれる。大腸癌の発症増加は、特に日本などの地域で続いており、脂肪や肉の過剰摂取と、食物線維摂取の低下につながる西洋化された食事を取り入れたことが原因と思われる。しかしながら、スクリーニングの増加やポリープの除去が、ポリープの癌への進行を防いでいると考えられ、発症率の増加は以前ほど速くはない。
前立腺癌による死亡は2007年に27,050例と推定され、男性のがんにおいて主要な死因となっている。白人とアフリカ系米国人男性では1990年初頭より、その死亡率は減少しているが、アフリカ系米国人男性の死亡率はなおも白人男性の2倍を超えている。前立腺癌は男性で最も頻繁に診断されるがんである。理由は未だ不明であるが、アフリカ系米国人男性の発症率は白人男性よりも有意に高い。前立腺癌の発症率はここ20年でかなり変化している。つまり、1988〜1992年では急増し、1992〜1995年では急減し、1995年以降は徐々に増えている。この傾向は、前立腺特異抗原(PSA)血液検査による前立腺癌スクリーニングの増加によるところが大きい。過去10年間で発症率が徐々に上昇していることの大部分は、65歳未満の男性の間でPSAスクリーニングが広まったことに帰する可能性が最も高い。男性前立腺癌の発症率は65歳以上では横ばいとなる。白人男性での発症率のピークは1992年(10万人中237.6例)に、アフリカ系米国人男性では1993年(10万人中342.8例)にある。
2007年、米国では、癌診断症例の約15%にあたる、推定210,000例が新たに肺癌になることが予想されている。男性の発症率は、1984年の10,000人当たり102例から2003年の78.5例に有意に減少している。女性では、発症率は長期間にわたり上昇が続いた後、ほぼ横ばい状態となっている。肺癌は治療目的から、臨床的に小細胞癌(13%)または非小細胞癌(87%)に分類される。
表1:2007年米国で推定された性別新規がん症例数と死亡数(米国がん協会、2007年版、がんの正確な情報(Cancer Facts & Figures 2007)、アトランタ、米国がん協会、2007年)
表2:HLA-A*02および最も発現頻度の高いHLA-DR血清型の発現頻度F。ハーディー・ワインベルク式F=1-(1-Gf)2を利用し、Moriらの文献 (Mori et al., 1997)から採用した米国人集団のハプロタイプ頻度Gfから頻度を推測した。A*02と特定のHLA-DR対立遺伝子が組み合わさると、連鎖不平衡により、それぞれ単一の頻度から予想されるよりも頻度が上下するかもしれない。詳細については、Chanockらの文献 (Chanock et al., 2004)を参照。
同一性パーセント=100[I−(C/R)]
Cは、参照配列と比較配列間でアラインメントした長さにおいて、参照配列と比較配列間とで異なる残基数を示し、ここで、
(i)比較配列上で相当するアラインメントした塩基やアミノ酸を持たない参照配列の各塩基またはアミノ酸、および
(ii)参照配列の各欠落部、および
(iii)比較配列のアラインメントした塩基あるいはアミノ酸とは異なる、参照配列のアラインメントした各塩基あるいはアミノ酸が差の構成要素となっており、
Rは、塩基またはアミノ酸としても数えられ、参照配列に作られた任意の欠落部を伴い、比較配列とアラインメントした長さにおいて、参照配列の塩基またはアミノ酸の数である。
免疫応答の刺激は、宿主の免疫系により異物であると認識された抗原が存在するかに依存する。腫瘍関連坑原が存在することが発見され、現在、腫瘍の発育に介入するため、宿主の免疫系を利用する可能性が浮上している。体液性免疫系と細胞性免疫系の両方を結びつける様々なメカニズムが、現在、がんの免疫療法において研究されつつある。
好ましくは、本発明の変異体は本発明の各ペプチドと交差反応するT細胞を誘導する。
CDC2 は、 p34cdc2 または Cdk1 (サイクリン依存性キナーゼ 1)とも知られ、セリン/スレオニンタンパク質キナーゼファミリーである Cdk に属しており、細胞周期のコントロールに重要な役割を果たしている。G2 / M 移行の主な調節因子として知られている。細胞分裂中間期の最後で、A 型サイクリンと結合して活性化され、有糸分裂の開始を促す。核膜の破壊後、A 型サイクリンは分解されサイクリン B に置き換わる。
CDC2 とサイクリン B の複合物から、有糸分裂中に細胞を誘導するのに不可欠な、有糸分裂促進因子(MPF)が形成される。
細胞周期でのその発現と機能とは別に、一部の例で CDC2 はアポトーシス状態で発現され、亢進された活性により有糸分裂のカタストロフィーが起こり得る。CDC2 の過剰発現が数種のがんで発見されたが、サイクリンのような他の細胞周期タンパク質の発現は、むしろ無調節になることが多くなる。がんの種類の中で CDC2 を過剰発現させるのは、前立腺癌、口腔癌、口腔扁平上皮癌(OSCC)、急性骨髄性白血病(AML)(Qian et al., 2009)、ピロリ菌誘発性 MALT リンパ腫(Banerjee et al., 2000)、大腸癌 (Yasui et al., 1993)である。いくつかの症例では、過剰発現は予後の悪化と相関していた。胃癌(GC)では、過剰発現および / または活性の増大が報告されており(14/23症例)、 CDC2 の過剰発現が原因となっている可能性が示唆された。さらにCDC2 は有糸分裂中に活性な遺伝子群であり、過剰発現されると、腫瘍の染色体を不安定に導くことが認められた。CDC2 および他の Cdk の阻害物質は、がんの薬物治療法の候補として考慮されてきた(Shapiro, 2006)。
異常紡錘体様小頭症関連(ASPM)遺伝子は、ショウジョウバエの異常紡錘体(asp)のヒト相同分子種であり、常染色体劣性原発性小頭症の最も一般的な変異遺伝子である。ヒトでは、ASPM の同型変異に起因する神経形成不全により、小頭症および精神遅滞が発生する。
ユビキチンカルボキシル末端ヒドラーゼ L5(UCHL5)は、ユビキチン C 末端ヒドラーゼ(UCH37)または INO80R としても知られる、プロテアソームに関連する脱ユビキチナーゼである。この酵素は、C 末端 Cys76 と Lys48 間のイソペプチド結合を開裂させ、遠位端からタンパク質に結合したポリユビキチン鎖を分解する。
hRpn13 は、ユビキチンの受容体としても機能し、その結果、脱ユビキチン化への基質認識と連結する。UCHL5 は「リッド」と「ベース」間に位置する 19S 粒子の別成分である、 Rpn10/S5a とも結合するが、この相互作用により UCHL5 は活性化されない。UCH37 はユビキチン化が進んでいない基質または、他の分解が遅いユビキチン抱合体をタンパク質分解から救済する。その代わり UCH37 はまた、タンパク質分解の中心である 26S プロテアソームの 20S 粒子内への転座を行う 19S 調節複合体内で、ポリユビキチン化した基質がそれらの開始結合部位から放出されるのを容易にし、分解を促進する可能性があるUCHL5 は核内で、Ino80 クロマチン再モデル化複合体にも関連している。プロテアソームと結合すると、活性化され、Ino80 とプロテアソームが介在すると指摘されている転写とDNA 修復の調節に寄与する可能性がある。UCHL5のRNAi介在ノックダウンは、細胞内タンパク質分解は促進したが、細胞成長、プロテアソーム構造またはタンパク質分解能力に対しては検出可能な作用を有していなかったので、UCHL5 の機能の少なくとも一部は他のタンパク質によって発揮される可能性がある。
例として、EP 08008292.8 および EP1507795B1 を参照のこと。さらに、リン酸化による構成的 c-Met 活性化は、ヒト明細胞腎細胞癌における腫瘍形成の重要なメカニズムとしても同定された(Nakaigawa et al., 2006)。
MST1R(別名 RON)受容体は、細胞表面受容体チロシンキナーゼの Met ファミリーのメンバーで、上皮細胞とマクロファージで主に発現される。c-MET のように RON は、様々な上皮細胞由来腫瘍およびがん細胞株によって発現され、腫瘍形成で機能的役割を果たすと考えられている。臨床試験は、MST1R の過剰発現が患者転帰の悪化と転移の両方に関連していることを示している。
構造維持された染色体(SMC)タンパク質は、細菌からヒトへ高く保存される染色体 ATPアーゼ であり、高次染色体組織およびダイナミクスの多数の側面で基本的役割を果たしている。
驚いたことに、AVL9 タンパク質は、それ自体および対応する遺伝子の機能について不完全なデータしか得られていないため、ソースタンパク質として発見された。
NUF2 (CDCA-1) 遺伝子は、セントロメアと関連した保存タンパク質複合体の成分である、酵母 Nuf2 に非常に似たタンパク質をコード化する。酵母 Nuf2 は、セントロメアが紡錘体極体との接続を失う時、減数分裂前にセントロメアから消失し、染色体分離の調節の役割を果たす。サービビンおよび hNuf2 csiRNA は、それらの mRNA を一時的にノックダウンし、それぞれ多核細胞化や有糸分裂停止による細胞死を起こすことが認められた。Nuf2 および Hec1 は、動原体で双直交に必須な極方向力の維持に必要とされる、外部プレート中の安定な微小管プラス端集積因子部位の組織化に必要である。
CDCA1 または KNTC2 の siRNA 媒介ノックダウンは、NSCLC、卵巣癌、子宮頸癌、胃癌、大腸癌、および神経膠腫における細胞増殖およびアポトーシス誘導を阻害することが見出された(Kaneko et al., 2009)。CDCA 1 遺伝子は、子宮頸癌では異なった形で発現する(リアルタイムPCR(RT-PCR)により実証された mRNA の発現と免疫組織化学によるタンパク質の発現)(Martin et al., 2009)。切除術により摘出した胃癌組織(びまん性 6つ、腸型 4つ)のRT-PCR から、CDCA1 の 2 つの変異体が癌組織でアップレギュレートされていることが確認された。別のスプライシング変異体が特に CDCA1 において、この試験で検出され、抗がん治療の診断マーカーおよび / または新しいターゲットとして有用である可能性がある(Ohnuma et al., 2009)。
この遺伝子でコード化されたタンパク質は、ホスファチジン酸ホスファターゼ(PAP)ファミリーのメンバーである。PAP は、ホスファチジン酸をジアシルグリセロールに変換し、グリセロ脂質のデノボ合成、およびホスホリパーゼ D により媒介された受容体活性化シグナル変換で機能する。
異なるイソフォームをコード化する、3 つの別のスプライスされた転写変異体が報告されている。
UQCRB 遺伝子は、 10 個の核コード化サブユニットと 1 つのミトコンドリアコード化サブユニットを含む、ユビキノール-チトクローム c 酸化還元酵素複合体の一部であるタンパク質をコード化する。コード化タンパク質はユビキノンと結合し、ユビキノンが結合する時、電子の移動に加わる。この遺伝子の突然変異が、ミトコンドリア複合体 III 欠乏症に関連している。偽遺伝子が X 染色体上に報告された。
プロミニン 1 は CD133とも呼ばれ、元々 CD34+ 造血前駆細胞に特異な分子として同定され、その後様々な組織中の正常幹細胞とがん幹細胞(CSC)のマーカーであることが示された(Mizrak et al., 2008)1。しかし、その機能については殆ど知られていない。上皮細胞の微線毛のような細胞膜の突起部に主に存在するので、細胞膜局所構造の「オーガナイザー」としての機能的役割は、プロミニン 1 に属するものとみなされた。コレステロールとの相互作用が認められたため、細胞膜内での適切な脂質組成を維持するのに重要であるかもしれない。
- 大腸癌 (腫瘍質量の 2 〜 2.5 % )(Todaro et al., 2007; Ricci-Vitiani et al., 2007)
- 肝臓癌(Ma et al., 2007; Suetsugu et al., 2006; Yin et al., 2007)
- 膵臓癌(Hermann 2007; Wang 2009)
- 前立腺癌(腫瘍質量の 1 % )(Richardson et al., 2004)
- 異なる表現型の脳腫瘍(Singh et al., 2003; Singh et al., 2004)
- 急性リンパ芽球細胞白血病(ALL)のような白血病(Cox et al., 2009)
- メラノーマ(Monzani et al., 2007; Rappa et al., 2008)
- 肺癌(Chen and O'Shea, 2008; Eramo et al., 2008; Tirino et al., 2009)
- ユーイング肉腫(Suva et al., 2009)
- 子宮内膜癌(Rutella et al., 2009)
- 口腔扁平上皮細胞癌(Zhang et al., 2009)
- 頭頸部扁平上皮細胞癌(Harper et al., 2007)
さらに、いくつかの研究では、正常組織に比べ癌組織ではプロミニン 1 の発現が増大することを示し、それらの研究の殆どがプロミニン 1 の発現が全生存率、腫瘍病期または転移などの臨床パラメータと相関することを認めている。その例は、非小細胞肺癌、悪性メラノーマ、網膜芽腫、神経芽細胞腫、および滑膜癌である。プロミニン 1 の発現は、神経膠腫、膵臓癌(PROM1+ 細胞は最大15%)、大腸癌、直腸および結腸癌、および乳管癌の予後悪化とも相関している。興味深いことに、転移癌患者の PBMC ではPROM1 mRNA がアップレギュレートされ、特に骨へ転移している患者では顕著であり、PBMC での PROM1 発現は全生存率に対する予後因子となる。予後との相関は卵巣癌では認められなかった。
基質メタロプロテイナーゼ 11(MMP11)は、乳腺の発達と授乳後の退縮、創傷治癒と瘢痕形成、および生理サイクル中など、組織の改造を要するいくつかの生理的プロセスに関与することが提言された。含脂肪細胞の分化を低減させることで、脂肪ホメオスタシスを負に調節するとも提言されている。他の MMP とは対照的に、コラーゲン VI を除き典型的な細胞外基質分子を開裂することはできない。しかし、α 1 抗トリプシン、インスリン様成長因子結合タンパク質 1 およびラミニン受容体など、ある種のセリンプロテアーゼ阻害剤(セルピン類)であるα 2 マクログロブリンのような他の基質が同定されている。
MMP11 は浸潤性乳癌周囲の間質細胞で特異的に過剰発現する遺伝子として発見された。さらなる研究でも、乳癌および他の癌で間質周囲の腫瘍に発現されることが確実となったが、他の癌とは、皮膚癌、非小細胞肺癌と小細胞肺癌、頭頸部扁平上皮細胞癌、結腸および大腸癌、咽頭上皮癌、食道癌、口腔癌、膵臓癌、膀胱癌、卵巣癌、腎細胞癌、非定型髄膜腫、甲状腺乳頭癌、脳腫瘍(MMP11 は星状細胞腫で発現されたが、乏突起膠腫と悪性神経膠腫では狭い範囲だけであった)、唾液管癌、子宮頸癌、節外性T/NK細胞リンパ腫、非ホジキンリンパ腫、および前立腺癌である。MMP11 は、殆どのヒト浸潤性癌の間質で過剰発現するが、肉腫や他の非上皮腫瘍ではまれであることが明言された。大抵、MMP11 は腫瘍に直接隣接する間質細胞に発現する一方、腫瘍細胞自身、正常組織、および腫瘍から離れた間質細胞では発現しない。しかし、一部の症例では、MMP11 は結腸の非癌性組織や、腫瘍細胞、例えば膵臓、乳房、くも膜、および胃のなどの腫瘍中にも発見されることから、上述の内容を一般化することはできない。高レベルの MMP11 は、悪性表現型 / 高い浸潤性および予後の悪化と相関している。しかし、甲状腺乳頭癌では、MMP11 の発現は悪性な特徴とは逆な関係となった。
ABL1 がん原遺伝子は、細胞分化、細胞分裂、細胞接着、およびストレス応答のプロセスに関与する、Src ファミリーの細胞質と核のタンパク質チロシンキナーゼをコード化する(Yoshida, 2007)。C-Abl は核と細胞質コンパートメント間を往復する。核 c-Abl は、細胞増殖の阻害とアポトーシス促進に関与している。これに対し、細胞質 c-Abl の役割はよく分かっていない。形態形成と F-アクチンの動態における役割、および成長因子やインテグリンリガンドのような細胞外刺激により誘発されたシグナル伝達における役割に対する手がかりがある。細胞質 c-Abl は有糸分裂誘発を促進すると報告された。C-Abl 有糸分裂誘発基質は同定されていないが、その基質は Rho ファミリー、特に Vav と Sos メンバーの低分子GTPアーゼの調節因子を含んでいる可能性がある。
この新たな融合遺伝子 BCR-ABL は、サイトカインによる調節なしで細胞を増殖させる、無秩序な細胞質標的チロシンキナーゼをコード化する。これによって、細胞は次々にがん化する(Zhao et al., 2009)。活性化 c-Abl チロシンキナーゼは、融合タンパク質としてはなく、肺や乳房の悪性固形腫瘍で重要な役割を果たしている(Lin and Arlinghaus, 2008)。
胃上皮細胞の長期感染時に、ピロリ菌はEGFR のエンドサイトーシスと受容体分解を遮断する。その上、この阻害は CagA-に依存するがCagA リン酸化には依存しない、非受容体キナーゼc-Ablの活性化を介して起こり、そのc-Ablは次々に EGFR 標的部位の pY1173 をリン酸化する(Bauer et al., 2009)。STI571 または shRNA によるc-Abl キナーゼ活性の選択的阻害により、持続性細胞毒関連遺伝子 A(CagA)のリン酸化と上皮細胞遊走を無効にし、ピロリ菌感染と病原性に極めて重要な役割を果たしていることを示している(Poppe et al., 2007)。
ERBB3 は、受容体チロシンキナーゼの上皮細胞増殖因子受容体(EGFR)ファミリーのメンバーをコード化する。ERBB3 は、ニューレグリン、他の ERBB と非ERBB受容体、さらに他のキナーゼ、および新規メカニズムによって活性化される。ERBB3 は下流で、ホスホイノシトール 3 キナーゼ / AKT 生存 / 有糸分裂経路で顕著に相互作用するが、GRB、SHC、SRC、ABL、rasGAP、SYK および転写レギュレータの EBP 1 とも同様に相互作用する(Sithanandam and Anderson 413-48)。
びまん性胃癌は、腸型よりもERBB3 発現速度が有意に高かった(26.2% vs. 5.0%, p < 0.01)。
2 つの組織型の胃癌における ERBB3 の選択的過剰発現は、予後悪化と強く関連している(Zhang et al.2112-18)。ERBB3 の発現は、腫瘍浸潤の深さ、関与するリンパ節、遠隔転移、腫瘍病期、および再発など、腫瘍進行に関与するパラメータと有意に関連していた。(Hayashi et al.7843-49)胃癌 21 症例および慢性胃炎 20 症例において、臨床病理変数を考慮しながら、新鮮凍結組織の免疫組織化学的方法によりEGFR、c-erbB-2 および c-erbB-3 の発現と共発現が試験された。全般的に、胃癌患者は慢性胃炎群よりもEGFR、c-erbB-2 および c-erbB-3 の過剰発現発生率が高い(各々81% と 43%、38% と 45%、35% と 20%)ことが示されたが、統計的有意差は EGFR 発現のみで認められた(p = 0.01)(Slesak et al.2727-32)。
ビタミン E アイソマー γ-トコトリエノールは、ERBB3 活性化および PI3K/AKT 経路の下流刺激の特異的遮断により、乳腺細胞の増殖を阻害した(Samant and Sylvester 563-74)。
マイクロ RNA 125a は、ERBB3 RNA とタンパク質、AKT の活性化、SKBR3 乳癌細胞の成長と浸潤性を低減させた(Scott et al. 1479-86)。乳癌細胞での siRNA による ERBB3 のダウンレギュレーションにより、チロシンキナーゼ阻害薬への二次耐性を無効にし、アポトーシスを誘発させた(Sergina et al. 437-41)。低分子干渉 RNA(siRNA)によるERBB3 または AKT の阻害作用は、肺腺癌の治療へのアプローチとして有望であることを示している(Sithanandam et al.1847-59)。
アポトーシス阻害タンパク質(IAP)ファミリーの一員であるBIRC5(サービビン)の発現は、胎生組織および様々なヒトがんで上昇している。
WO 2004/067023では、腫瘍関連抗原サービビンに由来するMHCクラスI拘束性ペプチドについて報告しており、このペプチドは高い親和性でクラスI HLA分子に結合できる。
サービビンは、細胞増殖とアポトーシス細胞死の両方の調節が可能であると思われる。特に神経膠芽細胞腫では、非常に高レベルのサービビンの発現が検知できる (Angileri et al., 2008)。脳神経膠腫中のサービビン過剰発現が悪性増殖、抗アポトーシスおよび血管形成に重要な役割を果たしている可能性があることが指摘されている (Zhen et al., 2005; Liu et al., 2006)。特に神経膠芽細胞腫では、ただし他の腫瘍にも当てはまるが、サービビン陰性腫瘍患者と比較し、サービビンの発現が悪性度(神経膠芽細胞腫においてサービビンの発現が最も高い)および全体的な生存期間が短いことと有意に関連していた (Kajiwara et al., 2003; Saito et al., 2007; Uematsu et al., 2005; Mellai et al., 2008; Grunda et al., 2006; Xie et al., 2006; Sasaki et al., 2002; Chakravarti et al., 2002)。
B型肝炎ウイルス(HBV)コアタンパク質HBcでは、免疫原性ペプチドがよく知られている (Bertoletti et al., 1993; Livingston et al., 1997)。HBcの10アミノ酸ペプチドは、本発明に基づき、患者の免疫能およびがんワクチンへの免疫付与成功の陽性コントロールに含めることができる。
順位 :"-" < "(+)" < "+"、
"?" は、現在未知状態であることを示す。
ベース微粒子 および デキストラン微粒子、タラクトフェリン、SRL172、ビロソームおよび他のウイルス様粒子、YF-17D、VEGF trap、R848、 −グルカン、Pam3Cys、サポニン、マイコバクテリア抽出物、合成細菌細胞壁模倣体由来のAquila's QS21 stimulon、およびRibi's Detox. QuilまたはSuperfosなど、他の所有権のあるアジュバントが含まれるが、これに限定されない。フロイントもしくはGM-CSFなどのアジュバントなども好ましい。樹状細胞およびその調製物に特異的ないくつかの免疫学的アジュバント(MF59など)については、これまでに報告がある(Aucouturier et al., 2001; Allison and Krummel, 1995)。またサイトカインを使用してもよい。いくつかのサイトカインは、リンパ系組織への樹状細胞の遊走に対する影響(例えば、TNF)、Tリンパ球に効率的に抗原を提示する抗原提示細胞への樹状細胞の成熟加速(例えば、GM-CSF、IL-1、IL-4)(米国特許5,849,589、その全体を本明細書の参考文献として明確に引用している)、更に免疫アジュバントとしての作用(例えば、IL-12, IL-15, IL-23, IL-7, IFN-α IFN-β) などに、直接関連性があった(Gabrilovich et al., 1996)。
前記がんは、前立腺癌、口腔癌、口腔扁平上皮癌(OSCC)、急性骨髄性白血病(AML)(Qian et al., 2009)、ピロリ菌誘発性 MALT リンパ腫(Banerjee et al., 2000)、大腸癌(結腸癌/結腸直腸癌)、神経膠芽細胞腫、非小細胞肺癌(NSCLC)、子宮頸癌、ヒト乳癌、前立腺癌、大腸癌、膵臓癌、膵管腺癌、卵巣癌、肝細胞癌、肝臓癌、様々な表現型の脳腫瘍、急性リンパ芽球性白血病(ALL)などの白血病、肺癌、ユーイング肉腫、子宮内膜癌、頭頸部扁平上皮細胞癌、咽頭上皮癌、食道癌、口腔上皮癌、膀胱癌、卵巣癌、腎細胞癌、非定型髄膜腫、甲状腺乳頭癌、脳腫瘍、唾液管癌、節外性T/NK細胞リンパ腫、非ホジキンリンパ腫、および肺と乳房の悪性固形腫瘍であってもよく、好ましくは胃癌である。
1. 合成
ペプチドはFmoc法を利用し、標準的で十分確立された固相合成により合成した。分取用RP-HPLCによる精製後、イオン交換法を行い、生理的に適合可能な対イオン(例えば、酢酸、アンモニウム、または塩化物イオン)を組み込んだ。最終的に、凍結乾燥後、白色から黄色がかった白色の固体が得られた。全てのTUMAPは好ましくは酢酸塩として投与され、他の塩の形態も可能である。
IMA941は、大部分が原発性大腸癌細胞で同定された合成腫瘍関連ペプチド(TUMAP)の混合物から成る。TUMAPには、細胞傷害性T細胞(CD8+ T細胞)活性化能を持つ10個のHLAクラスI結合ペプチド、ヘルパーT細胞(CD4+ T細胞)活性化能を持つ1個のHLAクラスII結合ペプチドが含まれる。ヘルパーT細胞は、CD8+ T細胞の殺傷機能を高めるサイトカインを放出することで、細胞傷害性T細胞の機能を助ける重要な役割を果たし、腫瘍細胞に直接作用することもある (Knutson and Disis, 2005)。上記11個のTUMAPに加え、IMA941はウイルスのコントロールペプチドも1つ含んでもよい。
組織サンプル
患者の腫瘍組織は、 京都府立大学(KPUM)、京都、日本、および大阪市立大学医学部大学院(OCU)、大阪、日本から提供された。手術前に全ての患者から書面でインフォームドコンセントを得た。組織は、術後直ちに液体窒素で衝撃冷凍し、TUMAPを単離するまで−80℃で保存した。
衝撃冷凍した組織サンプルのHLAペプチドプールは、わずかに変更したプロトコール(Falk et al., 1991)(Seeger et al. ,1999)に従い、HLA-A、-B、-C特異的抗体W6/32、CNBr活性化セファロース、酸処理、および限外ろ過により、固形組織から免疫沈降によって得た。
本発明のペプチドをコード化する遺伝子の発現プロフィール
MHC分子による腫瘍細胞表面に提示されることが同定されたペプチドすべてが、免疫療法に適しているとはいえないが、その理由は、これらの多くのペプチドが多数の細胞タイプにより発現された正常の細胞タンパク質に由来しているからである。これらのペプチドのほんの僅かだけが、腫瘍に関連しており、由来する腫瘍を認識するのに高い特異性を有するT細胞を誘発できる傾向を有している。このようなペプチドを同定し、ワクチン接種により誘発される自己免疫のリスクを最小限にするため、本発明者は多数の正常組織と比較して、腫瘍細胞で過剰発現されるタンパク質に由来するこれらのペプチドに焦点を当てた。
理想的なペプチドは、腫瘍に特異的で他の組織には提示されないタンパク質に由来する。理想的なペプチドに近い発現プロフィールを有する遺伝子に由来するペプチドを同定するために、同定したペプチドを、それらが由来するタンパク質と遺伝子にそれぞれ割り当て、これらの発現プロフィールを生成した。
書面によるインフォームドコンセントを各患者から得たのちに、外科的に切除した組織標本が異なる2ヶ所の臨床施設(例1を参照)から提供された。腫瘍組織標本は、術後直ちに液体窒素でスナップ凍結し、その後、液体窒素下で乳鉢と乳棒を使い均質化した。総 RNAを TRI 試薬(Ambion、ドイツ、ダルムシュタット)、続いて RNeasy(QIAGEN、ドイツ、ヒルデン) によるクーンアップによりこれらのサンプルから調製し、両方法とも製造者のプロトコールに従って実施した。
健常ヒト組織の総 RNAは市販品から得た(Ambion、英国ハンティンドン; Clontech、ドイツ、ハイデルベルク; Stratagene、オランダ、アムステルダム; BioChain、米国カリフォルニア州ヘーワード)。数人(2名から123名の間)の RNA を混合し、各個人の RNA を等重量にした。白血球は 4 名の健常ボランティアの血液サンプルから単離した。
総 RNA サンプルの質と量は、RNA 6000 Pico LabChip Kit(Agilent)を用いて Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer(Agilent、ドイツ、ヴァルトブロン)で測定した。
すべての腫瘍と正常組織の RNAサンプルの遺伝子発現解析は、Affymetrix Human Genome(HG)U133A または HG-U133 Plus 2.0 オリゴヌクレオチドマイクロアレイ(Affymetrix、米国カリフォルニア州サンタクララ)を使って実施した。すべてのステップは Affymetrix マニュアルに従って実施された。簡単にいうと、二本鎖 cDNA を総 RNA 5〜8 μg から SuperScript RTII(Invitrogen)とオリゴ-dT-T7 プライマー(MWG Biotech、ドイツ、エーバースベルク)を使って取扱説明書の説明通りに合成した。In vitro 転写は、U133A アレイには BioArray 高収率 RNA 転写ラベルキット(ENZO Diagnostics, Inc.、米国ニューヨーク州ファーミンデール)で、U133 Plus 2.0 アレイには GeneChip IVT ラベルキット(Affymetrix)で実施した後、cRNA フラグメンテーション、ハイブリダイゼーション、およびストレプトアビジン−フィコエリトリンとビオチン化抗ストレプトアビジン抗体(Molecular Probes、オランダ、ライデン)による染色を行った画像は Agilent 2500A 遺伝子アレイスキャナー(U133A)またはAffymetrix 遺伝子チップスキャナー 3000(U133 Plus 2.0)でスキャンし、データは全パラメータの初期設定値を用いて GCOS ソフトウェア(Affymetrix)で解析した。正規化は、Affymetrix により提供された100 個のハウスキーピング遺伝子を使った相対的発現値は、ソフトウェアで得たシングルログ比から計算し、正常腎サンプルは適宜 1.0に設定した。
胃癌で高く過剰発現する本発明の遺伝子源の発現プロフィールを図 2 に示す。
本発明の TUMP の免疫原性について情報を得るため、すでに(Walter, S, Herrgen, L, Schoor, O, Jung, G, Wernet, D, Buhring, HJ, Rammensee, HG, and Stevanovic, S; 2003, Cutting edge: predetermined avidity of human CD8 T cells expanded on calibrated MHC/anti-CD28-coated microspheres, J.Immunol., 171, 4974-4978)により報告され、十分確立されたin vitro刺激プラットフォームを用いて検討を行った。このプラットフォームを使って、本発明の10 HLA-A*2402拘束性 TUMAP に対して、免疫原性が示された。それ故、これらのペプチドはT細胞エピトープであり、ヒトではこれに対するCD8+前駆T細胞が存在することを証明している(表 6)。
ペプチド−MHC複合体(pMHC)と抗CD28抗体を載せた人工抗原提示細胞(aAPC)によるin vitro刺激を実行するために、発明者はまず、血液バンクのTubingenから入手した健常なドナーの新しいHLA-A*24の白血球分離生成物からCD8 T 細胞を単離した。
CD8+ リンパ球の単離は、CD8 MicroBeads(Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch-Gladbach, Germany)を使って陽性選択により実施した。
SEQ ID NO:11ペプチドの免疫原性を確認するために、臨床試験を実施した。
この第I/II相試験の一部として、根治的前立腺切除術後に生化学的に再発した HLA-A*02+患者において、前立腺特異的ペプチドパネルのワクチン接種による腫瘍発育停止の指標として、PSAレベルを軽減させる試みが行われた。前立腺特異的ペプチドの組み合わせが皮下投与され、抗原構造の様々な投与形態に照らし、各免疫応答の程度が評価された。
事前の根治的前立腺切除術後にPSA再発が検出された(14日以上の間隔で2回測定し、PSAが50%上昇した)患者に、CTと骨シンチグラフィーにより顕性転移病変を除外した後、前立腺特異的ペプチドワクチンを異なる投与形態で皮下投与した。ワクチンは0、7、14、28、42、56日目に8倍投与した(1ペプチド、注射1回につき約100mg)。各ワクチン接種後と70日目に再度、PSAを測定し、治療の奏効を評価した。
要約すると、ワクチンの投与形態には以下の方法が含まれる。
- モンタニド中で乳化されたペプチドワクチンの皮下投与
- 増殖因子の同時投与によりより強力な免疫応答を得る目的で、GM-CSF 225μlの局所投与を併用した、モンタニド500μl中に乳化したペプチドワクチンの皮下投与
- 熱で誘発されるより強力な免疫応答を得る目的で行われる局所温熱療法と併用した、モンタニド500μl中に乳化したペプチドワクチンの皮下投与
- TLR 7を介して樹状細胞を活性化するためにイミキモド経皮投与を併用した、モンタニド500μl中に乳化したペプチドワクチンの皮下投与
- TLR 7/8によって樹状細胞を活性化するため、ムチン−1のmRNA/プロタミン55μlと共に、モンタニド500μl中に乳化したペプチドワクチンの皮下投与
前立腺特異的ペプチドワクチンは0、7、14、28、42、56日目に患者に投与した。病態安定または目的とする腫瘍応答(PSA-CRまたはPSA-PR)が見られる患者では、検出可能な進行が起こるまで毎月1回i.d.でワクチン接種を行った。これまで得られた経験に基づき、ペプチド注射は忍容性があり、重大な有害反応はない。ワクチン接種療法への奏効は、PSA測定に基づき血清学的にのみに評価されたため、検査は試験の開始時に実施し、in vitroのPSA測定を投与ワクチンが妨害するか否かを決定したが、これにより臨床奏効をシミュレートできる。0、7、14、28、42、56、70日目に、臨床検査、PSAレベル、白血球百分率数、FACS分析およびサイトカイン測定用に血液サンプルを採取した。70日目を過ぎて治療が継続される場合、時宜、治療失敗を検出するために、6週間のPSAのモニタリングが実施された。
患者2例に継続的なデジタル直腸検査によって局所腫瘍が検出された後、PET-CTスキャンで局所再発を発見できた。残る17例の患者では、疾患活動部位を試験終了時に確認できなかった。
19例の患者のうち16例がSEQ ID NO:12のサービビンIIペプチド(IFN-g ELISPOT、+/- ICS)に反応した。このうち12例ではワクチン接種で抗サービビンT細胞応答が誘導され、2例では事前に抗サービビンT細胞が存在し、2例では事前に抗サービビンT細胞が十分存在したどうかは確認されなかった。
完全奏功とは、PSA値の初期上昇後、共同研究している検査室の検出可能最小値に従い、PSA値が検出不能の場合とみなした。測定は4週間以上の間隔後に確認する必要があった。従って、80%超および50%超のPRは、4週間後に再評価する必要があった。少なくとも4週間後にPSAが50%未満の低下または10%未満の上昇の範囲内と確認されれば、病態安定を示した。病態進行は、治療開始時にPSAの上昇が10%を超えた場合と考えた。
患者2例(10.2%)のPSA値は上述した生化学的奏効基準に従う病態安定を示し、これは、治療開始時に10%を超えていたPSA値は、試験終了時に上昇していなかったことを示している(図6、表10、11、12)。最後のワクチンを投与後、これらの2症例の追跡調査は14ヶ月間および16ヶ月間実施された。病態安定の平均期間は、データのカットオフ時点で24ヶ月(28ヶ月および31ヶ月)であり、平均ワクチン接種回数は18回(14回および20回)であった。
患者11のPSA DTは6ヶ月の試験期間中に1.5ヶ月から10.1ヶ月に延びた。この患者は、PSAが最初に10.8ng/mlであり、17.8ng/mlまで進行したため試験を中止し、PET-CTでは視覚的に悪性病変はなく、抗アンドロゲン単剤療法を受けた。アジュバントとしてAldaraが投与された。
患者5は、ワクチン接種前の推定PSA倍加時間から判断して試験中に進行した。しかし、この患者はPSA低下を経験し、治療終了後半減期が20.2ヶ月であり、データカットオフ時点で10ヶ月間継続していた。この患者はワクチン接種終了後2回目の治療を受けなかった。この患者には、唯一のアジュバントとしてモンタニドをワクチン接種した。
目的および概要
本分析の目的は、IMA941の作用機序の重要なパラメータであるため、HLA-A*0201対立遺伝子によってコード化されるMHC分子へのHLAクラスIペプチドの親和性を評価することであった。HLA-A*0201への親和性は、IMA941およびMET-001では、10個のHLAクラスI拘束性ペプチド全てにおいて中等度から高度であり、解離定数(KD)は0.14(MET-001)から2.05nM(CSP-001)であった。全ての値が、強力な結合因子HBV-001の0.1から中等度の結合因子MUC-001の4.4までの範囲内にあった。これらの結果から、ワクチン候補のIMA941およびMET-005由来MET-001からHLA-A*02のHLAクラスIペプチド全てにおいて強い結合親和性が確認された。
安定なHLA/ペプチド複合体は、HLA重鎖、β2ミクログロブリン(b2m)、およびペプチド性リガンドの3つの分子から構成される。変性組み換えHLA-A*0201重鎖分子単独の活性は、その重鎖分子に「空のHLA-A*0201分子」と同等な機能を与えながら保存することができる。これらの分子は、b2mと適切なペプチドを含む水性緩衝剤に希釈すると、完全にペプチド依存的に迅速に効率よく折り畳まれる。これらの分子の有用性は、ペプチドとHLAクラスI分子間の相互作用の親和性を測定する、ELISAに基づくアッセイで利用されている(Sylvester, 2002)。
結果は、図2に示している。KD値が低いほどHLA-A*0201への親和性は高い。殆どのIMA941ペプチドは、0.1nM(HBV-001、強力な結合因子)から44.4nM(MUC-001、中等度の結合因子)の範囲でHLA-A*0201に対して同様の強い親和性を示した。従って、全てのIMA941クラスI TUMAPはMHC分子A*02に対して中等度から強度の結合親和性を持つ。
目的および概要
クラスII TUMAPは、クラスI拘束性TUMAPにより誘発されるCTLの機能を補助する上で重要な役割を果たすヘルパーT細胞を活性化する。IMA941クラスIIペプチドが数種類の異なるHLAクラスII分子に結合することは(無差別な結合)、ワクチン候補IMA941を投与した患者の大部分が補助的なヘルパーT細胞応答の利益を得ることができる、ということを確認するために重要である。例えば、最も優位に発現されるヒトHLAクラスII分子のHLA-DRは、非常に多様な形を持ち、数百種類の対立遺伝子が知られている。HLA-DRB1ハプロタイプの既知の対立遺伝子頻度および十分確立された結合アルゴリズムに基づき、IMA941のいずれのHLAクラスIIリガンド、IMA-BIR-002およびIMA-MET-005とも、無差別なHLA-DR結合ペプチドであると予測できる。詳細には、HLA-A*02陽性白人が少なくとも1つ適切なHLA-DR対立遺伝子を発現している可能性は、いずれのIMA941クラスII TUMAPとも90%を超える。頻度データあるいは結合予測アルゴリズムがないという理由から、残りのヒトクラスII対立遺伝子HLA-DQおよび-DPはこの計算から除外したため、実際の無差別性は更に高くなる可能性が最も高い。2つのIMA941クラスII TUMAPについて計算された無差別性は、既知のpan-DRエピトープ(PADRE、遺伝子型頻度Fprojected=93.1%)と同じ範囲である。更に、これらのペプチドの無差別な結合は、in vitro結合アッセイにより実験的に確認された。また、IMA-BIR-002では、高いin vivo免疫原性を証明することができた(上記参照)。要約すると、これらの結果から、MET-005およびBIR-002は無差別なHLA-DR結合ペプチドがあることが確認される。
University of Tubingenで開発されたSYFPEITHIアルゴリズムにより (Rammensee et al., 1997; Rammensee et al., 1999)、IMA941クラスII TUMAPのいくつかの共通HLA-DR対立遺伝子への結合をランク付けした。このアルゴリズムは、例えばヒト腫瘍関連抗原TRP2(クラスI) (Sun et al., 2000)およびSSX2(クラスII) (Neumann et al., 2004)など、広範な抗原からクラスIおよびクラスIIエピトープを同定するため、すでに使用され、成功している。結合閾値は、公表された既知の無差別HLA-DRリガンドの結合スコア分析に基づき、スコア18に定義した。
IMA-BIR-002およびIMA-MET-005を広範なHLA-DR抗原(HLA-DR1からDR7、分割された抗原HLA-DR11から-DR15も含む (Mori et al., 1997))と会合させ、REVEAL登録商標 MHC:ペプチド結合アッセイ(ProImmune、英国オックスフォード)により分析し、MHC分子に組み込まれたレベルを決定した。このアッセイでは、結合を合否判定用のコントロール結合因子、および各HLA-DR抗原の陽性コントロールペプチドと比較した。
SYFPEITHIアルゴリズムの予測に基づき、IMA-BIR-002は、それぞれ既知の結合モチーフを持つHLA-DR対立遺伝子7/8個と結合する可能性がある(表11)。HLA-A*02陽性白人がIMA-BIR-002に対して少なくとも1つ適切なHLA-DRB1対立遺伝子を発現する確率は、それぞれ92.6%である。従って、いずれのIMA941クラスIIペプチドも無差別なHLA-DR結合因子と予想される。
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Claims (17)
- SEQ ID NO 1からSEQ ID NO 10、SEQ ID NO 20およびSEQ ID NO 24から成るグループから選択されたアミノ酸配列を含む少なくとも2つのペプチド、および/または
SEQ ID NO 1からSEQ ID NO 10、SEQ ID NO 20およびSEQ ID NO 24と少なくとも85%同一の変異アミノ酸配列を含む少なくとも2つのペプチド、および/または
SEQ ID NO 1からSEQ ID NO 10、SEQ ID NO 20およびSEQ ID NO 24に示されるアミノ酸配列またはこれらのアミノ酸配列と少なくとも85%同一の変異アミノ酸配列をコードする核酸を含むポリヌクレオチド、および薬剤的に認容される担体
を含む、がんの免疫療法に使用するための薬剤組成物。 - SEQ ID NO 11からSEQ ID NO 22から成るグループから選択されるアミノ酸配列を含む少なくとも1つの追加ペプチド、または
SEQ ID NO 11からSEQ ID NO 22と85%以上同一の変異アミノ酸配列を含む少なくとも1つの追加ペプチド、または
SEQ ID NO 11からSEQ ID NO 22に示されるアミノ酸配列またはこれらのアミノ酸配列と少なくとも85%同一の変異アミノ酸配列をコードする核酸を含むポリヌクレオチド
をさらに含む、請求項1に記載のがんの免疫療法に使用するための薬剤組成物。 - ペプチドの全長が、8〜100アミノ酸長、8〜30アミノ酸長、または8〜17アミノ酸長である、請求項1または2に記載のがんの免疫療法に使用するための薬剤組成物。
- 少なくとも1つのペプチドは非ペプチド結合を含むものである、請求項1〜3のいずれか一に記載のがんの免疫療法に使用するための薬剤組成物。
- SEQ ID NO 1からSEQ ID NO 22およびSEQ ID NO 24のアミノ酸配列から成る少なくとも2つのペプチドを含む、請求項1〜4のいずれか一に記載のがんの免疫療法に使用するための薬剤組成物。
- 2つのMHCクラスIペプチドのうち1つは、SEQ ID NO 1のアミノ酸配列およびSEQ ID NO 11のアミノ酸配列を含む、または
2つのMHCクラスIペプチドのうち1つは、SEQ ID NO 2のアミノ酸配列およびSEQ ID NO11のアミノ酸配列を含む、または
2つのMHCクラスIペプチドのうち1つは、SEQ ID NO 3のアミノ酸配列およびSEQ ID NO11のアミノ酸配列を含む、
少なくとも2つのMHCクラスIペプチドを含む、請求項1〜5のいずれか一に記載のがんの免疫療法に使用するための薬剤組成物。 - 組成物に存在するペプチドの選択が、数が、および/または量が、組織特異的、がん特異的、および/または患者特異的である、請求項1〜6のいずれか一に記載のがんの免疫療法に使用するための薬剤組成物。
- 1018 ISS、アルミニウム塩、Amplivax、AS15、BCG、CP-870,893、CpG7909、CyaA、dSLIM、GM-CSF、IC30、 IC31、イミキモド、ImuFact IMP321、IS Patch、ISCOMATRIX、JuvImmune、LipoVac、MF59、モノホスホリルリピドA、モンタニドIMS 1312、モンタニドISA 206、モンタニドISA 50V、モンタニドISA-51、OK-432、OM-174、OM-197-MP-EC、ONTAK、PepTelベクター系、PLG微粒子、レシキモド、SRL172、ビロソームおよび他のウイルス様粒子、YF-17DBCG、Aquila's QS21 stimulon、Ribi's Detox. Quil、Superfos、フロイントアジュバント、GM-CSF、コレラ毒素、免疫学的アジュバント、MF59、およびサイトカインから成るグループから選択される、少なくとも1つの適切なアジュバントをさらに含む、請求項1〜7のいずれか一に記載のがんの免疫療法に使用するための薬剤組成物。
- アジュバントが顆粒球マクロファージコロニー刺激因子(GM-CSF)を含むコロニー刺激因子、イミキモドおよびレシミキモドから成るグループから選択される、請求項8に記載のがんの免疫療法に使用するための薬剤組成物。
- 少なくとも1つの抗原提示細胞をさらに含む、請求項1〜9のいずれか一に記載のがんの免疫療法に使用するための薬剤組成物。
- 抗原提示細胞は樹状細胞である、請求項10に記載のがんの免疫療法に使用するための薬剤組成物。
- 少なくとも1つの抗原提示細胞が、
a)ペプチドでパルスされている、もしくはペプチドを載せている、または
b)ペプチドをコードする発現構成物を含む、
請求項10または11記載のがんの免疫療法に使用するための薬剤組成物。 - ワクチンが静脈内、動脈内、腹腔内、筋肉内、経皮、腫瘍内、経口、経皮、経鼻、頬側、直腸、経膣、吸入、または局所投与されるものである、請求項1〜12のいずれか一に記載のがんの免疫療法に使用するための薬剤組成物。
- 患者のがんを治療または予防するための医薬の製造における、請求項1〜13のいずれか一に記載のがんの免疫療法に使用するための薬剤組成物の使用。
- 薬剤組成物が抗がんワクチンである、請求項14に記載の使用。
- がんは、胃癌であるか、または、前立腺癌、口腔癌、口腔扁平上皮癌(OSCC)、急性骨髄性白血病(AML)、ピロリ菌誘発性 MALT リンパ腫、結腸癌または結腸直腸癌を含む大腸癌、神経膠芽細胞種、非小細胞肺癌(NSCLC)、子宮頸癌、ヒト乳癌、前立腺癌、大腸癌、膵臓癌、膵管腺癌、卵巣 癌、肝細胞癌、肝臓癌、様々な表現型の脳腫瘍、急性リンパ芽球性白血病(ALL)などの白血病、肺癌、ユーイング肉腫、子宮内膜癌、頭頸部扁平上皮細胞 癌、咽頭上皮癌、食道癌、口腔癌、膀胱癌、卵巣癌、腎細胞癌、非定型髄膜腫、甲状腺乳頭癌、脳腫瘍、唾液管癌、節外性 T/NK 細胞リンパ腫、非ホジキンリンパ腫、もしくは肺と乳房の悪性固形腫瘍である、請求項15に記載の使用。
- がんは大腸癌である、請求項16に記載の使用。
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CA2793389A1 (en) | 2011-09-22 |
HK1180701A1 (zh) | 2013-10-25 |
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AU2011229177A1 (en) | 2012-09-06 |
US10159725B2 (en) | 2018-12-25 |
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US20110229524A1 (en) | 2011-09-22 |
EP2547691A1 (en) | 2013-01-23 |
MX2012010814A (es) | 2012-11-12 |
CN102892777B (zh) | 2017-02-08 |
US20130115188A1 (en) | 2013-05-09 |
EA201201305A1 (ru) | 2013-02-28 |
MY162850A (en) | 2017-07-31 |
KR101620132B1 (ko) | 2016-05-12 |
SG183938A1 (en) | 2012-10-30 |
HUE030000T2 (en) | 2017-04-28 |
NZ601818A (en) | 2014-09-26 |
UA109891C2 (uk) | 2015-10-26 |
JP2013522276A (ja) | 2013-06-13 |
EP2547691B1 (en) | 2016-06-29 |
BR112012023621A2 (pt) | 2017-07-18 |
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