JP5661875B2 - 非水電解液及びこれを含む二次電池 - Google Patents
非水電解液及びこれを含む二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims description 22
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical group CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000007809 chemical reaction catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 12
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- CUJRVFIICFDLGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetylacetonate Chemical compound CC(=O)[CH-]C(C)=O CUJRVFIICFDLGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- ZZXUZKXVROWEIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-butylene carbonate Chemical compound CCC1COC(=O)O1 ZZXUZKXVROWEIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- VHYFNPMBLIVWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Dimethylaminopyridine Chemical compound CN(C)C1=CC=NC=C1 VHYFNPMBLIVWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- RDMHXWZYVFGYSF-LNTINUHCSA-N (z)-4-hydroxypent-3-en-2-one;manganese Chemical compound [Mn].C\C(O)=C\C(C)=O.C\C(O)=C\C(C)=O.C\C(O)=C\C(C)=O RDMHXWZYVFGYSF-LNTINUHCSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- VNNDVNZCGCCIPA-FDGPNNRMSA-N (z)-4-hydroxypent-3-en-2-one;manganese Chemical compound [Mn].C\C(O)=C\C(C)=O.C\C(O)=C\C(C)=O VNNDVNZCGCCIPA-FDGPNNRMSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- GEWWCWZGHNIUBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(4-nitrophenyl)propan-2-one Chemical compound CC(=O)CC1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1 GEWWCWZGHNIUBW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910020366 ClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- MZRVEZGGRBJDDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butyllithium Chemical compound [Li]CCCC MZRVEZGGRBJDDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- MJSNUBOCVAKFIJ-LNTINUHCSA-N chromium;(z)-4-oxoniumylidenepent-2-en-2-olate Chemical compound [Cr].C\C(O)=C\C(C)=O.C\C(O)=C\C(C)=O.C\C(O)=C\C(C)=O MJSNUBOCVAKFIJ-LNTINUHCSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BKFAZDGHFACXKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(II) bis(acetylacetonate) Chemical compound [Co+2].CC(=O)[CH-]C(C)=O.CC(=O)[CH-]C(C)=O BKFAZDGHFACXKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- LZKLAOYSENRNKR-LNTINUHCSA-N iron;(z)-4-oxoniumylidenepent-2-en-2-olate Chemical compound [Fe].C\C(O)=C\C(C)=O.C\C(O)=C\C(C)=O.C\C(O)=C\C(C)=O LZKLAOYSENRNKR-LNTINUHCSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004108 n-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 14
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 10
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 7
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- -1 alkali metal cation Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 6
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000006258 conductive agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 5
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 4
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000006183 anode active material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000006182 cathode active material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 3
- GQHTUMJGOHRCHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,4,6,7,8,9,10-octahydropyrimido[1,2-a]azepine Chemical compound C1CCCCN2CCCN=C21 GQHTUMJGOHRCHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910012851 LiCoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910013716 LiNi Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009831 deintercalation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000007257 malfunction Effects 0.000 description 2
- NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese dioxide Chemical compound O=[Mn]=O NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013733 LiCo Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910011281 LiCoPO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010707 LiFePO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015644 LiMn 2 - z Ni Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015643 LiMn 2 O 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015676 LiMn 2-z Co Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910014689 LiMnO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013290 LiNiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910006404 SnO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KLARSDUHONHPRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[Mn] Chemical compound [Li].[Mn] KLARSDUHONHPRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000006256 anode slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021383 artificial graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001680 brushing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006257 cathode slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 150000001786 chalcogen compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 210000001787 dendrite Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000012938 design process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002612 dispersion medium Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002687 intercalation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011968 lewis acid catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000625 lithium cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021450 lithium metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)cobalt Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Co]=O BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- URIIGZKXFBNRAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxonickel Chemical compound [Li].[Ni]=O URIIGZKXFBNRAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum disulfide Chemical compound S=[Mo]=S CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052982 molybdenum disulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000033116 oxidation-reduction process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006479 redox reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- CFJRPNFOLVDFMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium disulfide Chemical compound S=[Ti]=S CFJRPNFOLVDFMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
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- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
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- H01M10/4235—Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
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Description
本発明は、室温では非活性化して触媒としての役割を果さないが、一定の温度や電圧下で活性化して非水溶媒の重合反応を誘導する触媒を選択して、環状非水溶媒及び電解質塩と共に非水電解液を構成することを特徴とする。
エチレンカーボネート(EC):プロピレンカーボネート(PC)=1:1(v:v)の組成を有する非水溶媒に、LiPF6を1M濃度になるように溶解した後、重合反応用触媒としてTEA(triethylamine)を前記溶液(EC:PC=1:1(v:v)、 LiPF6 1M)100重量部に対しTEA 2重量部の比率で添加して非水電解液を製造した。
陽極活物質としてLiCoO2 94重量部、導電剤としてアセチレンブラック3重量部、バインダーとしてPVDF 3重量部を混合し、NMP(N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone)に添加して陽極スラリーを製造した後、これをアルミニウム(Al)集電体上に塗布し、乾燥して、陽極を製造した。
陰極活物質として人造黒鉛95重量部を使用し、バインダーとしてPVDF5重量部をNMPに添加して陰極スラリーを製造した後、銅(Cu)集電体上に塗布し、乾燥して、陰極を製造した。
製造された陽極及び陰極間にポリオレフィン系分離膜を介在させた後、前記非水電解液を注入して、リチウムイオン二次電池を製造した。
非水電解液の製造時、重合反応用触媒を添加しない以外は、実施例1と同様な方法により非水電解液及び電池を製造した。
実施例1及び比較例1により製造された非水電解液を用いて、電解液のイオン伝導度を測定し、その結果を下記の表1に示す。
実施例1及び比較例1により製造された非水電解液を用いて、電解液の温度による抵抗を測定し、その結果を図1に示す。
測定方法は、高温用ガスケットを用いて、2016サイズコインセルを製造する時に使用する上板、下版間に一定量の電解液を注入してクリンピングした後、4プローブでACインピーダンスを測定するが、チェンバー内で温度を上昇させながら測定した。
実施例1及び比較例1により製造された電池を4.2Vまで充電した後、直径2.5mmの釘を用いて、0.3m/min、1m/min又は3/minの速度で電池を貫通するネイルテストを行い、安全性を評価した。そして、ネイルテストによる電池の状態を下記の表2に示す。
ネイルテストにおいて、釘が電池内に侵入して分離膜を突き通して陽極と陰極とが短絡する瞬間、多量の電流が流入して瞬間的に温度が上昇し、激しい場合は発火が発生する。下記の表2によれば、実施例1により製造された電池はネイルテストで発火が発生しなかったが、比較例1により製造された電池は、殆どの場合発火が発生した。よって、本発明による電池は、安全性が向上したことが分かる。
実施例1及び比較例1により製造された電池を4.2Vまで充電してオーブンに挿入した。そして、オーブンの温度を5?/minの比率で160?まで上昇させた後、160?で1時間維持しながら、時間による電池の温度及び電圧の変化を測定し、その結果を図2に示す。図2において、実線は電圧、点線は温度を示す。
図2によれば、ホットボックス内で実施例1の電池の短絡を防止できなかったが、比較例1の電池とは異なり、実施例1の電池では電解液の重合反応が発生して陽極と電解液との反応を抑制し、これにより電池の熱安全性を向上できた。
実施例1及び比較例1により製造された電池を用いて、過充電時の電池の安全性を評価した。まず、電池を0.5Cで4.2Vまで満充電して過充電の実験を進行した。過充電は20V、1Cで進行し、時間による電池の温度及び電圧の変化を測定し、その結果を図3に示す。図3において、実線は電圧、点線は温度を示す。
比較例1により製造された電池とは異なり、実施例1により製造された電池の場合は、電解液の重合による抵抗の増加のため、陽極でLiが全部抜け出す前に電圧が上昇して、CV(constant voltage)区間に入ることにより、安全性が向上できた。
Claims (4)
- 非水電解液であって、
環状非水溶媒と、
90〜180℃の温度又は4.4以上の電圧で活性化して前記環状非水溶媒の重合反応を誘導する重合反応用触媒と、
電解質塩とを含んでなり、
前記重合反応用触媒が、トリエチルアミン(TEA)、DBU、KOCH 3 、NaOCH 3 、KOC 2 H 5 、NaOC 2 H 5 、NaOH、KOH、Al(acac) 3 、Cr(acac) 3 、Co(acac) 2 、Fe(acac) 3 、Mn(acac) 3 、Mn(acac) 2 、MoO 2 (acac) 2 、Zn(acac) 2 、TiCl 4 、ZnCl 2 、Al(O−iPr) 3 、Ti(OBu) 4 、Sn(Ph) 3 Cl、(n−Bu 3 Sn) 2 O、ZnEt 2 、Bu 2 Sn(OMe) 2 、BDL、BDPH、4−DMAP、Zr(OPr) 4 、BuLi、K 2 CO 3 、Na 2 CO 3 、Rb 2 CO 3 及びCs 2 CO 3 からなる群より選ばれた1種以上であり、
前記電解質塩は、A + B − の構造の塩として、A + はLi + 、Na + 、K + 及びこれらの組合せから選ばれ、B − はPF 6 − 、BF 4 − 、Cl − 、Br − 、I − 、ClO 4 − 、ASF 6 − 、CH 3 CO 2 − 、CF 3 SO 3 − 、N(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 − 、C(CF 2 SO 2 ) 3 − 及びこれらの組合せからなる群より選ばれる非水電解液。 - 前記重合反応用触媒が、前記非水電解液の総重量に対し0.01〜3重量%が含まれることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の非水電解液。
- 前記環状非水溶媒が、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、プロピレンカーボネート(PC)、ブチレンカーボネート(BC)及びγ-ブチロラクトン(GBL)からなる群より選ばれた1種以上であることを特徴とする、請求項1または2に記載の非水電解液。
- 請求項1〜3の何れか一項に記載の非水電解液を含むことを特徴とする、二次電池。
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