JP5629210B2 - 太陽電池用層状コンタクト構造 - Google Patents
太陽電池用層状コンタクト構造 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP5629210B2 JP5629210B2 JP2010523147A JP2010523147A JP5629210B2 JP 5629210 B2 JP5629210 B2 JP 5629210B2 JP 2010523147 A JP2010523147 A JP 2010523147A JP 2010523147 A JP2010523147 A JP 2010523147A JP 5629210 B2 JP5629210 B2 JP 5629210B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- ink
- glass
- silver
- layer
- phosphorus
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 107
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 87
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 82
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 81
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 62
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 59
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 59
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 58
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 45
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 claims description 41
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 41
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 39
- 238000007641 inkjet printing Methods 0.000 claims description 34
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- -1 organometallic silver compound Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000009477 glass transition Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910021293 PO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphine Chemical compound P XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002903 organophosphorus compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000000008 (C1-C10) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000005365 phosphate glass Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940100890 silver compound Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000000547 substituted alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 101710134784 Agnoprotein Proteins 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910021607 Silver chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000073 phosphorus hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M silver monochloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Ag+] HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003379 silver compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000976 ink Substances 0.000 description 99
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 82
- 235000012431 wafers Nutrition 0.000 description 54
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 35
- 239000006072 paste Substances 0.000 description 25
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 25
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 20
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 19
- 239000006117 anti-reflective coating Substances 0.000 description 18
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 15
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 10
- 229910052581 Si3N4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 229910021332 silicide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 8
- FVBUAEGBCNSCDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicide(4-) Chemical compound [Si-4] FVBUAEGBCNSCDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 7
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 238000007650 screen-printing Methods 0.000 description 6
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000003981 vehicle Substances 0.000 description 5
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910018068 Li 2 O Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 4
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 4
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000002923 metal particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003760 tallow Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002230 thermal chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000013008 thixotropic agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- DAFHKNAQFPVRKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N (3-hydroxy-2,2,4-trimethylpentyl) 2-methylpropanoate Chemical compound CC(C)C(O)C(C)(C)COC(=O)C(C)C DAFHKNAQFPVRKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VXQBJTKSVGFQOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCCCOCCOCCOC(C)=O VXQBJTKSVGFQOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SBASXUCJHJRPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethanol Chemical compound COCCOCCO SBASXUCJHJRPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CUDYYMUUJHLCGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxypropoxy)propan-1-ol Chemical compound COC(C)COC(C)CO CUDYYMUUJHLCGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SVTBMSDMJJWYQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylpentane-2,4-diol Chemical compound CC(O)CC(C)(C)O SVTBMSDMJJWYQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000001856 Ethyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- ZZSNKZQZMQGXPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl cellulose Chemical group CCOCC1OC(OC)C(OCC)C(OCC)C1OC1C(O)C(O)C(OC)C(CO)O1 ZZSNKZQZMQGXPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910005191 Ga 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000443 aerosol Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000272 alkali metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000002508 contact lithography Methods 0.000 description 2
- DOIRQSBPFJWKBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibutyl phthalate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCCCC DOIRQSBPFJWKBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJKVHSBPTUYDLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dihydroxy(oxo)silane Chemical compound O[Si](O)=O IJKVHSBPTUYDLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001249 ethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 235000019325 ethyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000003349 gelling agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical compound [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000011007 phosphoric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000005360 phosphosilicate glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021420 polycrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- NDVLTYZPCACLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ag+].[Ag+] NDVLTYZPCACLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021350 transition metal silicide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XFNJVJPLKCPIBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylenediamine Chemical compound NCCCN XFNJVJPLKCPIBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WUOACPNHFRMFPN-SECBINFHSA-N (S)-(-)-alpha-terpineol Chemical compound CC1=CC[C@@H](C(C)(C)O)CC1 WUOACPNHFRMFPN-SECBINFHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RUJPNZNXGCHGID-UHFFFAOYSA-N (Z)-beta-Terpineol Natural products CC(=C)C1CCC(C)(O)CC1 RUJPNZNXGCHGID-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KZVBBTZJMSWGTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-[2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethoxy]butane Chemical compound CCCCOCCOCCOCCCC KZVBBTZJMSWGTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JCTXKRPTIMZBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2,4-trimethylpentane-1,3-diol Chemical compound CC(C)C(O)C(C)(C)CO JCTXKRPTIMZBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OAYXUHPQHDHDDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethanol Chemical compound CCCCOCCOCCO OAYXUHPQHDHDDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- POAOYUHQDCAZBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-butoxyethanol Chemical compound CCCCOCCO POAOYUHQDCAZBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CRWNQZTZTZWPOF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyl-4-phenylpyridine Chemical compound C1=NC(C)=CC(C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 CRWNQZTZTZWPOF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NECRQCBKTGZNMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,5-dimethylhex-1-yn-3-ol Chemical compound CC(C)CC(C)(O)C#C NECRQCBKTGZNMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SNDGSXYUWAVQDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-azaniumylpropylazanium;diacetate Chemical compound CC(O)=O.CC(O)=O.NCCCN SNDGSXYUWAVQDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DDFHBQSCUXNBSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-(5-carboxythiophen-2-yl)thiophene-2-carboxylic acid Chemical compound S1C(C(=O)O)=CC=C1C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)S1 DDFHBQSCUXNBSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010001513 AIDS related complex Diseases 0.000 description 1
- RSWGJHLUYNHPMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Abietic-Saeure Natural products C12CCC(C(C)C)=CC2=CCC2C1(C)CCCC2(C)C(O)=O RSWGJHLUYNHPMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001316 Ag alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910018125 Al-Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910018520 Al—Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015902 Bi 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000896 Ethulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001859 Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013032 Hydrocarbon resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UEZVMMHDMIWARA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Metaphosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(=O)=O UEZVMMHDMIWARA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910014299 N-Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910017855 NH 4 F Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910020222 Pb—Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000220010 Rhode Species 0.000 description 1
- KHPCPRHQVVSZAH-HUOMCSJISA-N Rosin Natural products O(C/C=C/c1ccccc1)[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 KHPCPRHQVVSZAH-HUOMCSJISA-N 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XNRNVYYTHRPBDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Si][Ag] Chemical compound [Si][Ag] XNRNVYYTHRPBDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000002945 adventitial reticular cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- OVKDFILSBMEKLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-Terpineol Natural products CC(=C)C1(O)CCC(C)=CC1 OVKDFILSBMEKLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003667 anti-reflective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- WHRVRSCEWKLAHX-LQDWTQKMSA-N benzylpenicillin procaine Chemical compound [H+].CCN(CC)CCOC(=O)C1=CC=C(N)C=C1.N([C@H]1[C@H]2SC([C@@H](N2C1=O)C([O-])=O)(C)C)C(=O)CC1=CC=CC=C1 WHRVRSCEWKLAHX-LQDWTQKMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001680 brushing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002419 bulk glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008364 bulk solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004359 castor oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019438 castor oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 210000003850 cellular structure Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002178 crystalline material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- MROCJMGDEKINLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichlorosilane Chemical compound Cl[SiH2]Cl MROCJMGDEKINLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940028356 diethylene glycol monobutyl ether Drugs 0.000 description 1
- XXJWXESWEXIICW-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCCOCCO XXJWXESWEXIICW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940075557 diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Drugs 0.000 description 1
- AJNVQOSZGJRYEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N digallium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Ga+3].[Ga+3] AJNVQOSZGJRYEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003618 dip coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- XPPKVPWEQAFLFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)OP(O)(O)=O XPPKVPWEQAFLFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000019326 ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004673 fluoride salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N glycerol triricinoleate Natural products CCCCCC[C@@H](O)CC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](COC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@@H](O)CCCCCC)OC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@H](O)CCCCCC ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CJNBYAVZURUTKZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium(iv) oxide Chemical compound O=[Hf]=O CJNBYAVZURUTKZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940051250 hexylene glycol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000012943 hotmelt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 229920006270 hydrocarbon resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910003437 indium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium(iii) oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[In+3].[In+3] PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910003480 inorganic solid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000031700 light absorption Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004518 low pressure chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000873 masking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010309 melting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000006060 molten glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000476 molybdenum oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021421 monocrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- TUFJPPAQOXUHRI-KTKRTIGZSA-N n'-[(z)-octadec-9-enyl]propane-1,3-diamine Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCCNCCCN TUFJPPAQOXUHRI-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011858 nanopowder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002902 organometallic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002524 organometallic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- JCGNDDUYTRNOFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxolane-2,4-dione Chemical compound O=C1COC(=O)C1 JCGNDDUYTRNOFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PQQKPALAQIIWST-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxomolybdenum Chemical class [Mo]=O PQQKPALAQIIWST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007649 pad printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002161 passivation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001568 phenolic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- RLOWWWKZYUNIDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphinic chloride Chemical compound ClP=O RLOWWWKZYUNIDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003018 phosphorus compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- XHXFXVLFKHQFAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoryl trichloride Chemical compound ClP(Cl)(Cl)=O XHXFXVLFKHQFAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006069 physical mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005268 plasma chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002952 polymeric resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019353 potassium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011253 protective coating Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940005657 pyrophosphoric acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003377 silicon compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CQLFBEKRDQMJLZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M silver acetate Chemical compound [Ag+].CC([O-])=O CQLFBEKRDQMJLZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940071536 silver acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910001923 silver oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VFWRGKJLLYDFBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Ag].[Ag] VFWRGKJLLYDFBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GGCZERPQGJTIQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium;9,10-dioxoanthracene-2-sulfonic acid Chemical compound [Na+].C1=CC=C2C(=O)C3=CC(S(=O)(=O)O)=CC=C3C(=O)C2=C1 GGCZERPQGJTIQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003002 synthetic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- QJVXKWHHAMZTBY-GCPOEHJPSA-N syringin Chemical compound COC1=CC(\C=C\CO)=CC(OC)=C1O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 QJVXKWHHAMZTBY-GCPOEHJPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001936 tantalum oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003505 terpenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000007586 terpenes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KHPCPRHQVVSZAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-cinnamyl beta-D-glucopyranoside Natural products OC1C(O)C(O)C(CO)OC1OCC=CC1=CC=CC=C1 KHPCPRHQVVSZAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001052 transient effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- GPRLSGONYQIRFK-MNYXATJNSA-N triton Chemical compound [3H+] GPRLSGONYQIRFK-MNYXATJNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003079 width control Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0224—Electrodes
- H01L31/022408—Electrodes for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
- H01L31/022425—Electrodes for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C3/00—Glass compositions
- C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
- C03C3/062—Glass compositions containing silica with less than 40% silica by weight
- C03C3/064—Glass compositions containing silica with less than 40% silica by weight containing boron
- C03C3/066—Glass compositions containing silica with less than 40% silica by weight containing boron containing zinc
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C3/00—Glass compositions
- C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
- C03C3/062—Glass compositions containing silica with less than 40% silica by weight
- C03C3/07—Glass compositions containing silica with less than 40% silica by weight containing lead
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C8/00—Enamels; Glazes; Fusion seal compositions being frit compositions having non-frit additions
- C03C8/02—Frit compositions, i.e. in a powdered or comminuted form
- C03C8/04—Frit compositions, i.e. in a powdered or comminuted form containing zinc
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C8/00—Enamels; Glazes; Fusion seal compositions being frit compositions having non-frit additions
- C03C8/02—Frit compositions, i.e. in a powdered or comminuted form
- C03C8/10—Frit compositions, i.e. in a powdered or comminuted form containing lead
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C8/00—Enamels; Glazes; Fusion seal compositions being frit compositions having non-frit additions
- C03C8/14—Glass frit mixtures having non-frit additions, e.g. opacifiers, colorants, mill-additions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C8/00—Enamels; Glazes; Fusion seal compositions being frit compositions having non-frit additions
- C03C8/14—Glass frit mixtures having non-frit additions, e.g. opacifiers, colorants, mill-additions
- C03C8/16—Glass frit mixtures having non-frit additions, e.g. opacifiers, colorants, mill-additions with vehicle or suspending agents, e.g. slip
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C8/00—Enamels; Glazes; Fusion seal compositions being frit compositions having non-frit additions
- C03C8/14—Glass frit mixtures having non-frit additions, e.g. opacifiers, colorants, mill-additions
- C03C8/18—Glass frit mixtures having non-frit additions, e.g. opacifiers, colorants, mill-additions containing free metals
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
- Conductive Materials (AREA)
- Electrodes Of Semiconductors (AREA)
- Inks, Pencil-Leads, Or Crayons (AREA)
Description
20 n型拡散層
30 保護層/反射防止コーティング(窒化ケイ素膜、酸化チタン膜、もしくは酸化ケイ素膜のいずれかであり得る。)
40 p+層(裏面電界:BSF)
60 裏面に形成されたアルミニウムベースペースト
61 裏面アルミニウムベースペーストを焼成して得られたアルミニウムベース裏面電極
70 裏面に形成された、銀、もしくは銀/アルミニウムペースト
71 裏面銀ペーストの焼成によって得られた、銀、もしくは銀/アルミニウム裏面電極
500 本発明にかかる前面に形成された銀ペースト
501 前面銀ペーストの焼成によって形成された、本発明にかかる銀前面電極
510 第一コンタクト層
520 第二コンタクト層
530 バルク層
Claims (10)
- コンタクト層及びバルク層からなる太陽電池コンタクトの製造方法であり、前記方法が、
a.シリコンウェハの反射防止コーティングを有する部分の少なくとも一部の上に、40重量%から75重量%の固形分を有する第一インク層を10から60μmの配線幅でインクジェット印刷する段階であり、前記インクが、リンと、 平均粒径3μm未満の銀粒子とガラスフリット(当該ガラスフリットは 200℃から700℃のガラス遷移温度を有するものである)、を含むことを特徴とする印刷段階と、
b.前記ウェハを焼成し、ガラスフリットが溶融してガラスが形成され、シリコンへのコンタクト層が形成される段階と
からなることを特徴とする方法。 - 請求項1の方法において、前記銀が、AgCl、AgNO3、Ag2SO4、AgOOCCH3、有機金属銀化合物、及びそれらの組み合わせからなる群から選択される銀化合物の形態であることを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項1の方法において、前記インクは、リンで被覆した銀粒子を含むことを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項3の方法において、前記リン組成物が、乾燥重量で少なくとも10重量%のリン元素を含むことを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項3の方法において、前記リン組成物が、少なくとも25モル%のP2O5からなるリンガラスを含むことを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項3の方法において、前記リン組成物が、[R1−O]3−P;[Ar1−O]3−P;[R2−Ar2−O]3−P;[R3−Ar3−O]3−P;P−[(R4−O)x(Ar4−O)y(R5−Ar5−O)3−(x+y)];[(R6O)2−P−Ar6]2;[(Ar7O)2−P−Ar7]2;及び[(R7O)2−P−R8]2(式中、R1からR8は、それぞれ独立して、C1からC10のアルキル基及び置換アルキル基からなる群から選択され、及びAr1からAr7は、それぞれ独立して、フェニル基及び置換フェニル基からなる群から選択される。)からなる群から選択される有機リン化合物を含むことを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項3の方法において、前記リン組成物が、H3PO4、リン酸塩、リン酸塩ガラス、ホスフィン、P2O5、及びそれらの組み合わせからなる群から選択される無機リン化合物を含むことを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項3の方法において、前記インクが、さらに、Ni、Fe、Co、Pt、Pd、W、Mo、Gd、Y、Zr、Hf、Ti、La、Ta、Nb、V、Ir、Rh、及びそれらの組み合わせからなる群から選択される金属を含むことを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項1の方法において、前記リン組成物が、[R1−O]3−P;[Ar1−O]3−P;[R2−Ar2−O]3−P;[R3−Ar3−O]3−P;P−[(R4−O)x(Ar4−O)y(R5−Ar5−O)3−(x+y)];[(R6O)2−P−Ar6]2;[(Ar7O)2−P−Ar7]2;及び[(R7O)2−P−R8]2(式中、R1からR8は、それぞれ独立して、C1からC10のアルキル基及び置換アルキル基からなる群から選択され、及びAr1からAr7は、それぞれ独立して、フェニル基及び置換フェニル基からなる群から選択される。)からなる群から選択される有機リン化合物を含むことを特徴とする方法。
- 請求項1の方法において、前記シリコンウェハの上にはn型拡散層が設けられており、該n型拡散層上に前記反射コーティングが形成され、当該反射防止コーティング上に第一インク層をインクジェット印刷することを特徴とする方法。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US96934007P | 2007-08-31 | 2007-08-31 | |
US60/969,340 | 2007-08-31 | ||
PCT/US2008/074711 WO2009029738A1 (en) | 2007-08-31 | 2008-08-29 | Layered contact structure for solar cells |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2010538471A JP2010538471A (ja) | 2010-12-09 |
JP5629210B2 true JP5629210B2 (ja) | 2014-11-19 |
Family
ID=40387800
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2010523147A Expired - Fee Related JP5629210B2 (ja) | 2007-08-31 | 2008-08-29 | 太陽電池用層状コンタクト構造 |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US8236598B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP2191514A4 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5629210B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR101543046B1 (ja) |
CN (2) | CN102593243A (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2009029738A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (57)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR20110113177A (ko) * | 2009-01-26 | 2011-10-14 | 아사히 가라스 가부시키가이샤 | 유기 led 소자의 산란층용 유리 및 유기 led 소자 |
WO2010135500A1 (en) * | 2009-05-20 | 2010-11-25 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Process of forming a grid electrode on the front-side of a silicon wafer |
EP2433304A1 (en) | 2009-05-20 | 2012-03-28 | E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company | Process of forming a grid electrode on the front-side of a silicon wafer |
EP2433306A1 (en) * | 2009-05-20 | 2012-03-28 | E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company | Process of forming a grid electrode on the front-side of a silicon wafer |
US20110146781A1 (en) * | 2009-06-26 | 2011-06-23 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Process of forming a grid cathode on the front-side of a silicon wafer |
US8420517B2 (en) * | 2009-07-02 | 2013-04-16 | Innovalight, Inc. | Methods of forming a multi-doped junction with silicon-containing particles |
US20110003466A1 (en) * | 2009-07-02 | 2011-01-06 | Innovalight, Inc. | Methods of forming a multi-doped junction with porous silicon |
US8513104B2 (en) | 2009-07-02 | 2013-08-20 | Innovalight, Inc. | Methods of forming a floating junction on a solar cell with a particle masking layer |
US8163587B2 (en) | 2009-07-02 | 2012-04-24 | Innovalight, Inc. | Methods of using a silicon nanoparticle fluid to control in situ a set of dopant diffusion profiles |
US20110183504A1 (en) * | 2010-01-25 | 2011-07-28 | Innovalight, Inc. | Methods of forming a dual-doped emitter on a substrate with an inline diffusion apparatus |
FR2952474B1 (fr) * | 2009-11-06 | 2012-01-06 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Conducteur de cellule photovoltaique en deux parties serigraphiees haute et basse temperature |
JP4868079B1 (ja) * | 2010-01-25 | 2012-02-01 | 日立化成工業株式会社 | n型拡散層形成組成物、n型拡散層の製造方法、及び太陽電池セルの製造方法 |
US20110212564A1 (en) * | 2010-02-05 | 2011-09-01 | Hitachi Chemical Company, Ltd. | Method for producing photovoltaic cell |
US20110256658A1 (en) * | 2010-02-05 | 2011-10-20 | Hitachi Chemical Company, Ltd. | Method for producing photovoltaic cell |
JP2011165805A (ja) * | 2010-02-08 | 2011-08-25 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | 太陽電池の製造方法 |
JP5541358B2 (ja) * | 2010-04-23 | 2014-07-09 | 日立化成株式会社 | n型拡散層形成組成物、n型拡散層の製造方法、及び太陽電池素子の製造方法 |
KR101155891B1 (ko) * | 2010-05-24 | 2012-06-20 | 엘지전자 주식회사 | 페이스트 및 이를 이용한 태양 전지 |
US20110308614A1 (en) * | 2010-06-16 | 2011-12-22 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Etching composition and its use in a method of making a photovoltaic cell |
CN104844268A (zh) * | 2010-06-24 | 2015-08-19 | 日立化成工业株式会社 | 杂质扩散层形成组合物,n型、p型扩散层形成组合物、太阳能电池元件及它们的制造方法 |
FR2961911A1 (fr) * | 2010-06-29 | 2011-12-30 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Dispositif de detection de rayonnement et procede de fabrication |
US20120031484A1 (en) * | 2010-08-06 | 2012-02-09 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Conductive paste for a solar cell electrode |
JP5728868B2 (ja) * | 2010-09-24 | 2015-06-03 | 日立化成株式会社 | n型拡散層形成組成物、n型拡散層形成組成物の製造方法、n型拡散層の製造方法、及び太陽電池セルの製造方法 |
EP2636070A4 (en) | 2010-10-28 | 2014-04-02 | Heraeus Precious Metals North America Conshohocken Llc | SOLAR CELL METALLIZATION CONTAINING METAL ADDITIVE |
CN102456427A (zh) * | 2010-10-30 | 2012-05-16 | 比亚迪股份有限公司 | 一种导电浆料及其制备方法 |
US20120122265A1 (en) * | 2010-11-17 | 2012-05-17 | Hitachi Chemical Company, Ltd. | Method for producing photovoltaic cell |
US20140035995A1 (en) * | 2010-12-07 | 2014-02-06 | Sun Chemical Corporation | Aerosol jet printable metal conductive inks, glass coated metal conductive inks and uv-curable dielectric inks and methods of preparing and printing the same |
US8778231B2 (en) | 2010-12-16 | 2014-07-15 | E I Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Aluminum pastes comprising boron nitride and their use in manufacturing solar cells |
US9680036B2 (en) * | 2011-01-06 | 2017-06-13 | Heraeus Precious Metals North America Conshohocken Llc | Organometallic and hydrocarbon additives for use with aluminum back solar cell contacts |
EP2498296A1 (de) * | 2011-03-09 | 2012-09-12 | Deutsche Solar AG | Verfahren zur Erzeugung von elektrisch leitfähigen Kontaktstrukturen auf einer Substratoberfläche |
US8691326B2 (en) * | 2011-04-01 | 2014-04-08 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Method for manufacturing solar cell electrode |
EP2696352B1 (en) * | 2011-04-07 | 2015-12-09 | Lg Chem, Ltd. | Silver paste composition for forming an electrode, and method for preparing same |
CN102815870B (zh) * | 2011-06-10 | 2016-08-03 | 深圳市纳宇材料技术有限公司 | 一种纳米玻璃粉及其制备方法和用途 |
CN107093550A (zh) * | 2011-07-05 | 2017-08-25 | 日立化成株式会社 | n型扩散层形成用组合物、n型扩散层的制造方法以及太阳能电池元件的制造方法 |
CN105489662A (zh) * | 2011-07-19 | 2016-04-13 | 日立化成株式会社 | n型扩散层形成用组合物、n型扩散层的制造方法以及太阳能电池元件的制造方法 |
EP2764000A4 (en) * | 2011-08-26 | 2015-10-14 | Heraeus Precious Metals North America Conshohocken Llc | FIRE ALUMINUM PASTE FOR SINX AND BETTER BSF EDUCATION |
KR20130035014A (ko) * | 2011-09-29 | 2013-04-08 | 삼성전기주식회사 | 금속 입자의 제조방법, 이를 이용하여 제조된 잉크 조성물 및 페이스트 조성물 |
JP2013093563A (ja) * | 2011-10-04 | 2013-05-16 | Shin Etsu Chem Co Ltd | ホウ素拡散用塗布剤 |
US20130092218A1 (en) * | 2011-10-17 | 2013-04-18 | International Business Machines Corporation | Back-surface field structures for multi-junction iii-v photovoltaic devices |
US20140352778A1 (en) * | 2011-12-22 | 2014-12-04 | Heraeus Precious Metals North America Conshohocken Llc | Solar cell pastes for low resistance contacts |
JP5820278B2 (ja) * | 2012-01-10 | 2015-11-24 | シャープ株式会社 | 太陽電池及び太陽電池の製造方法 |
US9590119B2 (en) * | 2012-01-13 | 2017-03-07 | Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Decoupling capacitor and method of making same |
WO2013129002A1 (ja) * | 2012-02-29 | 2013-09-06 | 日立化成株式会社 | n型拡散層形成組成物、n型拡散層の製造方法、及び太陽電池セルの製造方法 |
JP6082187B2 (ja) * | 2012-04-06 | 2017-02-15 | ローム アンド ハース エレクトロニック マテリアルズ エルエルシーRohm and Haas Electronic Materials LLC | 金属コンタクトを形成する改良された方法 |
US9343591B2 (en) | 2012-04-18 | 2016-05-17 | Heracus Precious Metals North America Conshohocken LLC | Methods of printing solar cell contacts |
WO2013179387A1 (ja) * | 2012-05-29 | 2013-12-05 | 三洋電機株式会社 | 太陽電池の製造方法、太陽電池モジュールの製造方法、及び太陽電池モジュール |
US10158032B2 (en) | 2012-10-12 | 2018-12-18 | Heraeus Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG | Solar cells produced from high Ohmic wafers and halogen containing paste |
US9882082B2 (en) | 2012-11-14 | 2018-01-30 | Sun Chemical Corporation | Compositions and processes for fabrication of rear passivated solar cells |
US9637409B2 (en) | 2013-04-18 | 2017-05-02 | Ferro Corporation | Low melting glass compositions |
KR101470293B1 (ko) * | 2013-07-17 | 2014-12-08 | 코닝정밀소재 주식회사 | 유기발광소자용 광추출 기판 제조방법 |
CN105408267B (zh) * | 2013-07-25 | 2020-01-14 | 纳美仕有限公司 | 结晶系硅太阳能电池及其制造方法 |
KR101648253B1 (ko) | 2013-09-13 | 2016-08-12 | 제일모직주식회사 | 태양전지 전극 형성용 조성물 및 이로부터 제조된 전극 |
EP2921533A1 (en) | 2014-03-20 | 2015-09-23 | Heraeus Precious Metals North America Conshohocken LLC | Inorganic oxide particles having organic coating |
EP3149092B1 (en) * | 2014-05-30 | 2020-04-01 | Electroninks Writeables Inc. | Conductive ink for a rollerball pen and conductive trace formed on a substrate |
JP6505572B2 (ja) * | 2015-09-30 | 2019-04-24 | 日東電工株式会社 | 加熱接合用シート及びダイシングテープ付き加熱接合用シート |
CN110337423A (zh) * | 2017-03-24 | 2019-10-15 | 贺利氏贵金属北美康舍霍肯有限责任公司 | 用于导电膏组合物的低蚀刻和非接触式玻璃 |
US20190280133A1 (en) * | 2018-03-09 | 2019-09-12 | Heraeus Precious Metals North America Conshohocken Llc | Seed layer for improved contact on a silicon wafer |
CN113517358B (zh) * | 2021-03-30 | 2023-03-31 | 环晟光伏(江苏)有限公司 | 一种适用于电镀电池片工艺的正面开槽方法 |
Family Cites Families (68)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3839231A (en) | 1972-04-27 | 1974-10-01 | Du Pont | Air fireable compositions containing vanadium oxide and boron silicide, and devices therefrom |
US3900945A (en) | 1973-01-02 | 1975-08-26 | Philco Ford Corp | Organic semiconductor solar cell |
US3904453A (en) | 1973-08-22 | 1975-09-09 | Communications Satellite Corp | Fabrication of silicon solar cell with anti reflection film |
US3982964A (en) * | 1975-01-17 | 1976-09-28 | Communications Satellite Corporation (Comsat) | Dotted contact fine geometry solar cell |
US4088502A (en) | 1975-12-12 | 1978-05-09 | Aluminum Company Of America | Corrosion resistant castable refractory mix |
US4163678A (en) | 1978-06-30 | 1979-08-07 | Nasa | Solar cell with improved N-region contact and method of forming the same |
US4235644A (en) * | 1979-08-31 | 1980-11-25 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Thick film silver metallizations for silicon solar cells |
US4400214A (en) | 1981-06-05 | 1983-08-23 | Matsushita Electric Industrial, Co., Ltd. | Conductive paste |
JPS5883073A (ja) | 1981-11-11 | 1983-05-18 | Shoei Kagaku Kogyo Kk | 導電性塗料 |
JPS5933868A (ja) | 1982-08-20 | 1984-02-23 | Hitachi Ltd | 半導体装置用電極材料 |
JPS5984477A (ja) * | 1982-11-04 | 1984-05-16 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 太陽電池の電極形成法 |
JP2648918B2 (ja) | 1987-09-11 | 1997-09-03 | 日東電工株式会社 | コーティング方法 |
US5698451A (en) | 1988-06-10 | 1997-12-16 | Mobil Solar Energy Corporation | Method of fabricating contacts for solar cells |
US5120579A (en) | 1988-07-19 | 1992-06-09 | Ferro Corporation | Dielectric compositions |
US5070047A (en) | 1988-07-19 | 1991-12-03 | Ferro Corporation | Dielectric compositions |
US5164342A (en) | 1988-10-14 | 1992-11-17 | Ferro Corporation | Low dielectric, low temperature fired glass ceramics |
US5071794A (en) | 1989-08-04 | 1991-12-10 | Ferro Corporation | Porous dielectric compositions |
RU2082237C1 (ru) | 1990-03-19 | 1997-06-20 | Асахи Касеи Когио Кабусики Кайся | Композиция |
US5074920A (en) | 1990-09-24 | 1991-12-24 | Mobil Solar Energy Corporation | Photovoltaic cells with improved thermal stability |
US5118362A (en) * | 1990-09-24 | 1992-06-02 | Mobil Solar Energy Corporation | Electrical contacts and methods of manufacturing same |
US5151377A (en) | 1991-03-07 | 1992-09-29 | Mobil Solar Energy Corporation | Method for forming contacts |
US5178685A (en) | 1991-06-11 | 1993-01-12 | Mobil Solar Energy Corporation | Method for forming solar cell contacts and interconnecting solar cells |
JP2983746B2 (ja) * | 1992-02-24 | 1999-11-29 | 三洋電機株式会社 | 太陽電池の製造方法 |
US5397830A (en) | 1994-01-24 | 1995-03-14 | Ferro Corporation | Dielectric materials |
US5584941A (en) | 1994-03-22 | 1996-12-17 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Solar cell and production process therefor |
US5714246A (en) | 1994-05-13 | 1998-02-03 | Ferro Corporation | Conductive silver low temperature cofired metallic green tape |
DE69534582T2 (de) | 1994-05-19 | 2006-07-20 | Canon K.K. | Photovoltaisches Bauelement, Elektrodenstruktur desselben und Herstellungsverfahren |
US5637156A (en) | 1994-09-22 | 1997-06-10 | Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd. | Resin Composition and an electronic device using the same |
EP0729189A1 (en) | 1995-02-21 | 1996-08-28 | Interuniversitair Micro-Elektronica Centrum Vzw | Method of preparing solar cells and products obtained thereof |
US6197480B1 (en) | 1995-06-12 | 2001-03-06 | Toray Industries, Inc. | Photosensitive paste, a plasma display, and a method for the production thereof |
US5882722A (en) | 1995-07-12 | 1999-03-16 | Partnerships Limited, Inc. | Electrical conductors formed from mixtures of metal powders and metallo-organic decompositions compounds |
DE19543222C1 (de) | 1995-11-20 | 1997-02-20 | Degussa | Silber-Eisen-Werkstoff für elektrische Schaltkontakte (I) |
US6225392B1 (en) | 1996-05-15 | 2001-05-01 | Asahi Glass Company Ltd. | Conductive paste |
US5792716A (en) | 1997-02-19 | 1998-08-11 | Ferro Corporation | Thick film having acid resistance |
JP3760361B2 (ja) * | 1997-03-24 | 2006-03-29 | 株式会社村田製作所 | 太陽電池用導電性組成物 |
JPH1140933A (ja) | 1997-07-17 | 1999-02-12 | Alps Electric Co Ltd | 導電性組成物およびそれを用いた電子機器 |
US5897912A (en) | 1997-09-03 | 1999-04-27 | Ferro Corporation | Method of making conductive electrodes for use in multilayer ceramic capacitors or inductors using organometallic ink |
US5998037A (en) | 1997-12-22 | 1999-12-07 | Ferro Corporation | Porcelain enamel composition for electronic applications |
US6592696B1 (en) | 1998-10-09 | 2003-07-15 | Motorola, Inc. | Method for fabricating a multilayered structure and the structures formed by the method |
JP2000277768A (ja) * | 1999-03-25 | 2000-10-06 | Kyocera Corp | 太陽電池の形成方法 |
US6632730B1 (en) | 1999-11-23 | 2003-10-14 | Ebara Solar, Inc. | Method for self-doping contacts to a semiconductor |
JP4414036B2 (ja) | 1999-12-27 | 2010-02-10 | シャープ株式会社 | 色素増感型太陽電池の作製方法 |
JP3513592B2 (ja) | 2000-09-25 | 2004-03-31 | 独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所 | 太陽電池の製造方法 |
JP5008216B2 (ja) * | 2000-10-13 | 2012-08-22 | 株式会社アルバック | インクジェット用インクの製法 |
JP2002217434A (ja) | 2001-01-19 | 2002-08-02 | Sharp Corp | 太陽電池、太陽電池用インターコネクターおよびストリング |
US6814795B2 (en) | 2001-11-27 | 2004-11-09 | Ferro Corporation | Hot melt conductor paste composition |
US6936556B2 (en) | 2002-05-15 | 2005-08-30 | Ferro Corporation | Durable glass enamel composition |
US7740899B2 (en) | 2002-05-15 | 2010-06-22 | Ferro Corporation | Electronic device having lead and cadmium free electronic overglaze applied thereto |
US20040016456A1 (en) * | 2002-07-25 | 2004-01-29 | Clean Venture 21 Corporation | Photovoltaic device and method for producing the same |
JP2004281813A (ja) * | 2003-03-17 | 2004-10-07 | Ebara Corp | 太陽電池の製造方法 |
US7618704B2 (en) * | 2003-09-29 | 2009-11-17 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Spin-printing of electronic and display components |
GB0327340D0 (en) * | 2003-11-25 | 2003-12-31 | Johnson Matthey Bv | Ink-jet composition |
US7144751B2 (en) | 2004-02-05 | 2006-12-05 | Advent Solar, Inc. | Back-contact solar cells and methods for fabrication |
JP4419691B2 (ja) * | 2004-06-02 | 2010-02-24 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | 有機el装置、電子機器 |
US6982864B1 (en) | 2004-06-09 | 2006-01-03 | Ferro Corporation | Copper termination inks containing lead free and cadmium free glasses for capacitors |
US7339780B2 (en) | 2004-06-09 | 2008-03-04 | Ferro Corporation | Copper termination inks containing lead free and cadmium free glasses for capacitors |
US7176152B2 (en) | 2004-06-09 | 2007-02-13 | Ferro Corporation | Lead-free and cadmium-free conductive copper thick film pastes |
JP4846219B2 (ja) * | 2004-09-24 | 2011-12-28 | シャープ株式会社 | 結晶シリコン太陽電池の製造方法 |
US20060102228A1 (en) * | 2004-11-12 | 2006-05-18 | Ferro Corporation | Method of making solar cell contacts |
JP2006196246A (ja) * | 2005-01-12 | 2006-07-27 | Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd | 導電性ペースト及びそれを用いた配線回路基板 |
US7691294B2 (en) * | 2005-03-04 | 2010-04-06 | Inktec Co., Ltd. | Conductive inks and manufacturing method thereof |
US7691280B2 (en) | 2005-03-25 | 2010-04-06 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Ink jet printing of etchants and modifiers |
US7832233B2 (en) | 2005-05-18 | 2010-11-16 | Ferro Corporation | Method of making staged burnout enamels for second surface firing of multilayer glass structures |
US8093491B2 (en) | 2005-06-03 | 2012-01-10 | Ferro Corporation | Lead free solar cell contacts |
EP1993144A4 (en) * | 2006-03-07 | 2011-05-11 | Murata Manufacturing Co | CONDUCTIVE PASTE AND SOLAR CELL |
US8076570B2 (en) | 2006-03-20 | 2011-12-13 | Ferro Corporation | Aluminum-boron solar cell contacts |
US20080003364A1 (en) * | 2006-06-28 | 2008-01-03 | Ginley David S | Metal Inks |
US7547369B2 (en) | 2006-08-31 | 2009-06-16 | Ferro Corporation | Method of making multilayer structures using tapes on non-densifying substrates |
-
2008
- 2008-08-29 KR KR1020107004254A patent/KR101543046B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2008-08-29 CN CN2012100271466A patent/CN102593243A/zh active Pending
- 2008-08-29 EP EP08828746.1A patent/EP2191514A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2008-08-29 JP JP2010523147A patent/JP5629210B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2008-08-29 WO PCT/US2008/074711 patent/WO2009029738A1/en active Application Filing
- 2008-08-29 US US12/298,956 patent/US8236598B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2008-08-29 CN CN2008801049446A patent/CN101796650B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2012
- 2012-07-06 US US13/542,710 patent/US20120270366A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR101543046B1 (ko) | 2015-08-07 |
EP2191514A4 (en) | 2016-11-30 |
KR20100047291A (ko) | 2010-05-07 |
EP2191514A1 (en) | 2010-06-02 |
WO2009029738A1 (en) | 2009-03-05 |
CN101796650B (zh) | 2012-11-28 |
US8236598B2 (en) | 2012-08-07 |
CN102593243A (zh) | 2012-07-18 |
JP2010538471A (ja) | 2010-12-09 |
CN101796650A (zh) | 2010-08-04 |
US20100173446A1 (en) | 2010-07-08 |
US20120270366A1 (en) | 2012-10-25 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
JP5629210B2 (ja) | 太陽電池用層状コンタクト構造 | |
JP5530920B2 (ja) | 銀及びニッケル、もしくは、銀及びニッケル合金からなる厚膜導電体形成、及びそれから作られる太陽電池 | |
JP6043291B2 (ja) | 金属添加剤を含有する太陽電池メタライゼーション材料 | |
TWI446561B (zh) | 含鋁及硼、鈦、鎳、錫、銀、鎵、鋅、銦及銅中的至少一種之太陽電池 | |
JP5166252B2 (ja) | 鉛フリー太陽電池コンタクト | |
KR101896740B1 (ko) | 은 태양 전지 접점 | |
JP6325980B2 (ja) | SINxおよび良好なBSF形成のためのファイアスルーアルミニウムペースト | |
US20140352778A1 (en) | Solar cell pastes for low resistance contacts | |
TW200915581A (en) | Thick film pastes for fire through applications in solar cells | |
JP2011519111A (ja) | 伝導性組成物、および半導体デバイスの製造における使用方法 | |
KR20150000486A (ko) | 태양전지 접촉부의 인쇄 방법 | |
JP2011512426A (ja) | 有機金属修飾剤を有する導電性インク | |
JP6246135B2 (ja) | 有機亜鉛化合物を含有する太陽電池の金属化 |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
A621 | Written request for application examination |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A621 Effective date: 20110426 |
|
A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20121225 |
|
A977 | Report on retrieval |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A971007 Effective date: 20121226 |
|
A601 | Written request for extension of time |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A601 Effective date: 20130318 |
|
A602 | Written permission of extension of time |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A602 Effective date: 20130326 |
|
A601 | Written request for extension of time |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A601 Effective date: 20130419 |
|
A602 | Written permission of extension of time |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A602 Effective date: 20130426 |
|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20130524 |
|
A711 | Notification of change in applicant |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A711 Effective date: 20131022 |
|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20131029 |
|
A02 | Decision of refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A02 Effective date: 20140422 |
|
A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20140820 |
|
A911 | Transfer to examiner for re-examination before appeal (zenchi) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A911 Effective date: 20140828 |
|
TRDD | Decision of grant or rejection written | ||
A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 Effective date: 20140924 |
|
A61 | First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61 Effective date: 20141003 |
|
R150 | Certificate of patent or registration of utility model |
Ref document number: 5629210 Country of ref document: JP Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
LAPS | Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees |