JP5579071B2 - 触媒の製造方法並びに電気触媒としての使用 - Google Patents
触媒の製造方法並びに電気触媒としての使用 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5579071B2 JP5579071B2 JP2010532584A JP2010532584A JP5579071B2 JP 5579071 B2 JP5579071 B2 JP 5579071B2 JP 2010532584 A JP2010532584 A JP 2010532584A JP 2010532584 A JP2010532584 A JP 2010532584A JP 5579071 B2 JP5579071 B2 JP 5579071B2
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Classifications
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/08—Heat treatment
- B01J37/082—Decomposition and pyrolysis
- B01J37/086—Decomposition of an organometallic compound, a metal complex or a metal salt of a carboxylic acid
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9445—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC]
- B01D53/945—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC] characterised by a specific catalyst
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- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
- B01J23/46—Ruthenium, rhodium, osmium or iridium
- B01J23/462—Ruthenium
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/89—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
- B01J35/391—Physical properties of the active metal ingredient
- B01J35/393—Metal or metal oxide crystallite size
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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Description
(a) 単一の白金族金属を有する触媒を、第2の金属を有する錯化合物と混合し、乾燥した粉末にする工程、
(b) 前記単一の白金族金属と前記第2の金属との間で化合物を得るために、前記粉末を熱処理する工程
を有する、単一の白金族金属と、複数の白金族金属又は複数の遷移金属から選択される第2の金属とを含有する触媒を製造する方法により解決される。
比較例
a) 担持された白金触媒の製造
水3.5リットル中にTyps EC300タイプのカーボンブラック75gを装入し、2分間、Ultra-Turrax T25で110000rpmで均質化し、引き続き二重撹拌機を備えたIKA-撹拌機を用いて撹拌した。引き続き、Pt(NO3)2 130gを水1.5リットルに溶かし、エタノール5リットルを混合した。この溶液を、反応混合物の製造のためにカーボンブラック懸濁液と混合した。この反応混合物を、引き続き室温で30分間撹拌し、その後5時間還流下で乾燥させた。この場合に生じるPt/Cを濾別し、水242リットルで16時間硝酸塩不含になるまで洗浄した。最後に、窒素50リットル/hの流量で窒素雰囲気下で、100℃で54時間ロータリーキルン中で乾燥を行った。
前記の製造したPt/C材料16gを、水1.5リットル中に装入し、30分間撹拌した。引き続き、水50ml中に溶かしたCo(NO3)2・6H2O 20gを添加した。この混合物のpH値は、5%のソーダ溶液の添加により一定に5.6に保持される。Co(NO3)2の添加後に、空気を供給しながら60℃で1時間後撹拌し、このpH値は4.3に低下した。1時間後に、5%のソーダ溶液でpH値を7.5に調節した。引き続き、このPtCo/Cを濾別し、水12リットルで硝酸塩不含になるまで洗浄した。その後で、50リットル/hの窒素体積流で窒素雰囲気下で100℃で16時間、ロータリーキルン中で乾燥を行った。
比較例a)と同様に製造した白金触媒8gを、コバルト−ジ−アセチルアセトナート8.9gと乾式混合した。この混合物を、窒素雰囲気又は水素雰囲気下で運転することができるロータリーキルン中に充填した。この熱処理を、3つの段階で実施した。第1の段階では、前記混合物を110℃で2時間窒素雰囲気下で保持した。引き続き、この温度を30分間で210℃に上昇させた。引き続き、この温度を210℃で4時間保持した。ガス雰囲気として、1:2の割合の窒素と水素とからなる混合物を使用した。更なる処理のために、210℃の温度を3時間で600℃にまで上昇させ、更に3時間この温度に保持した。このガス雰囲気は、1:2の割合の窒素及び水素から変えずに構成された。600℃の温度で3時間の経過の後に、窒素雰囲気下で冷却した。室温に到達したら、空気雰囲気に置き換えた。この際に生成物中での温度上昇は観察されなかった。
比較例の工程a)により製造した白金触媒4gを、ルテニウム−トリ−アセチルアセトナート4.7gと混合した。この混合物を、窒素雰囲気又は水素雰囲気下で運転することができるロータリーキルン中に充填し、次の処理を行った。
比較例及び製造例1により製造された触媒をインクに加工した。このために、触媒6mg、H2O 1g、5パーセントのナフィオン溶液(アルコール/水混合物)0.1g及びイソプロパノール7.07gを混合した。この試験を、3−電極装置中で、カロメル基準電極を用いてリングディスク電極で実施した。この被覆のために、インキ200μlを20μlの分量で100mm2の面積を有する測定ヘッドに塗布し、熱風で乾燥させた。この試験を1molarの硫酸中で70℃で実施した。測定の開始前に、前記電解質を1時間酸素で飽和した。前記触媒層を定義された出発状態にするために、本来の測定の前に、カロメルに対して、−150mVから850mV並びに−150mVに戻す2サイクリックボルタンメトリースキャンを、50mV/sの上昇速度で600rpmの回転数で実施した。本来の測定のために、作業電極の電極電位をカロメル電極に対して500mVで一定に保持し、カソード電流の時間的推移を記録した。試験開始後の1700〜1710秒の間に測定されかつ貴金属含有量に関して基準化された電流密度を、試験された触媒についての酸素還元のための電流密度の尺度として利用した。メタノールの影響を試験するために、この試験をまず純粋な硫酸性電解質中で、引き続きメタノール含有の電解質中で測定し、この場合、メタノール含有の電解質はメタノール3mMを含有していた。
実施例2により製造された白金−ルテニウム触媒を、電気化学的メタノール酸化について試験するために、まず触媒80mgからインクを製造した。このために、前記触媒に水2g及びエタノール中の5パーセントナフィオン溶液2gを添加し、超音波浴中でいくつかの3mmガラス球を添加しながら1時間加工して均質な懸濁液に加工した。触媒を含有するこのインキは、その後で、回転するディスク電極の測定ヘッドに塗布し、加熱されていない空気中で乾燥した。前記ディスク電極の被覆の場合に、触媒100〜150μgを乾式塗布した。この正確な触媒量は、ディスク電極の再秤量によって得られた。
Claims (22)
- 次の工程:
a. 単一の白金族金属を有する触媒を、第2の金属を有する錯化合物と混合し、乾燥した粉末にする工程、
b. 前記単一の白金族金属と前記第2の金属との間の化合物を得るために、前記粉末を熱処理する工程
を有し、その際、前記熱処理を少なくとも2つの段階で異なる温度で実施し、前記熱処理を段階的に高める、単一の白金族金属と、複数の白金族金属又は複数の遷移金属から選択される第2の金属とを含有する触媒の製造方法。 - 前記熱処理を3段階で実施し、その際、第1の段階を90〜140℃の範囲内のほぼ一定の温度でかつ90〜180分の期間で実施し、第2の段階において、200〜350℃の範囲内のほぼ一定の温度でかつ3〜5時間の期間で実施し、第3の段階を500〜800℃の範囲内のほぼ一定の温度で20分〜4時間の期間で実施することを特徴とする、請求項1記載の方法。
- 個々の段階の間の温度を線形に上昇させて高めることを特徴とする、請求項1又は2記載の方法。
- 第1の段階から第2の段階への温度上昇を20〜60分の範囲内の時間で行い、第2の段階から第3の段階への温度上昇を2〜4時間の範囲内で行うことを特徴とする、請求項3記載の方法。
- 第1の段階を不活性雰囲気下で実施し、少なくとも1つの後続する段階を還元雰囲気下で実施することを特徴とする、請求項1から4までのいずれか1項記載の方法。
- 前記不活性雰囲気は窒素雰囲気であり、前記還元雰囲気は水素を含有することを特徴とする、請求項5記載の方法。
- 前記還元雰囲気は水素及び窒素からなる混合物を含有する、請求項5又は6記載の方法。
- 工程bでの熱処理の完了の後に、周囲温度への冷却を不活性雰囲気下で行うことを特徴とする、請求項1から7までのいずれか1項記載の方法。
- 前記単一の白金族金属が白金であることを特徴とする、請求項1から8までのいずれか1項記載の方法。
- 第2の金属は、ルテニウム、コバルト、ニッケル及びパラジウムからなるグループから選択されることを特徴とする、請求項1から9までのいずれか1項記載の方法。
- 第2の金属は、配位子としてオレフィン、芳香族、2,4−ペンタンジオンを有する金属錯体として、混合したシクロペンタジエニルカルボニル錯体として又は純粋な又は混合したカルボニル錯体、ホスファン錯体、シアノ錯体又はイソシアノ錯体として存在することを特徴とする、請求項1から10までのいずれか1項記載の方法。
- 前記オレフィンが、ジメチルオクタジエンである、請求項11記載の方法。
- 前記芳香族が、ピリジンである、請求項11記載の方法。
- 第2の金属は、配位子としてアセチルアセトナート又は2,4−ペンタンジオンを有する金属錯体として存在することを特徴とする、請求項1から11までのいずれか1項記載の方法。
- 第2の金属を有する有機金属化合物又は金属錯体は、粉末として又は溶剤中に溶解して存在することを特徴とする、請求項1から14までのいずれか1項記載の方法。
- 前記溶剤は、ヘキサン、シクロヘキサン、トルエン及びエーテル化合物からなるグループから選択されることを特徴とする、請求項15記載の方法。
- 前記単一の白金族金属を有する触媒は、金属粉末として存在することを特徴とする、請求項1から16までのいずれか1項記載の方法。
- 前記単一の白金族金属を有する触媒は、更に担体を有することを特徴とする、請求項1から17までのいずれか1項記載の方法。
- 前記担体は炭素担体であることを特徴とする、請求項18記載の方法。
- メタノールもしくは水素の電気酸化のための、酸素の電解還元のための、クロロアルカリ電気分解もしくは水電気分解のための電気触媒としての、又は水素化もしくは脱水素のための触媒として使用される、請求項1から18までのいずれか1項記載の方法により製造された触媒。
- 前記触媒は、不飽和の脂肪族、芳香族又は複素環式化合物の、カルボニル基の、ニトリル基の、ニトロ基の、カルボン酸及びそのエステルの水素化のため、アミノ化する水素化のため、鉱油の水素化のため又は一酸化炭素の水素化のために使用されることを特徴とする、請求項20記載の触媒。
- 前記触媒は、パラフィン、ナフテン、アルキル芳香族又はアルコールの脱水素のために使用されることを特徴とする、請求項20記載の触媒。
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PL2417059T3 (pl) | 2009-04-06 | 2015-05-29 | Basf Se | Sposób przeprowadzania gazu ziemnego w węglowodory aromatyczne z elektrochemicznym wydzielaniem wodoru |
PT2429983T (pt) | 2009-05-14 | 2017-11-08 | Basf Se | Método para a produção de anilina |
KR20120024889A (ko) * | 2009-06-02 | 2012-03-14 | 바스프 에스이 | 전기화학적 응용을 위한 촉매 |
JP5471252B2 (ja) * | 2009-09-30 | 2014-04-16 | 国立大学法人北海道大学 | 合金化度と分散性を制御したPtRu/C触媒及びその製造方法 |
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KR20190072582A (ko) * | 2016-10-20 | 2019-06-25 | 바스프 에스이 | 금속간 화합물을 포함하는 촉매의 제조 방법 및 상기 방법에 의해 제조된 촉매 |
KR102291160B1 (ko) * | 2018-11-08 | 2021-08-19 | 한국과학기술원 | 연료전지용 금 도핑 백금계 합금 촉매 및 이의 제조 방법 |
KR102425528B1 (ko) * | 2020-10-28 | 2022-07-25 | 한국화학연구원 | 화학 기상 증착법을 이용한 저온활성이 향상된 deNOx 촉매의 제조방법 및 이로부터 제조된 deNOx촉매 |
KR102451629B1 (ko) * | 2020-11-25 | 2022-10-06 | 충남대학교산학협력단 | 산소 환원 반응용 백금계 촉매 및 그 제조방법 |
KR102468470B1 (ko) * | 2020-12-09 | 2022-11-18 | 비나텍주식회사 | 연료전지용 백금계 합금 촉매의 제조 방법 |
KR102459158B1 (ko) * | 2020-12-18 | 2022-10-26 | 비나텍주식회사 | 코발트를 함유하는 연료전지용 백금계 합금 촉매의 제조 방법 |
KR102466103B1 (ko) * | 2020-12-18 | 2022-11-11 | 비나텍주식회사 | 연료전지용 백금계 합금 촉매의 제조 방법 |
CN113437318A (zh) * | 2021-06-25 | 2021-09-24 | 北京大学 | 一种碳负载的贵金属合金纳米颗粒及其制备方法和应用 |
CN115863678A (zh) * | 2022-12-20 | 2023-03-28 | 佛山仙湖实验室 | 一种富含缺陷的铂基纳米片催化剂及其制备方法和应用 |
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FR2628417B1 (fr) * | 1988-03-08 | 1990-07-27 | Rhone Poulenc Sante | Procede de preparation d'alcools insatures |
US5916702A (en) * | 1997-08-15 | 1999-06-29 | Exxon Research And Engineering Co. | CO tolerant platinum-zinc fuel cell electrode |
JP2001198469A (ja) * | 1999-11-05 | 2001-07-24 | Sekisui Chem Co Ltd | 水素貯蔵・供給用金属担持触媒及びこれを利用した水素貯蔵・供給システム |
JP2002095969A (ja) * | 2000-09-21 | 2002-04-02 | Ishifuku Metal Ind Co Ltd | 白金−コバルト合金触媒の製造方法 |
US7157401B2 (en) * | 2002-10-17 | 2007-01-02 | Carnegie Mellon University | Catalyst for the treatment of organic compounds |
US20040101718A1 (en) | 2002-11-26 | 2004-05-27 | Lixin Cao | Metal alloy for electrochemical oxidation reactions and method of production thereof |
KR100506091B1 (ko) | 2003-02-19 | 2005-08-04 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 연료전지의 캐소드용 촉매 |
US7208437B2 (en) | 2004-01-16 | 2007-04-24 | T/J Technologies, Inc. | Catalyst and method for its manufacture |
US7335245B2 (en) * | 2004-04-22 | 2008-02-26 | Honda Motor Co., Ltd. | Metal and alloy nanoparticles and synthesis methods thereof |
JP4490201B2 (ja) * | 2004-08-04 | 2010-06-23 | Dowaホールディングス株式会社 | 凹凸表面をもつ微細な合金粒子粉末およびその製造法 |
JP4390693B2 (ja) * | 2004-12-17 | 2009-12-24 | 富士通株式会社 | 燃料電池用触媒の製造方法および燃料電池の製造方法 |
US7507495B2 (en) * | 2004-12-22 | 2009-03-24 | Brookhaven Science Associates, Llc | Hydrogen absorption induced metal deposition on palladium and palladium-alloy particles |
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KR101541207B1 (ko) | 2015-07-31 |
CA2704667A1 (en) | 2009-05-14 |
JP2011502758A (ja) | 2011-01-27 |
CN101990462A (zh) | 2011-03-23 |
KR20100099160A (ko) | 2010-09-10 |
RU2010123285A (ru) | 2011-12-20 |
EP2217372A1 (de) | 2010-08-18 |
US8293675B2 (en) | 2012-10-23 |
US20100267551A1 (en) | 2010-10-21 |
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