JP5484349B2 - 燃焼方法 - Google Patents
燃焼方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5484349B2 JP5484349B2 JP2010536364A JP2010536364A JP5484349B2 JP 5484349 B2 JP5484349 B2 JP 5484349B2 JP 2010536364 A JP2010536364 A JP 2010536364A JP 2010536364 A JP2010536364 A JP 2010536364A JP 5484349 B2 JP5484349 B2 JP 5484349B2
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- combustion
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- 238000009841 combustion method Methods 0.000 title claims description 3
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 57
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 39
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 34
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000000567 combustion gas Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000008246 gaseous mixture Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 239000002956 ash Substances 0.000 description 45
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 24
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000011819 refractory material Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 7
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 5
- 240000007817 Olea europaea Species 0.000 description 5
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 4
- -1 aluminum compound Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 3
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910001026 inconel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000008055 alkyl aryl sulfonates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010426 asphalt Substances 0.000 description 2
- IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N bisphenol A Chemical compound C=1C=C(O)C=CC=1C(C)(C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 IISBACLAFKSPIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010881 fly ash Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002803 fossil fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002484 inorganic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenol group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=C1)O ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bisulfite Chemical compound OS([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical compound S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000002918 Fraxinus excelsior Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- LSDPWZHWYPCBBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanethiol Chemical compound SC LSDPWZHWYPCBBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfurous acid Chemical compound OS(O)=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ANBBXQWFNXMHLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;sodium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Na+].[Al+3] ANBBXQWFNXMHLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003841 chloride salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- IYRDVAUFQZOLSB-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper iron Chemical compound [Fe].[Cu] IYRDVAUFQZOLSB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010779 crude oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002013 dioxins Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009970 fire resistant effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011451 fired brick Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003517 fume Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002240 furans Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000856 hastalloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000037 hydrogen sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002354 inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002440 industrial waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004058 oil shale Substances 0.000 description 1
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003415 peat Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003112 potassium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012716 precipitator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001388 sodium aluminate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008247 solid mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004449 solid propellant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004611 spectroscopical analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011275 tar sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006200 vaporizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
- F23L7/00—Supplying non-combustible liquids or gases, other than air, to the fire, e.g. oxygen, steam
- F23L7/007—Supplying oxygen or oxygen-enriched air
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/02—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing smoke development
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/04—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for minimising corrosion or incrustation
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G7/00—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES
- F23J7/00—Arrangement of devices for supplying chemicals to fire
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
- C10L1/1208—Inorganic compounds elements
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
- C10L1/1233—Inorganic compounds oxygen containing compounds, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, acids and salts thereof
- C10L1/125—Inorganic compounds oxygen containing compounds, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, acids and salts thereof water
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
- C10L1/1275—Inorganic compounds sulfur, tellurium, selenium containing compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/198—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid
- C10L1/1985—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid polyethers, e.g. di- polygylcols and derivatives; ethers - esters
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/24—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium
- C10L1/2406—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium mercaptans; hydrocarbon sulfides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/24—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium
- C10L1/2431—Organic compounds containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium sulfur bond to oxygen, e.g. sulfones, sulfoxides
- C10L1/2437—Sulfonic acids; Derivatives thereof, e.g. sulfonamides, sulfosuccinic acid esters
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G2202/00—Combustion
- F23G2202/30—Combustion in a pressurised chamber
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
- Y02E20/34—Indirect CO2mitigation, i.e. by acting on non CO2directly related matters of the process, e.g. pre-heating or heat recovery
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)
- Combustion Of Fluid Fuel (AREA)
- Nonmetallic Welding Materials (AREA)
Description
前記のように、塩基性の灰は、耐火性材料を融かすことにより、腐食することができる。耐火性を増すため、従来技術では、薄層状の99.8%Al2O3を用いてシリカの含量を極めて低い値まで低下させるか、または耐火性の組成物に酸化ジルコニウムを添加することが示されてきた。しかしながら、これらの改質された耐火性物質も、塩基性の灰による燃焼装置の壁の腐食問題を解決することはできない。
ホットガスクリーニング法によって、上記の合成ガスを精製できることも知られている。しかしながら、この方法は高価で特殊な設備を必要とする上、耐用年数を極めて短くする。合成ガスを用いるプラント内で採用されている、より低い温度で該クリーニング処理が行われる場合、熱効率が低下するという欠点がある。
今日まで火力発電所では、アルカリおよび/またはアルカリ土類金属の含量の低い石炭および炭化水素類が用いられてきた。しかしながら、これらの燃料は極めて貴重で高価なものであり、その上、大量に入手できない。
成分B)中に存在する硫黄の量 + 燃料中に含まれる硫黄(成分BII))の量の合計モルB'と、
供給される燃料中に含まれるアルカリおよび/またはアルカリ土類金属(成分AII))の量 + 成分B)中に含まれるアルカリおよび/またはアルカリ土類金属(成分A))の量の合計モルAI
との間のモル比B'/AIが0.5以上となる量で燃焼装置に供給され、
燃焼装置が定温型でかつ無炎である燃焼方法である。
燃料中において、アルカリおよび/またはアルカリ土類金属(成分AII))は、通常、塩、塩の混合物、酸化物または酸化物の混合物の形態で存在する。
本発明の方法において、燃焼装置内の温度は、好ましくは1,500K(1,227℃)〜2,100K(1,827℃)の間に含まれる。
本発明の方法における燃焼用剤は、好ましくは燃料との燃焼反応に必要な化学量論量に対して過剰モルで使用される。しかしながら、化学量論量に対して、不足して用いることもできる。
好ましくは、モル比B'/AIは少なくとも0.7、より好ましくは少なくとも1、さらに好ましくは少なくとも2である。
成分B)が元素の硫黄であるとき、それは界面活性剤を含む水性分散液として供給され得る。好適な界面活性剤は、アリールアルキル-またはアルキルアリールスルホネート、ポリエトキシレートなどである。
方法の制御は、好ましくは約10秒の特徴的なレスポンス時間を要するコード(制御ソフトウェア)を用いて行われる。この目的のため、燃焼装置の出口における燃焼ガスは、1.5秒のT95レスポンス時間を与えるように改変されたマルチプルガス分析器、NDIR型(Non Dispersive InfraRed)/NDUV(Non Dispersive Ultra Visible)によってモニターされる。
実際、本発明の方法によって、塩基性の灰が不活性な化合物に変換され、それらの化合物が燃焼装置の壁の耐火性物質も、燃焼装置の下方のプラントの壁を形成する金属素材、特に銅鉄や合金も腐食しないことが、驚くべきことに意外にも見出された。
本出願人は、燃焼装置の下方プラント、例えば熱回収プラントにおいて、従来技術ではInconelおよびHastelloyのようなニッケル高含量を有する合金が必要とされる操作条件において、例えばAISI 304H鋼のような合金も用い得ることを、驚くべきことに意外にも見出した。このことは、経費を節減できるので極めて有利である。
燃料が水および/または水蒸気と混合して定温型の燃焼装置中に導入されるとき、該燃焼装置は特許出願WO2005/108, 867に記載されているように作動する。
供給される燃料は、用いられる燃料のタイプに応じた量の水/水蒸気をも含み得る。供給される混合物の低発熱量(lower heating power)(LHV)の値が6,500kJ/kgより大きいという条件で、燃料中の水の割合は、重量%で表して、80%以上であることもできる。
好ましくは、燃焼ガスの最終的な生成量に相当する燃焼ガスの部分は、機械的作用を得るために膨張された後、燃焼ガスの後処理部に送られる。膨張されるべき燃焼ガスは、混合器の出口に通じている。
燃焼ガスには、フライアッシュが実質的に含まれていないので、膨張は膨張タービンを用いて行うことができる。
分析手法
金属の分析は、Thermo Electron CorporationのICP-OES装置を用いた誘導プラズマ分光により行われる。
塩基性の灰は、アルカリおよびアルカリ土類金属として測定する。
灰の全量は、慣用の分析手順に従って、600℃で発火後の残渣の重量として測定する。
硫黄または硫酸塩を化学的分析により測定する。
水分は、慣用の分析手順、例えばカール・フィッシャー器具を用いて測定した。
燃焼装置は、耐火性物質でコーティングされた壁を有する定温型でかつ無炎の5MW燃焼装置であり、1,650℃および400kPaで操作される。用いられる燃焼用剤は92容量%の酸素であり、燃焼装置から出てくる燃焼ガス中の酸素濃度が1〜3容量%となるように、化学量論量に対して過剰に供給される。
硫黄 0.1
灰全体(600℃での残滓) 5
水分 9
K 18.3
Na 1.1
Ca 12.8
Mg 1.2
アルカリおよびアルカリ土類金属の合計量は、灰全体の33.4重量%を占めている。
灰全体について、硫酸塩を測定した。得られた量は4.7重量%であった。
粉末状の硫黄およびアルキルアリールスルホン酸ナトリウム界面活性剤により形成される固体混合物を、反応装置内で撹拌下に水に加えて、水分散液を調製した。
硫黄の水分散液を、硫黄18kg/時間の量にて、燃焼装置に供給した。
モル比、B'/AIは、1.1である。燃焼装置を480時間稼働させた。
大気中に放出される燃焼ガスは、3mg/Nm3より少ない量の灰を含んでいることが分かった。
硫黄を供給しなかったことを除いて、燃焼装置を実施例2のように操作する。燃焼装置は72時間運転した。
燃焼装置から出てくる燃焼ガス中のSO2の濃度は30 ppvより少なく、これは0.00014 bar、14 Paに相当する。
実施例2のように燃焼装置を操作する。燃料は、ビスフェノールAを生産している石油化学プラントから生じる廃フェノール性ピッチからなり、溶融炉(melter)によって供給される。上記のピッチは、ナトリウムとして0.8重量%の量で塩基性の灰を含んでおり、硫黄を含んでいない。溶融ピッチを500リットル/時間(ピッチ濃度約0.98 g/cm3)の流速で供給する。2時間運転の後、溶融スラグが、燃焼装置の底から出てきた。プラントを止め、溶融スラグを分析した。溶融スラグは、アルミン酸ナトリウムからなっている。金属分析結果は、以下の通りであった:ナトリウム6重量%、クロム8重量%、ジルコニウム6重量%。アルミニウム/クロム/ジルコニウムの組成は、燃焼装置の耐火性レンガの組成に類似している。それゆえ、燃焼装置の壁の耐火性材料は、燃料に含まれる塩基性の灰によって濾されていた。
ナトリウムとして0.4重量%の量で塩基性の灰を含み、硫黄を含まないフェノール性ピッチを用いることを除いて、比較実施例4を繰り返した。
燃焼装置の温度は1,550Kであった。
モル比B'/AIは2/1である。
Claims (16)
- 燃料、燃焼用剤、および硫黄または硫黄含有化合物を含む成分B)が、以下の量、すなわち成分B)中に存在する硫黄の量 + 燃料中に含まれる硫黄の量の合計モルB'と、
燃料中に含まれるアルカリおよびアルカリ土類金属のうち少なくとも1つの量 + 成分B)中に含まれるアルカリおよびアルカリ土類金属のうち少なくとも1つの量の合計モルAI
との間のモル比B'/AIが0.5以上となる量で、燃焼装置に供給され、
燃焼装置が定温型でかつ無炎であり、
前記燃焼用剤は、タイターの最小値が70容量%の酸素であり、100容量%までの残りは、不活性ガスおよび窒素のうち少なくとも1つで形成され、
前記酸素は、燃料との燃焼反応に必要な化学量論量に対して過剰モルで使用される燃焼方法。 - 燃料中の硫黄が、元素の硫黄または硫黄含有有機および無機化合物のうち少なくとも1つの形態で存在する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 燃焼装置内の圧力が101.3kPa〜2,000kPaの値に含まれ、その温度が1,500K〜2,100Kの間に含まれる、請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 燃焼用剤が酸素である、請求項1〜3のいずれか1つに記載の方法。
- モル比B'/AIが少なくとも1である、請求項1〜4のいずれか1つに記載の方法。
- モル比B'/A I が少なくとも0.7である、請求項1〜4のいずれか1つに記載の方法。
- モル比B'/A I が少なくとも2である、請求項1〜4のいずれか1つに記載の方法。
- 燃焼装置の出口における燃焼ガスが1,100K以下の温度で冷却される、請求項1〜7のいずれか1つに記載の方法。
- 燃焼装置への成分B)の供給が、燃料とは別に、または燃料と混合して、成分B)を供給することにより行われる、請求項1〜8のいずれか1つに記載の方法。
- 成分B)が、元素の硫黄であり、界面活性剤を含む水分散液と共に燃焼装置に供給される、請求項9に記載の方法。
- 成分B)の使用量が、燃焼ガス中で生成するSO2の分圧が40 Pa〜300 Paとなる量である、請求項1〜10のいずれか1つに記載の方法。
- 燃料の燃焼装置内の滞留時間が、0.5秒〜30分の範囲である、請求項1〜11のいずれか1つに記載の方法。
- 供給される酸素が、リサイクルされる燃焼ガスと予め混合され、該ガス状混合物中の燃焼ガスの量が10容量%より多い、請求項1〜12のいずれか1つに記載の方法。
- 供給される酸素が、リサイクルされる燃焼ガスと予め混合され、該ガス状混合物中の燃焼ガスの量が50容量%より多い、請求項1〜13のいずれか1つに記載の方法。
- リサイクルされる燃焼ガスが水蒸気の形態にある水を含み、その水の量がリサイクルされる燃焼ガスの全容量に対して計算して10容量%より多い、請求項13または14に記載の方法。
- 燃料が、0重量%から80重量%までの量の水を含む、請求項15に記載の方法。
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