JP5458489B2 - 微生物発電装置 - Google Patents
微生物発電装置 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5458489B2 JP5458489B2 JP2007329691A JP2007329691A JP5458489B2 JP 5458489 B2 JP5458489 B2 JP 5458489B2 JP 2007329691 A JP2007329691 A JP 2007329691A JP 2007329691 A JP2007329691 A JP 2007329691A JP 5458489 B2 JP5458489 B2 JP 5458489B2
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- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 title claims description 43
- 239000011231 conductive filler Substances 0.000 claims description 102
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 claims description 45
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 claims description 43
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 40
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000011550 stock solution Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001200 Ferrotitanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 17
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 14
- 239000000370 acceptor Substances 0.000 description 13
- WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(0) Chemical compound [Pb] WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 10
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 9
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 7
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- -1 potassium ferricyanide Chemical compound 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000008363 phosphate buffer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010865 sewage Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia chloride Chemical compound [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000557 Nafion® Polymers 0.000 description 2
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000010815 organic waste Substances 0.000 description 2
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019270 ammonium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005187 foaming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010794 food waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002054 inoculum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006241 metabolic reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000896 monocarboxylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006864 oxidative decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- GREUDHQMBHOYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium;iron(2+) Chemical compound [K+].[Fe+2] GREUDHQMBHOYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000027756 respiratory electron transport chain Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/16—Biochemical fuel cells, i.e. cells in which microorganisms function as catalysts
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/023—Porous and characterised by the material
- H01M8/0232—Metals or alloys
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/023—Porous and characterised by the material
- H01M8/0234—Carbonaceous material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0271—Sealing or supporting means around electrodes, matrices or membranes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0297—Arrangements for joining electrodes, reservoir layers, heat exchange units or bipolar separators to each other
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
- H01M8/2465—Details of groupings of fuel cells
- H01M8/247—Arrangements for tightening a stack, for accommodation of a stack in a tank or for assembling different tanks
- H01M8/248—Means for compression of the fuel cell stacks
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/023—Porous and characterised by the material
- H01M8/0241—Composites
- H01M8/0245—Composites in the form of layered or coated products
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
- H01M8/04186—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of liquid-charged or electrolyte-charged reactants
- H01M8/04194—Concentration measuring cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
- Apparatus Associated With Microorganisms And Enzymes (AREA)
Description
電子受容体が供給されるカソード室と、
前記アノード室と前記カソード室との間に配置され互いに向かい合う第1および第2の面を有するカチオン透過膜と、
前記カチオン透過膜の前記第1の面に密着して拡がる面を有し、シート,発泡体,又は,格子状もしくはハニカム状の立体によって構成され前記アノード室の内部に該内部と同一の形状及び大きさになるように配置された多孔性かつ板状(ただし、複数の粒状物の集合を除く)の第1の導電性充填材と、
前記カチオン透過膜の前記第2の面と密着して広がる粗面を有する第2の導電性充填材と、を含み、
前記第1の導電性充填材がグラファイト,チタン,ステンレスのいずれかから成るものであることを特徴とする微生物発電装置。
(2) 前記第1の導電性充填材の表面及び内部に微生物が保持され、
前記原液は前記多孔体内を通って移動して前記微生物に供給される(1)に記載の微生物発電装置。
(3) 前記第1の導電性充填材および前記第2の導電性充填材は、それぞれ、前記カチオン透過膜に押しつけられ密着させられている(1)または(2)に記載の微生物発電装置。
(4) 前記第1の導電性充填材は厚さが3mm以上の板状に成形された多孔性グラファイト板であり、
前記第2の導電性充填材は、板状に成形された多孔性グラファイト板である(1)から(3)のいずれかに記載の微生物発電装置。
(5) 前記第1の導電性充填材は、多孔性グラファイトの一体成形体、または複数のグラファイトフェルトシートを張り合わせて構成された積層体である(4)に記載の微生物発電装置。
[化学式1]
CH3COOH+2H2O→2CO2+8H++8e−
[化学式2]
8Fe(CN)6 3−+8e−+8H+→8FeH(CN)6 3−
[化学式3]
2O2+8H++8e−→4H2O
実施例1として図4に示す微生物発電装置2を作成した。発電装置2は、2つの正極用第2の導電性充填材22で1つの負極用の第1の導電性充填材21を挟む構成とし、全体で容積1050mL、アノード室11の容積は700mL、各カソード室12の容積は175mLとした。発電装置2には、アノード室11からの排出液を循環させる循環槽を備える循環路30を設け、循環路を流れる液のpHを調整するpH調整手段31を設置して、アノード室11内の液のpHが7以上9以下に保たれるようにした。pH調整手段31としては、アルカリ注入装置を用いた。
実施例2では、実施例1で用いた第1の導電性充填材の代わりに、1枚のグラファイトフェルト(厚さ3mm)を単独で第1の導電性充填材として用いた。これに合わせ、アノード室11の大きさを52.5mLにして第1の導電性充填材として用いるグラファイトフェルトがアノード室全体に充填されるようにした。その他の条件は実施例1と同じにして微生物発電を行ったところ、発生した電圧は305mV、電流は610mAであった。このとき、回路の抵抗は、0.5Ωであった。
比較例1として、実施例2で用いた厚さ3mmのグラファイトフェルト1枚を容積700mLのアノード室(実施例1のアノード室と同じ大きさのアノード室)に配置した。また、第2の導電性充填材と非導電膜とを挟むスペーサを取り外した。その他の条件は実施例1と同じにして微生物発電を行ったところ、発生した電圧は310mV、電流は15.5mAであった。このとき、回路の抵抗は、20Ωであった。
11 アノード室
11A〜C アノード分室
12 カソード室
15 非導電膜
17 導通線
21 第1の導電性充填材(アノード)
22 第2の導電性充填材(カソード)
23 アノード引き出し線
24 カソード引き出し線
30 循環路
31 pH調整手段
Claims (5)
- 微生物を保持し電子供与体を含む原液が供給されるアノード室と、
電子受容体が供給されるカソード室と、
前記アノード室と前記カソード室との間に配置され互いに向かい合う第1および第2の面を有するカチオン透過膜と、
前記カチオン透過膜の前記第1の面に密着して拡がる面を有し、シート,発泡体,又は,格子状もしくはハニカム状の立体によって構成され前記アノード室の内部に該内部と同一の形状及び大きさになるように配置された多孔性かつ板状(ただし、複数の粒状物の集合を除く)の第1の導電性充填材と、
前記カチオン透過膜の前記第2の面と密着して広がる粗面を有する第2の導電性充填材と、を含み、
前記第1の導電性充填材がグラファイト,チタン,ステンレスのいずれかから成るものであることを特徴とする微生物発電装置。 - 前記第1の導電性充填材の表面及び内部に微生物が保持され、
前記原液は前記第1の導電性充填材内を通って移動して前記微生物に供給される請求項1に記載の微生物発電装置。 - 前記第1の導電性充填材および前記第2の導電性充填材は、それぞれ、前記カチオン透過膜に押しつけられ密着させられている請求項1または2に記載の微生物発電装置。
- 前記第1の導電性充填材は厚さが3mm以上の板状に成形された多孔性グラファイト板であり、
前記第2の導電性充填材は、板状に成形された多孔性グラファイト板である請求項1から3のいずれかに記載の微生物発電装置。 - 前記第1の導電性充填材は、多孔性グラファイトの一体成形体、または複数のグラファイトフェルトシートを張り合わせて構成された積層体である請求項4に記載の微生物発電装置。
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2007329691A JP5458489B2 (ja) | 2007-12-21 | 2007-12-21 | 微生物発電装置 |
KR1020107012178A KR101560425B1 (ko) | 2007-12-21 | 2008-12-10 | 미생물 발전 장치 |
PCT/JP2008/072385 WO2009081730A1 (ja) | 2007-12-21 | 2008-12-10 | 微生物発電装置 |
CN200880120931.8A CN101897069B (zh) | 2007-12-21 | 2008-12-10 | 微生物发电装置 |
US12/801,697 US8828567B2 (en) | 2007-12-21 | 2010-06-21 | Microbial power generation device |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
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JP2007329691A JP5458489B2 (ja) | 2007-12-21 | 2007-12-21 | 微生物発電装置 |
Publications (2)
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JP2009152091A JP2009152091A (ja) | 2009-07-09 |
JP5458489B2 true JP5458489B2 (ja) | 2014-04-02 |
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US (1) | US8828567B2 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5458489B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR101560425B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN101897069B (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2009081730A1 (ja) |
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JP5359725B2 (ja) * | 2009-09-16 | 2013-12-04 | 栗田工業株式会社 | 微生物発電方法及び微生物発電装置 |
CN102324526B (zh) * | 2011-08-25 | 2014-07-30 | 哈尔滨佳泰达科技有限公司 | 一种微生物燃料电池复合材料阳极及制造方法 |
WO2013116950A1 (en) * | 2012-02-09 | 2013-08-15 | Kashuba Terry | Microbial power cell |
JPWO2015122125A1 (ja) * | 2014-02-13 | 2017-03-30 | パナソニック株式会社 | 微生物燃料電池、微生物燃料電池システム、及び微生物燃料電池の使用方法 |
CN105355928A (zh) * | 2015-11-28 | 2016-02-24 | 成都九十度工业产品设计有限公司 | 一种表面钛/氮掺杂介孔石墨烯气凝胶电极 |
CN105355953A (zh) * | 2015-11-28 | 2016-02-24 | 成都九十度工业产品设计有限公司 | 一种基于2,6-二叔丁基吡啶介质的微生物燃料电池 |
WO2018061058A1 (ja) * | 2016-09-29 | 2018-04-05 | パナソニック株式会社 | 微生物燃料電池及び廃液処理装置 |
US10164282B2 (en) * | 2016-11-13 | 2018-12-25 | Soheil Bahrebar | Microbial fuel cells and methods for generating an electric current |
CN109534456B (zh) * | 2018-11-12 | 2021-04-30 | 北京工业大学 | 一种应用于阳极氧化体系的Co3O4/石墨毡复合电极制备方法 |
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KR100224381B1 (ko) * | 1996-08-29 | 1999-10-15 | 박호군 | 금속염 환원 세균을 사용한 생물연료전지 |
JP2000133326A (ja) * | 1998-10-30 | 2000-05-12 | Canon Inc | 生体代謝利用発電方法及び電池 |
KR100332932B1 (ko) | 1999-07-07 | 2002-04-20 | 박호군 | 폐수 및 폐수처리용 활성슬러지를 사용한 생물연료전지 |
JP2004342412A (ja) * | 2003-05-14 | 2004-12-02 | Ebara Corp | 有機性物質を利用する発電方法及び装置 |
US8277984B2 (en) * | 2006-05-02 | 2012-10-02 | The Penn State Research Foundation | Substrate-enhanced microbial fuel cells |
JP2006159112A (ja) * | 2004-12-08 | 2006-06-22 | National Institute Of Advanced Industrial & Technology | 微生物担持電池兼電解装置及びこれを用いた電解方法 |
CN100405655C (zh) * | 2005-06-03 | 2008-07-23 | 清华大学 | 一种以有机废水为燃料的单池式微生物电池 |
JP2007095470A (ja) | 2005-09-28 | 2007-04-12 | Ebara Corp | 生物発電用アノード及びその製造方法、並びに発電装置 |
US20100178530A1 (en) * | 2007-03-12 | 2010-07-15 | Danmarks Tekniske Universitet (Technical Universit y of Denmark) | Microbial Fuel Cell |
AU2009335012A1 (en) * | 2008-12-30 | 2011-08-18 | The Penn State Research Foundation | Cathodes for microbial electrolysis cells and microbial fuel cells |
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US20100330397A1 (en) | 2010-12-30 |
WO2009081730A1 (ja) | 2009-07-02 |
CN101897069B (zh) | 2014-03-19 |
US8828567B2 (en) | 2014-09-09 |
KR20100095553A (ko) | 2010-08-31 |
KR101560425B1 (ko) | 2015-10-26 |
CN101897069A (zh) | 2010-11-24 |
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