JP5278894B2 - 金属酸化物多孔質膜の製造方法及び色素増感型太陽電池 - Google Patents
金属酸化物多孔質膜の製造方法及び色素増感型太陽電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5278894B2 JP5278894B2 JP2008102061A JP2008102061A JP5278894B2 JP 5278894 B2 JP5278894 B2 JP 5278894B2 JP 2008102061 A JP2008102061 A JP 2008102061A JP 2008102061 A JP2008102061 A JP 2008102061A JP 5278894 B2 JP5278894 B2 JP 5278894B2
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- Prior art keywords
- metal oxide
- dye
- porous film
- oxide porous
- flux
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- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 148
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
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- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 56
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 150000001339 alkali metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 52
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000001341 alkaline earth metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 abstract description 15
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 74
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 68
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 66
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 59
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 47
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- AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-benzoquinone Chemical compound O=C1C=CC(=O)C=C1 AZQWKYJCGOJGHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 230000005496 eutectics Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000003349 gelling agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- MRELNEQAGSRDBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[La+3].[La+3] MRELNEQAGSRDBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 4
- BPUBBGLMJRNUCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);tantalum(5+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Ta+5].[Ta+5] BPUBBGLMJRNUCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- VEALVRVVWBQVSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium titanate Chemical compound [Sr+2].[O-][Ti]([O-])=O VEALVRVVWBQVSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- GKXDJYKZFZVASJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrapropylazanium;iodide Chemical compound [I-].CCC[N+](CCC)(CCC)CCC GKXDJYKZFZVASJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
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- ZRXVCYGHAUGABY-UHFFFAOYSA-O tris(4-bromophenyl)azanium Chemical compound C1=CC(Br)=CC=C1[NH+](C=1C=CC(Br)=CC=1)C1=CC=C(Br)C=C1 ZRXVCYGHAUGABY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
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Images
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/542—Dye sensitized solar cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
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- Hybrid Cells (AREA)
- Compositions Of Oxide Ceramics (AREA)
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
Description
4.前記タンタル酸塩結晶粒子が、更にアルカリ金属を含むタンタル酸塩結晶粒子であることを特徴とする前記3記載の金属酸化物多孔質膜の製造方法。
6.前記金属酸化物粒子の添加量Aに対する前記フラックスの添加量Bが、モル比(B/A)で2.0〜4.0の範囲にあることを特徴とする前記1〜5いずれか1項に記載の金属酸化物多孔質膜の製造方法。
本発明の金属酸化物多孔質膜の製造方法は、
1)金属酸化物粒子とアルカリ金属化合物を含むフラックスからなる金属酸化物層を基板上に形成する第一の工程と、
2)金属酸化物粒子の融点以下の温度で加熱して焼結させる第二の工程と、
3)得られた焼結体からフラックスを除去する第三の工程を有する。
前記のように作製された金属酸化物とフラックスを混合し、基板上に塗布する方法として公知の方法が適用でき、例えば、
(1)金属酸化物の粒子を含有する懸濁液を導電性基材上に塗布し、乾燥及び焼結を行い、金属酸化物多孔質膜を作製後、さらにフラックスを溶液または融解させた状態で塗布する方法、
(2)金属酸化物粒子及びフラックスを含有する懸濁液を導電性基材上に塗布する方法
などが挙げられる。
金属酸化物とフラックスの混合物の焼結温度は、使用される金属酸化物及びフラックスによって適宜選定されるが、本発明ではフラックス存在下において金属酸化物の融点以下の温度で金属酸化物の焼結を行う。ここでいう融点とは、フラックスと金属酸化物の混合物の融点(いわゆる共晶点)ではなく、金属酸化物自体の融点のことを示す。
本発明においては、導電性基材上に焼結したフラックスと金属酸化物の混合物を基板からフラックスを除去する工程に特に指定はなく、フラックスを十分溶解する溶液を用いて除去するなどの一般的な方法が用いられる。例えばアルカリ金属塩化物をフラックスとして用いた場合、60℃以上に加熱した蒸留水中を用いることで効率的に前記混合物よりフラックスが除去でき好ましい。
本発明の多孔質半導体膜の製造方法においては、金属酸化物粒子とアルカリ金属化合物を含むフラックスからなる金属酸化物層を焼結することで、金属酸化物表面の一部と融解させ3次元的な連結を有する多孔質金属酸化物を作製する。アルカリ金属化合物を含むフラックスは焼結助剤として作用する為、金属酸化物の融点以下の温度で金属酸化物の結晶成長とそれに伴う3次元的に連結された多孔質膜が得られる。
本発明の多孔質半導体膜の製造方法においては、金属酸化物1モルに対してフラックスを2.0モル以上、4.0モル以下の範囲で添加し、300〜500℃で加熱することにより焼結が促進され、高品質の金属酸化物多孔質膜が作製できる点で好ましい。フラックスの添加量が2.0モル以上であれば、安定して共融させることができる。また、フラックスの添加量が4.0モル以下であれば、適正な添加量範囲に維持でき、後工程で不要なフラックスを導電性基板上から除去するための操作に対する負荷が抑制される。
本発明に係る金属酸化物多孔質膜を構成する金属酸化物としては、主には公知の金属酸化物から適宜選択して用いることができる。吸着した色素から、光照射により発生した電子を受け取り、これを導電性基材へ伝達する機能を備えた金属酸化物であれば、特に限定は無く、公知の色素増感型太陽電池に使用される金属酸化物を適用することができる。
本発明で好ましく適用できるタンタル酸塩結晶粒子としては、層状ペロブスカイト型構造、もしくは層状構造を有することが好ましい。
次いで、本発明の金属酸化物多孔質膜を用いた色素増感型太陽電池の作製方法について説明する。
本発明で用いられる導電性基材としては、色素増感型太陽電池の導電性基材側を受光面とする場合には、導電性基材は実質的に透明であることが好ましい。実質的に透明であるとは光の透過率が10%以上であることを意味し、50%以上であることが好ましく、80%以上であることが特に好ましい。
本発明の色素増感太陽電池においては、前述した導電層と金属酸化物多孔質膜との間に、短絡防止層を設けることができる。これにより、電解質と金属酸化物多孔質膜の短絡電流を低減することができる。特に電解質として固体のp型半導体を用いる場合は、この層を有することが好ましい。
本発明において、前述の図1に示した金属酸化物半導体層2の表面に吸着させる色素としては、種々の可視光領域及び/または赤外光領域に吸収を有し、金属酸化物半導体の伝導帯より高い最低空準位を有する色素が好ましく、公知の様々な色素を使用することができる。
本発明の色素増感型太陽電池を構成する電荷移動層は、色素の酸化体に電子を補充する機能を有する電荷輸送材料を含有する層である。本発明で用いることのできる代表的な電荷輸送材料の例としては、酸化還元対イオンが溶解した溶剤や酸化還元対イオンを含有する常温溶融塩等の電解液、酸化還元対イオンの溶液をポリマーマトリクスや低分子ゲル化剤等に含浸したゲル状の擬固体化電解質、更には高分子固体電解質等が挙げられる。
本発明の色素増感型太陽電池を構成する対向電極は、前述した導電性基材と同様にそれ自体が導電性を有する基材の単層構造、またはその表面に対極導電層を有する基材を利用することができる。後者の場合、対極導電層に用いる導電性材料、基材、更にその製造方法としては、前述した導電性基材1の場合と同様で、公知の種々の材料及び方法を適用することができる。その中でも、I3−イオン等の酸化や他のレドックスイオンの還元反応を十分な速さで行わせる触媒能を持ったものを使用することが好ましく、具体的には白金電極、導電材料表面に白金メッキや白金蒸着を施したもの、ロジウム金属、ルテニウム金属、酸化ルテニウム、カーボン等が挙げられる。
〔金属酸化物粒子1:ランタン含有二タンタル酸ストロンチウム単結晶粒子の調製〕
酸化タンタル(68.88g)、炭酸ストロンチウム(46.02g)、酸化ランタン(0.51g)および塩化ストロンチウム(98.83g)を秤量し、乳鉢に入れた。この混合試料を乳鉢中で約10分間乾式混合した。その後、混合試料を白金るつぼに充填し、ふたをのせ、電気炉内に設置した。電気炉を毎時45℃の昇温速度で1000℃まで加熱し、その温度で5時間保持した。保持後、毎時250℃の降温速度で500℃まで冷却し、以降電気炉内で室温まで放冷した。室温まで冷却したるつぼを温水中に入れ、ランタンドープの二タンタル酸ストロンチウム結晶粒子を分離、回収した。得られた結晶は無色透明であった。粉末X線回折による結晶構造分析を島津製作所製XRD−6000で実施したところ、得られた単結晶粒子は二タンタル酸ストロンチウムSr2Ta2O7であった。ランタンのドープ量はICP分析により定量し、0.4質量%であり、SEM観察から一次粒子径は約96nmであった。
酸化タンタル(94.24g)、炭酸カリウム(29.47g)、炭酸ストロンチウム(31.48g)、酸化ランタン(2.08g)および塩化カリウム(63.59g)を秤量し、乳鉢に入れた。この混合試料を乳鉢中で約10分間乾式混合した。その後、混合試料を白金るつぼに充填し、ふたをのせ、電気炉内に設置した。電気炉を毎時45℃の昇温速度で1000℃まで加熱し、その温度で5時間保持した。保持後、毎時250℃の降温速度で500℃まで冷却し、以降電気炉内で室温まで放冷した。室温まで冷却したるつぼを温水中に入れ、ランタンドープの二タンタル酸カリウムストロンチウム結晶粒子を分離、回収した。得られた結晶は無色透明であった。ICP分析の結果、得られた単結晶粒子はランタンを0.8質量%含んだ二タンタル酸カリウムストロンチウムK2SrTa2O7であり、SEM観察から一次粒子径は約64nmであった。
酸化タンタル(90.98g)、炭酸ナトリウム(21.82g)および塩化ナトリウム(96.25g)を秤量し、乳鉢に入れた。この混合試料を乳鉢中で約10分間乾式混合した。その後、混合試料を白金るつぼに充填し、ふたをのせ、電気炉中に設置した。電気炉を毎時45℃の昇温速度で1000℃まで加熱し、その温度で5時間保持した。保持後、毎時250℃の降温速度で500℃まで冷却し、以降電気炉内で室温まで放冷し、得られた結晶粒子を分離、回収した。粉末X線回折法による結晶構造分析を島津製作所製XRD−6000で実施したところ、得られた単結晶粒子は、タンタル酸ナトリウムNaTaO3であった。
〔太陽電池SC−101の作製:比較例〕
上記調製した金属酸化物粒子1(二タンタル酸ストロンチウム単結晶粒子)64g、関東化学社製のポリエチレングリコール(Mw:400)24g及び蒸留水264gを乳鉢で混合した後、ミル分散機(寿工業製UAM−015、ビーズ:ZrO2 平均粒径0.1mm)を用いて分散した。その後、固形分が10質量%になるまでエバポレータで濃縮して粒子ペースト1を調製した。
上記太陽電池SC−101の作製において、多孔質半導体膜の作製に用いた金属酸化物粒子1(二タンタル酸ストロンチウム単結晶粒子)の64gを、金属酸化物粒子3(タンタル酸ナトリウム)25gに変更した以外は同様にして、太陽電池SC−102を作製した。
上記太陽電池SC−101の作製において、多孔質半導体膜の作製方法を下記の作製方法に変更した以外は同様にして、太陽電池SC−103を作製した。
上記調製した金属酸化物粒子2(二タンタル酸カリウムストロンチウム結晶粒子)64g、関東化学社製ポリエチレングリコール(Mw:400)19g、フラックスとして塩化カリウム1.8gと塩化リチウム1.5g、蒸留水264gを乳鉢で混合した後、ミル分散機(寿工業製UAM−015、ビーズ:ZrO2 平均粒径0.1mm)を用いて分散した後、固形分が10質量%になるまでエバポレータで濃縮して粒子ペースト3を調製した。
上記太陽電池SC−103の作製において、金属酸化物粒子の種類及び使用量、フラックス材料の種類と使用量を、それぞれ表1に記載のように変更した以外は同様にして、太陽電池SC−104〜108を作製した。
金属酸化物粒子1:ランタン含有二タンタル酸ストロンチウム単結晶粒子
金属酸化物粒子2:ランタン含有二タンタル酸カリウムストロンチウム結晶粒子
金属酸化物粒子3:ランタン含有タンタル酸ナトリウム単結晶粒子
〈バインダー〉
PEG:ポリエチレングリコール(関東化学社製、Mw:400)
〈フラックス材料〉
F1:塩化カリウム
F2:塩化リチウム
F3:硝酸ナトリウム
F4:硝酸ストロンチウム
F5:塩化ストロンチウム・六水和物
《太陽電池の評価》
〔光電変換特性の測定〕
上記作製した太陽電池SC−101〜SC−108の各々に、ソーラーシミュレーター(JASCO(日本分光)製、低エネルギー分光感度測定装置CEP−25)により100mW/m2の強度の光を照射した時の短絡電流密度Jsc(mA/cm2)、開放電圧Voc(V)を測定し、更に、得られた形状因子(FF、フィルファクター)、光電変換効率η(%)を表1に示した。なお、各測定値は、各太陽電池を3つずつ作製して評価し、その平均値とした。
11 基板
12 導電層
2 多孔質n型半導体電極
3 色素
4 電荷移動層
5 対向電極
51 基板
52 対極導電層
Claims (7)
- タンタル酸塩結晶粒子と、アルカリ金属化合物を含むフラックスと、バインダーとを含む金属酸化物層を基板上に形成する第一の工程と、前記金属酸化物層を、前記タンタル酸塩結晶粒子の融点以下の温度で加熱して前記基板上に焼結させる第二の工程と、得られた焼結体からフラックスを除去する第三の工程とを有することを特徴とする金属酸化物多孔質膜の製造方法。
- 前記タンタル酸塩結晶粒子が、層状ペロブスカイト型構造もしくは層状構造を有するタンタル酸塩結晶粒子であることを特徴とする請求項1記載の金属酸化物多孔質膜の製造方法。
- 前記タンタル酸塩結晶粒子が、アルカリ土類金属を含むタンタル酸塩結晶粒子であることを特徴とする請求項2記載の金属酸化物多孔質膜の製造方法。
- 前記タンタル酸塩結晶粒子が、更にアルカリ金属を含むタンタル酸塩結晶粒子であることを特徴とする請求項3記載の金属酸化物多孔質膜の製造方法。
- 前記フラックスが、更に前記アルカリ金属化合物以外の少なくとも一種のアルカリ金属化合物またはアルカリ土類金属化合物を含むことを特徴とする請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の金属酸化物多孔質膜の製造方法。
- 前記金属酸化物粒子の添加量Aに対する前記フラックスの添加量Bが、モル比(B/A)で2.0〜4.0の範囲にあることを特徴とする請求項1〜5いずれか1項に記載の金属酸化物多孔質膜の製造方法。
- 導電性基材上に、色素が表面に吸着された金属酸化物多孔質膜からなる半導体電極と、電荷移動層と、対向電極とを順次有する色素増感型太陽電池において、該半導体電極の少なくとも一部が、請求項1〜6のいずれか1項に記載の金属酸化物多孔質膜の製造方法で作製された金属酸化物多孔質膜を有することを特徴とする色素増感型太陽電池。
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