JP5276982B2 - オキシトシンの投与による頭痛の処置のための方法 - Google Patents
オキシトシンの投与による頭痛の処置のための方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5276982B2 JP5276982B2 JP2008528234A JP2008528234A JP5276982B2 JP 5276982 B2 JP5276982 B2 JP 5276982B2 JP 2008528234 A JP2008528234 A JP 2008528234A JP 2008528234 A JP2008528234 A JP 2008528234A JP 5276982 B2 JP5276982 B2 JP 5276982B2
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- oxytocin
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Description
本願は、米国仮特許出願第60/711,950号(2005年8月26日出願)および米国仮特許出願第60/794,004号(2006年4月21日出願)(これらの内容全体は、本明細書に参考として援用される)に関連し、これら仮特許出願の利益を主張する。
本発明は、一般に、頭痛および頭痛障害もしくは頭部疼痛障害の処置のための方法および組成物に関する。より具体的には、本発明は、オキシトシンを投与することによる、一次性頭痛もしくは二次性頭痛の処置もしくは予防のための方法に関する。特に、本発明は、片頭痛、群発性頭痛、緊張型頭痛もしくは三叉神経痛の処置もしくは予防が必要な個体にオキシトシンもしくはオキシトシンを含む組成物を投与することによる、片頭痛、群発性頭痛、緊張型頭痛もしくは三叉神経痛の処置もしくは予防のための方法に関する。
片頭痛および関連症状(例えば、悪心)について、多くの処置ストラテジーがある。しかし、今日まで、患者の大部分において首尾良く片頭痛を緩和する単一の(single)処置ストラテジー(予防(prevention)または予防(prophylaxis)を含む)はない。さらに、1人の特定の片頭痛患者において有効であることが判明した処置は、部分的にまたは周期的に有効であるに過ぎない可能性がある。片頭痛のためのケアの現在の基準は、以下の3つの領域に集中している:1)短期間のまたは頓挫性の処置;2)特定の症状から解放するための処置;および3)予防処置。
有効量のオキシトシンペプチドを個体に投与する工程を包含する、頭痛または三叉神経痛の処置のための方法が、本明細書中で提供される。本発明のいくつかの局面は、上記オキシトシンペプチドが、少なくとも1種のさらなる鎮痛薬と組み合わせて投与される方法を包含する。本発明のいくつかの局面は、上記投与が身体の他の部分における鎮痛効果と比較してかつ頭痛による疼痛の緩和において、顔面または頭部領域に対する痛覚脱失を主に生じる方法を包含する。本発明のいくつかの局面は、上記頭痛による疼痛が一次性頭痛または二次性頭痛の結果である方法を包含する。いくつかの例において、上記一次性頭痛は、血管型頭痛または緊張型頭痛である。いくつかの例において、上記血管型頭痛は、片頭痛または群発性頭痛である。いくつかの例において、上記二次性頭痛は、感染、毒素の摂取、またはアルコールの過剰摂取から生じる。本発明の他の局面は、上記頭部疼痛が三叉神経痛の結果である方法を包含する。
(定義)
本明細書において使用される場合、別段特定しない限り、用語「処置」または「疼痛を処置する」とは、目的の薬剤の個体への投与であって、上記個体が処置されている間に上記薬剤が病状を緩和または予防する投与をいう。「頭痛による疼痛についての処置」、「頭痛の処置」または「頭部疼痛の処置」とは、頭痛障害および三叉神経痛と関連する疼痛の緩和または予防をいう。
オキシトシンは、単離されて配列決定された最初のペプチドホルモンのうちの1つであった。オキシトシンは、1位と6位との間にジスルフィド架橋を形成する2つのシステイン残基を有する9アミノ酸の環状ペプチドホルモンである。ヒトオキシトシンのアミノ酸配列は、Cys−Tyr−Ile−Gln−Asn−Cys−Pro−Leu−Gly(配列番号1)である。オキシトシンは、下垂体の後葉から放出され、出産の間に子宮の平滑筋の収縮を刺激し、授乳の間の乳房からの乳汁の放出を促進する。研究によって、オキシトシンが記憶プロセスおよび学習プロセスの制御、種々の型の母性行動および性行動を含め、幅広い他の生物学的効果を発揮し得ることが示された。さらに、オキシトシンは、心血管機能の制御、体温調節および体液バランス(fluid balance)に関与し得る。他の研究によって、オキシトシンが侵害受容モジュレーションにおいて重要な役割を果たし得ることが示された。オキシトシンは、妊婦において出産を誘導するための静脈内使用および分娩後出血の処置について、食品医薬品局によって認可されている。オキシトシンは、頭痛または頭痛障害の処置および/または予防については以前使用されていなかった。
本明細書に記載されるのは、個体における頭痛もしくは三叉神経痛による疼痛の処置のための方法であって、この方法は、上記個体に対して、オキシトシンペプチドを粘膜組織にもしくは口腔内の上皮に、鼻孔に、眼内にもしくは眼の周りに、または皮膚に投与する工程を包含する。上記口腔粘膜組織としては、歯肉(歯茎)、口腔の床、頬、口唇、舌部、歯もしくはこれらの組み合わせが挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。上記方法は、オキシトシンペプチドを結膜または眼の周りの他の粘膜組織に投与する工程を包含し得る。上記組織または上皮としては、結膜、涙腺、鼻涙管、上瞼もしくは下瞼の粘膜、眼、またはこれらの組み合わせが挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。結膜に投与されるが、結膜粘膜を通って完全には吸収されないオキシトシンペプチドは、鼻涙管を通って鼻へと流れ得る。鼻で上記オキシトシンペプチドは、上記鼻孔内の粘膜組織によって吸収され得る。オキシトシンペプチドは、上記鼻孔内の粘膜組織に投与され得る。適切な領域としては、上記鼻孔の下から3分の2が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。
オキシトシンペプチド単独を投与することは可能であるが、薬学的組成物の一部としてオキシトシンペプチドを存在させることが有利である状況もある。従って、本発明のいくつかの局面において、オキシトシンペプチドは、薬学的組成物として投与される。上記薬学的組成物は、1種以上の薬学的に受容可能なキャリアおよび必要におうじて他の成分と一緒に治療的に有効な用量においてオキシトシンペプチドを含み得る。適したキャリアは、耐えられないほどの副作用を引き起こさないが、オキシトシンが身体においてその薬理学的活性を保持することを可能にするものである。キャリアはまた、オキシトシンのいかなる望ましくない副作用も減少させ得る。適したキャリアは、安定、すなわち、処方物中で他の成分と反応しないべきである。適したキャリアは、最小限の臭いもしくは芳香、または芳香もしくは肯定的な(よい)匂いを有するべきである。適したキャリアは、粘膜も、上皮も、下にある神経も刺激せず、健康上の危険性ももたらさないべきである。その適したキャリアは、受容された経皮的な(transcutaneous or percutaneous)キャリアまたはビヒクルであり得る。なぜなら、皮膚の角質層に効率的に透過し得る任意のキャリアが、粘膜に透過することにおいてのみならず、粘膜下組織、神経鞘および神経の中への物質の迅速な吸収を可能にすることにおいても、非常に有効であるはずであるからである。
オキシトシンペプチド、またはオキシトシンペプチドを含む薬学的組成物は、多くの異なる処方物または投薬形態(迅速溶解錠剤、液体充填カプセル、液体スプレーまたはロゼンジが挙げられるが、これらに限定されない)において口内表面または舌下表面に与えられ得る。あるいは、薬学的組成物は、口中に組成物を(例えば、ゲル、フィルム、軟膏、注入器(dropper)、または生体接着剤ストリップまたはパッチとともに)直接置くことによって、口腔粘膜に送達され得る。
オキシトシンペプチドは、頭痛による疼痛もしくは三叉神経痛に罹患している個体に治療有効量を提供するために十分な用量で投与される。いくつかの局面において、オキシトシンペプチドは、最小限の全体的CNS効果または全身性副作用しか伴わずに、顔面領域もしくは頭部領域に対する痛覚脱失をもたらす用量で投与され得る。治療有効用量のオキシトシンペプチドは、経験的に決定され得、頭痛による疼痛の種類および重症度、投与の経路、患者の大きさ、体重、年齢および全体的な健康状態に依存し、臨床医のような当業者の技術範囲内である。
頭部疼痛は、種々の医学的状態から生じ得、これらの状態としては、一次性頭痛(例えば、片頭痛、群発性頭痛、緊張性すなわちストレス性頭痛)、特定の状態(例えば腫瘍性疾患および感染性疾患、服毒もしくはアルコールの過剰消費)によって生じた二次性頭痛、ならびに三叉神経痛が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。本明細書中で議論されるように、一次性血管型頭痛の最も一般的な種類は片頭痛であり、群発性頭痛はより一般的ではないが、これらは共に消耗性である。緊張すなわち「ストレス」性頭痛は、最も多くの個体が罹患しているという点で、頭痛の種類全体で最も一般的な頭痛であると考えられる。これらの頭痛または頭痛障害の特徴は、以下の表1にまとめられる。
本明細書中で、本明細書中に記載される方法のいずれかを実施するためのキットが、提供される。キットは、頭痛および頭痛もしくは頭部疼痛障害の処置および/または予防における使用のために提供される。本発明のキットは、適切なパッケージ中にオキシトシンペプチドを含む。本発明の他のキットは、少なくとも1種のさらなる鎮痛薬をさらに含み得る。キットは、血管縮小薬、少なくとも1種のプロテアーゼインヒビターおよび/または少なくとも1種の吸収増強剤をさらに含み得る。いくつかのキットは、送達デバイスをさらに含み得、このデバイスとしては、鼻腔内投与についてのデバイスが挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。他のキットは、本明細書中に記載される方法のいずれかを実施するための、使用者および/または健康管理者に情報を提供する指示書をさらに含む。
皮膚の不快な熱刺激(代表的に、耳もしくは後ろ足に刺激を与える)に応答して引っ込めるまでの潜伏時間の、処置誘導性の変化を研究することにより、鎮痛薬の活性が、ラットモデルにおいて試験され得る。従って、耳もしくは後足へのコヒーレント放射熱もしくは非コヒーレント(非レーザー)放射熱の適用は、迅速な引っ込める動きを誘発する。引っ込めるまでの潜伏時間は、鎮痛薬処置に対して感受性であることが示されており、したがって、鎮痛薬は、引っ込めるまでの潜伏時間を延長する。鎮痛薬の経粘膜的投与および経皮的投与は、局所性痛覚脱失および/または全身性痛覚脱失について試験され得る。鎮痛薬の投与後、耳を引っ込める時間までの潜伏時間の延長は、局所性痛覚脱失を示す。後足を引っ込める時間までの潜伏時間の変化は、全身的鎮痛効果が存在したことを示す(すなわち、引っ込める時間までの潜伏時間に変化がないことは、全身性効果がないことを示し、他方、引っ込める時間までの潜伏時間の延長は、全身性効果を示す)。
Sprague−Dawleyラット(Charles River Laboratories)をウレタンで軽く麻酔し、そして加熱パッド上に最小限の拘束によって配置し、これらのラットの体温を37℃に維持した。上に記載したように、レーザー光線を、光ファイバーケーブルを通して、両耳の外側吻側部分もしくは後ろ足に向けた。引っ込めるまでの基線潜伏時間を、各刺激の間の約15分間の休止期間を有する4回の独立した刺激を送達することによって測定した。リン酸緩衝化生理食塩水中の50μlのオキシトシンを、10μgの投薬量で、5=10μl適用で鼻腔内投与した。両耳および後ろ足についての引っ込めるまでの潜伏時間を、オキシトシンの最終投与の5分間後に試験した。上に記載したように、試験セッションを、ビデオ録画し、そして分析した。結果は、この用量でのオキシトシンの鼻腔内投与は、後ろ足における全身性鎮痛効果なしで、頭部領域における局所鎮痛効果を達成したことを示した。
診療所での紹介の際、患者に、疼痛ランク付け(VASにおける1〜10段階)を求める。VASは、11点の数値による疼痛ランク付け尺度であり、ここで、0=「無痛」であり、10=「想像し得る最も酷い疼痛」である。鎮痛薬を、鼻用アプリケータによって自己投与する。最初に、各外鼻腔に1回投与する。15分間の待機後、患者に再び疼痛ランク付けを求め、何らかの副作用(例えば、鎮静)を評価する。疼痛がまだ存在する場合、外鼻腔あたりさらに1回ずつ自己投与する。さらに15分間後、疼痛および副作用を評価する。疼痛がまだ存在する場合、薬剤をさらに2回(two mote puffs)自己投与する。15分間後、疼痛を再びランク付けし、そして副作用を評価する。疼痛がまだ存在する場合、最後の2回分を投与する。さらに15分間後、そしてその15分間後、30分間後および60分間後、疼痛および副作用を再評価する。
成人水頭症および多数回のバイパス形成手術に対して続発性の重症の頭痛を有する女性患者を、診療所で診察した。この患者の疼痛は、トリプタン、エルゴタミン、および高用量のアヘン剤での処置によって軽減されなかった。この患者は、本明細書中で記載される手順によって、10のうち8の疼痛段階を示した。この患者は、0.2ml中4IUの用量でオキシトシンを鼻腔内に自己投与した。オキシトシン投与の5分間以内に、この患者は、軽度の鎮静を示し、この鎮静は、10分間以内になくなった。この患者の頭痛による疼痛は、投与の15分後までに有意に軽減し、そして30分間後までに完全に消失した。疼痛軽減は、活動によって生じた軽度の頭部疼痛によって短い間のみ中断されたが、約24時間続いた。オキシトシンによる処置の翌日、この患者は、胸部圧痛を報告したが、これは24時間以内に消散した。
ある患者を、「ストレス」すなわち緊張型頭痛を報告していると診察した。この患者は、自分の頭部疼痛を、本明細書中に記載の手順によって評価し、10のうち5とランク付けした。この患者を、0.2ml中4IUの用量でのオキシトシンの鼻腔内投与によって処置した。投与の約10〜15分間後、この患者は、疼痛が完全になくなったと報告した。この患者は、最初の10分間わずかに「目が回る」感じを報告したが、その後、この感覚は消失した。この患者は、約48時間にわたって疼痛がなかったことを報告した。
ある患者を、「二日酔い」頭痛を報告していると診察し、この頭痛を、本明細書中に記載の手順によって評価し、10のうち8とランク付けした。この患者を、24IUの用量でのオキシトシンの鼻腔内投与によって処置した。15分間以内に、この患者は、頭痛が完全になくなったと報告した。
ある患者を、時折えぐるような疼痛を左側に有する、進行中の強い頭痛を有していることを報告していると診察した。この疼痛は、2週間を超えて続いており、「群発性」頭痛と診断されていた。この患者を、16IUの用量でのオキシトシンの鼻腔内投与によって処置した。この患者は、15分間以内に頭痛が完全になくなり、そして軽減が24時間にわたって続いたと報告した。
ある患者を、毎日の片頭痛(この患者が、本明細書中で記載の手順による評価として10のうち4の疼痛段階を有する軽度〜中程度の頭痛とランク付けした頭痛)を報告した後に診察した。この患者を、24IUの用量でのオキシトシンの鼻腔内投与によって処置した。この患者は、オキシトシンが、疼痛を10のうち2のランク付けに対する疼痛まで軽減したと報告した。
鼻腔内送達による鎮痛薬の投与後の顔面領域における局所的痛覚脱失を、正常な被験体において試験する。研究参加者を、受け入れ/除外基準、病歴および物理的試験、実験室試験、および他の慣用的手順に基づいて、選択する。熱性疼痛応答を、正常な志願者の顔面(詳細には頬)、端部(例えば手もしくは脚)において誘発し、それによって、疼痛誘発についての閾値温度および/または最大疼痛耐用温度を評価し得、そして基線を確立し得る。漸増する用量の鎮痛薬を、被験体に投与し、そして用量応答曲線を、各刺激部位について計算する。2箇所の部位における熱性疼痛閾値および耐用量における変化を比較し、それによって、顔面の疼痛および全身の疼痛に影響する所定用量の鎮痛薬の効力を、決定し得る。
三叉神経痛の処置のためのオキシトシンの鼻腔内投与の研究。三叉神経痛に罹患する10人の患者を、二重盲検無作為化交叉研究に含める。研究期間全体は、3週間であり、これを2回の1週間試験期間に分け、3日間の洗い流し期間によって隔てる。5人の参加者を、無作為化して、第1週目の間オキシトシン鼻用スプレーを与え、そして第2週目の間偽薬鼻用スプレーを与える。5人の被験体を、無作為化して、逆の順序の薬物処置をする。
三叉神経痛の処置のためのオキシトシンおよびジクロフェナクの鼻腔内投与の研究。この研究を、実施例10で上に記載したように実施し、三叉神経痛に罹患する10人の患者を、二重盲検無作為化交叉研究に含める。5人の参加者を、無作為化して、第1週目の間ジクロフェナクおよびオキシトシンの鼻用スプレーを与え、そして第2週目の間ジクロフェナクおよび偽薬の鼻用スプレーを与える。5人の被験体を、無作為化して、逆の順序の薬物処置をする。
片頭痛の処置のためのオキシトシンの鼻腔内投与の研究。前兆を有するかもしくは有さない、片頭痛に罹患する40人の患者を、二重盲検無作為化交叉研究に含める。研究期間全体を、患者が2回の片頭痛発作を経験するまでの経過時間によって決定する。20人の参加者を、無作為化して、第1回目の片頭痛発作を処置するためにオキシトシン鼻用スプレーを与え、そして第2回目の片頭痛発作を処置するために偽薬鼻用スプレーを与える。20人の被験体を、無作為化して、逆の順序の薬物処置をする。
片頭痛の処置のためのオキシトシンおよびジクロフェナクの鼻腔内投与の研究。この研究を、実施例12で上に記載したように実施し、片頭痛に罹患する40人の患者を、前兆の有無についてシャッフルし、二重盲検無作為化交叉研究に含める。研究期間全体を、患者が2回の片頭痛発作を経験するまでの経過時間によって決定する。20人の参加者を、オキシトシンおよびジクロフェナクを与えることについて以下のように無作為化する:第1回目の片頭痛発作を処置するためにオキシトシンおよびジクロフェナクの鼻用スプレーを与え、そして第2回目の片頭痛発作を処置するためにジクロフェナクのみ(オキシトシンなし)の鼻用スプレーを与える。20人の被験体を、無作為化して、逆の順序の薬物処置をする。
Sprague−Dawleyラット(Charles River Laboratories)を、イソフルランで麻酔し、白金電極を三叉神経節内に経頭蓋挿入した。このラットの顔面への有害なレーザーパルスの適用に応答する神経インパルス(活動電位)を、三叉神経節内の1つの痛覚感受性神経細胞から記録した。数回の独立したレーザーパルスに対する応答を記録した後、10ナノモルのオキシトシンを、このラットの鼻に投与した。その後、独立したレーザーパルスを、再び適用して記録した。
雄のSprague−Dawleyラット(Charles River Laboratories)を、イソフルランで麻酔し、そして以下の実験において使用した。麻酔したラットにおいて、同側の顔面の皮膚を、定電流二極電気刺激によって刺激している間、1単位の細胞外記録を三叉神経尾状核において実施した。エポキシレート絶縁したタングステン微小電極(10MOhm)を、定位座標制御下で用いた。
Claims (10)
- 三叉神経に関連する頭痛の処置のための組成物であって、有効用量のオキシトシンペプチドを含み、該オキシトシンペプチドは鼻腔内投与を介して投与されることを特徴とし、該オキシトシンペプチドの投与により三叉神経に関連する頭痛の減少がもたらされることを特徴とする、組成物。
- 前記三叉神経に関連する頭痛は、一次性頭痛、二次性頭痛、血管型頭痛、および緊張型頭痛からなる群より選択される状態の結果である、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記三叉神経に関連する頭痛は、群発性頭痛、緊張型頭痛、毒素の摂取、アルコールの過剰摂取、水頭症および頭蓋内障害からなる群より選択される状態の結果である、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記三叉神経に関連する頭痛は、片頭痛の結果である、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記オキシトシンペプチドは、鼻孔からの下側3分の2に投与されることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記組成物は、薬学的組成物である、請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 前記薬学的組成物は、散剤、ゲル、フィルム、軟膏、液体、懸濁剤、クリーム剤もしくは生体接着剤として投与されることを特徴とする、請求項6に記載の組成物。
- 前記有効用量は、0.1IU〜150IUである、請求項1〜7のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 前記有効用量は、1IU〜100IUである、請求項1〜7のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
- 前記有効用量は、4IU〜24IUである、請求項1〜7のいずれか1項に記載の組成物。
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