JP4780961B2 - 2−ヒドロキシ酸モノマーを含む生体吸収性ポリマー - Google Patents
2−ヒドロキシ酸モノマーを含む生体吸収性ポリマー Download PDFInfo
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- JP4780961B2 JP4780961B2 JP2004546663A JP2004546663A JP4780961B2 JP 4780961 B2 JP4780961 B2 JP 4780961B2 JP 2004546663 A JP2004546663 A JP 2004546663A JP 2004546663 A JP2004546663 A JP 2004546663A JP 4780961 B2 JP4780961 B2 JP 4780961B2
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- glycolic acid
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Description
本発明は、一般に、2−ヒドロキシ酸モノマーを生成するための方法、および生じるポリヒドロキシアルカノエートポリマーの分野にある。
グリコール酸を含む一定種類のPHAコポリマーと、それを生成し使用する方法が、開発された。グリコール酸を含むコポリマーは、生細胞において、PHAポリメラーゼの作用による生合成を介して合成され得る。この細胞の遺伝的背景を変化することによって、PHBシンターゼ酵素またはPHAシンターゼ酵素によりPHAポリマー中に組み込まれ得るグリコール酸の補酵素Aチオエステルを生成する特定の代謝経路を、制御し得る。代表的な実施形態において、本明細書中に記載される方法は、ポリヒドロキシアルカノエートシンターゼ(PHAシンターゼ)をコードする生物遺伝子およびグリコリル−CoAの形成のための酵素をコードする生物遺伝子において発現することによって、グリコール酸含有ポリマーを生成する。このPHAシンターゼは、PHBシンターゼであっても、PHAシンターゼであってもよい。グリコリル−CoAの形成のための酵素としては、例えば、アルデヒドデヒドロゲナーゼ、ジオールオキシドレダクターゼ、および/またはアシル−CoAトランスフェラーゼが挙げられる。アセトアセチル−CoAレダクターゼをコードするさらなる遺伝子およびβ−ケトアシル−CoAチオラーゼをコードするさらなる遺伝子もまた、他のPHAコモノマー前駆体(例えば、3−ヒドロキシブチリル−CoA)を提供するために使用され得る。好ましい実施形態において、生じるPHAは、グリコール酸と少なくとも1種の他のモノマー(例えば、3−ヒドロキシ酪酸、3−ヒドロキシプロピオン酸、3−ヒドロキシ吉草酸、3−ヒドロキシヘキサン酸、3−ヒドロキシオクタン酸、3−ヒドロキシデカン酸、4−ヒドロキシ酪酸、または4−ヒドロキシ吉草酸)を含む。目的のPHAを含む特定のグリコール酸としては、ポリ−3−ヒドロキシ酪酸−co−グリコール酸およびポリ−グリコール酸−co−4−ヒドロキシ酪酸が挙げられる。
(I.定義)
用語P4HBとは、本明細書中で使用される場合、4つの炭素原子とヒドロキシ酸の4位にあるヒドロキシル基とを有するモノマーから形成された、ポリヒドロキシアルカノエートを指し、これは、ポリ(4−ヒドロキシブチレート)(P4HB)である。用語P4HBGAとは、4つの炭素原子とヒドロキシ酸の4位にあるヒドロキシル基とを有するモノマー(これは、4−ヒドロキシ酪酸である)と、2つの炭素とヒドロキシ酸の2位にあるヒドロキシル基とを有するモノマー(これは、グリコール酸である)とから形成された、ポリヒドロキシアルカノエートコポリマーを指す。従って、用語P4HBGAとは、ポリ(4−ヒドロキシブチレート−co−グリコレート)(P4HBGA)(図1)を指す。
(組成)
((1)ポリマー組成)
本明細書中で使用される場合、「PHA物質」は、1つの以上の、例えば、10個と100,000個との間の個数の、好ましくは100個と30,000個の間の個数の、以下の式I:
−OCR1R2(CR3R4)nCO−
の単位と、1つの以上の、例えば、1個と100,000個との間の個数の、好ましくは10個と30,000個の間の個数の、以下の式II:
−OCR1R2CO−
の単位とを含み、
ここで、nは、整数であり、例えば、1と15との間の整数であり、好ましい実施形態では1と4との間の整数であり;そして
R1、R2、R3およびR4は、独立して、水素、または炭化水素ラジカル(長鎖炭化水素ラジカルを含む);ハロ置換ラジカルおよびヒドロキシ置換ラジカル;ヒドロキシラジカル;ハロゲンラジカル;窒素置換ラジカル;ならびに/または酸素置換ラジカルであり得る。
−CR3R4−(n=1である):
−CR3R4CR3’R4’−(n=2である);および
−CR3R4CR3’R4’CR3’’R4’’(n=3である);
を包含するものと規定され、
R3、R4、R3’、R4’、R3’’およびR4’’は、独立して、炭化水素ラジカル(長鎖炭化水素ラジカルを含む);ハロ置換ラジカルおよびヒドロキシ置換ラジカル;ヒドロキシラジカル;ハロゲンラジカル;窒素置換ラジカル;酸素置換ラジカル;ならびに/または水素原子であり得る。従って、式Iは、3−ヒドロキシ酸(n=1)、4−ヒドロキシ酸(n=2)、および5−ヒドロキシ酸(n=3)から誘導される、単位を包含する。
((1)ポリヒドロキシアルカノエートの合成)
1980年代中期の間に、いくつかの研究グループが、PHA合成を担う遺伝子および遺伝子産物を、積極的に同定しそして単離していた。これらの努力によって、微生物および植物の両方におけるPHAの生成のためのトランスジェニック系の開発、ならびにPHA合成のための酵素的方法の開発が、もたらされた。このような経路は、利用可能なPHA型をさらに増加し得た。これらの進歩は、Williams & Peoples、CHEMTECH 26:38〜44(1996)およびWillaims & Peoples、Chem.Br.33:29〜32(1997)に概説されている。
PHAの合成をもたらす経路は、2−ヒドロキシ酸単位を含むコポリマーを形成するようにグリコレートを組み込むように、改変され得る。例えば、特定の発酵条件下で、P4HBおよびポリ(3−ヒドロキシブチレート−co−ヒドロキシブチレート)(PHB4HB)(WO 02/08428A2)の生成のために以前に構築された遺伝子操作されたE.coli株は、新規なPHA組成物ポリ4−ヒドロキシブチレート−co−グリコレート(P4HBGA)を生成し得る(図1)。
本明細書中に記載されるポリマーは、種々のポリマー組成物を形成し得る。それらのポリマー組成物は、種々の生分解性医療用デバイスを調製するために有用である。本明細書中に記載されるPHAコポリマーから調製されたデバイスは、広範囲の種々の医療用適用のために使用され得る。このような適用の例としては、治療剤、予防剤もしくは診断剤の制御放出;薬物送達;組織工学用足場;細胞カプセル化;標的化送達;生体適合性コーティング;生体適合性移植物;誘導された組織再生;創傷包帯;整形外科デバイス;補綴物および骨セメント(接着剤および/または構造充填剤を含む);ならびに診断剤が挙げられる。
(MBX1628株およびMBX1928株の説明)
MBX1928は、野生型Escherichia coli MG1655株(CGSC#6300)に基づく。MBX1928は、挿入された以下の4つの遺伝子を発現する:E.coli由来のaldH(アルデヒドデヒドロゲナーゼ)、Klebsiella pneumoniae由来のdhaT(ジオールオキシドレダクターゼ)(JohnsonおよびLin,1987、J.Bacteril.169:2050〜2054)、Clostridium kluyveri由来のorfZ(アシル−CoAトランスフェラーゼ)(SoehlingおよびGottshalk.1996,J.Bacteriol.178:871〜880)、ならびにRalstonia eutropha由来のphaC(PHAシンターゼ)。このaldH遺伝子およびdhaT遺伝子は、染色体中に(トランスポゾンTn10由来のテトラサイクリン耐性マーカー遺伝子とともに)挿入されている。このorfZ遺伝子およびphaC遺伝子は、プラスミドpACYC177由来のカナマイシン耐性マーカーとともに、プラスミド上に存在する。MBX1628は、MBX1928と同じ挿入遺伝子を有するが、但し、このMBX1628は、Escherichia coli LS5218株(CGSC#6966)に基づく。LS5218およびMG1655は、密接に関連しているが、顕著な例外は、LS5218が、2つの変異fadR601およびatoCconを含むことである。これらの変異の結果として、fad系のfadRリプレッサー遺伝子は活性ではなく、fadシステムは、抑制されず、一方、ato系のインデューサー(atoC)は、構成的に発現され、その結果、ato系は、構成的である。
種々の分析試験により、このポリマー中にグリコール酸が存在することを確認する。バイオマスからのこのポリマーの抽出および選択的沈殿による精製の後、このポリマーを、核磁気共鳴(NMR)によって分析した。NMRスペクトルにおいて、そのグリコール酸コモノマーの存在が、4.6ppmでの一重項ピーク、ならびに4.2ppmおよび2.5ppmにおける2つのさらなる三重項によって示された。予想ピークは、1.9ppmの多重項の下にあった。この一重項ピークは、グリコール酸から生じ、一方、これらのさらなるピークは、4HB−GAおよびGA−4HBの異なる2つ組(diad)から生じる。
乾燥PHAバイオマス(5〜20mg)を、3mLブタン溶解試薬(9部ブタノール、1部濃塩酸、2mg/mlジフェニルメタンを含む)中に110℃にて2時間消化した。室温まで冷却したああと、その混合物を、3mLの水で洗浄し、その上部有機層をGC分析用に取り出した。GC分析を、SPB−1カラムとFID検出器とを備えたHP6890 GCにおいて実施した。GC条件は、以下の通りであった:80℃で2分間、10℃/分で250℃まで、250℃にて2分間;キャリアガスはヘリウム、2mL/分;ほぼスプリット1:50;注入体積1μl。定量的測定を、4−ヒドロキシ酪酸およびグリコール酸について、それぞれ、標準物であるγ−ブチロラクトンおよびグリコリド(グリコール酸の環状ダイマー)に対するピーク面積比較によって、行った。
ポリマーサンプルを、乾燥バイオマス(0.5g)からクロロホルム(10mL)中へと少なくとも2時間抽出した。得られた溶液を、濾紙を通して濾過し、そのクロロホルム溶液をメタノール(50mL)に添加することによって、そのポリマーを沈殿させた。沈殿したポリマーを収集し、そして風乾させた。そのポリマーのクロロホルム溶液(1mg/mL)を、Polymer Labs(Amherst,MA)からのPLGel 5μm混合カラムに対して流量1mL/分を使用するGPCによって、室温にて分析した。重量平均分子量を、狭い多分散性のポリスチレン標準物と比較して計算した。
発酵接種物を、50mg/Lの硫酸カナマイシンと15mg/Lの塩酸テトラサイクリンとを補充した滅菌LB培地(10g/Lトリプトン、5g/L 酵母抽出物、5g/L NaCl)200mL中で増殖させた。各接種物を、約200rpmで攪拌する回転振盪器中で30℃にて16〜18時間インキュベートし、その後、それを使用して2L発酵槽または5L発酵槽に接種した。その初期発酵槽の培地は、1L当たり、以下を含んだ:グルコース 5g;酵母抽出物 20g;ダイズペプトン 20g;Na(NH4)HPO4 3.5g;K2HPO4・3H2O 7.5g;KH2PO4 3.7g;MgSO4 0.602g;FeSO4・7H2O 5.56mg;CoSO4・7H2O 5.62mg;ZnSO4・7H2O 0.58g;MnCl2・4H2O 3.96mg;CaCl2・2H2O 3.34mg;CuCl2・2H2O 0.34mg;塩酸チアミン 10mg;MAZU DF−204またはBreox FMT−30消泡剤 0.2mL;硫酸カナマイシン 50mg;塩酸テトラサイクリン 15mg。このグルコース供給溶液および1,4−ブタンジオール供給溶液は、各々、500g/Lの濃度であった。
発酵は、30℃にて行った。そのpHを、希NH4OH(15%)または希硫酸(3%)の添加によって、7.0(±0.2)に制御した。その空気流を、一定流速(1vvm)に設定した。その溶存酸素を、攪拌速度を変えることによって25%飽和に制御した。pH、温度、溶存酸素濃度、および攪拌(rpm)のオンライン測定を、連続データ取得を介して行った。グルコース濃度およびOD600を、オフラインで測定した。
**N.D.=測定せず。
構成的な脂肪酸分解経路を有する株(MBX1628およびMBX1870)は、1,4−ブタンジオールを供給した場合に、そのポリマー産物中にグリコール酸を組み込んだ。一方、野生型(従って、非誘導性)脂肪酸分解経路を有する株(MBX1928)は、同じ条件下でグリコール酸を組み込まなかった。
Claims (9)
- グリコール酸含有ポリヒドロキシアルカノエートポリマーを生成する方法であって、
(1)(a)ポリヒドロキシアルカノエート(PHA)シンターゼ、
(b)エノイルCoAデヒドラターゼ、3−ヒドロキシアシル−CoAデヒドロゲナーゼ、アシル−CoAデヒドロゲナーゼ及びチオラーゼII、並びに
(c)アルデヒドデヒドロゲナーゼ、ジオールオキシドレダクターゼ及びアシル−CoAトランスフェラーゼ
を発現する細菌に基質として1,4−ブタンジオール及びグルコースを与える工程、
(2)該細菌がポリヒドロキシアルカノエートグリコール酸コポリマーを産生する条件で該細菌を培養する工程、
を含む、グリコール酸を含むポリヒドロキシアルカノエートポリマーを生成する方法。 - 請求項1に記載の方法であって、前記PHAシンターゼは、ポリ(3−ヒドロキシアルカノエート)シンターゼまたはポリ(4−ヒドロキシアルカノエート)シンターゼである、方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法であって、前記PHAシンターゼは、ポリ(3−ヒドロキシアルカノエート)シンターゼである、方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法であって、前記PHAシンターゼは、ポリ(4−ヒドロキシアルカノエート)シンターゼである、方法。
- 請求項4に記載の方法であって、前記PHAシンターゼは、ポリ(4−ヒドロキシブチレート)シンターゼである、方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法であって、前記細菌は、E.coliである、方法。
- 請求項1又は6に記載の方法であって、前記細菌は、fad系のfadRリプレッサー遺伝子が活性ではなく、fadシステムが抑制されず、一方、ato系のインデューサーが構成的に発現される遺伝子型を有するE.coliである、方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法であって、前記アルデヒドデヒドロゲナーゼは、E.coli由来であり、前記ジオールオキシドレダクターゼは、Klebsiella pneumoniae由来であり、そして前記アシル−CoAトランスフェラーゼは、Clostridium kluyveri由来である、方法。
- 請求項1に記載の方法であって、前記細菌は、アセトアセチル−CoAレダクターゼおよびβ−ケトアシル−CoAチオラーゼからなる群より選択される酵素をさらにコードする、方法。
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ES2395142T3 (es) | 2013-02-08 |
AU2003301617A8 (en) | 2004-05-13 |
WO2004038030A2 (en) | 2004-05-06 |
EP2431475A2 (en) | 2012-03-21 |
US8039237B2 (en) | 2011-10-18 |
EP1654373B1 (en) | 2012-08-15 |
EP1654373A2 (en) | 2006-05-10 |
EP2431475B1 (en) | 2019-07-10 |
US8703449B2 (en) | 2014-04-22 |
JP2006501858A (ja) | 2006-01-19 |
JP2009261398A (ja) | 2009-11-12 |
JP4975782B2 (ja) | 2012-07-11 |
US20120021471A1 (en) | 2012-01-26 |
EP2431475A3 (en) | 2012-06-20 |
US20030211131A1 (en) | 2003-11-13 |
WO2004038030A3 (en) | 2006-10-05 |
ES2741964T3 (es) | 2020-02-12 |
EP1654373A4 (en) | 2009-10-21 |
AU2003301617A1 (en) | 2004-05-13 |
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