JP4754215B2 - コンピュータ支援膝関節形成術の器具類、システム、および方法 - Google Patents
コンピュータ支援膝関節形成術の器具類、システム、および方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP4754215B2 JP4754215B2 JP2004531494A JP2004531494A JP4754215B2 JP 4754215 B2 JP4754215 B2 JP 4754215B2 JP 2004531494 A JP2004531494 A JP 2004531494A JP 2004531494 A JP2004531494 A JP 2004531494A JP 4754215 B2 JP4754215 B2 JP 4754215B2
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Landscapes
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Description
1. 大腿骨および脛骨のような適切な人体部位の蛍光透視画像などの適切な画像を入手するステップであり、イメージャは関連する基準によって位置が追跡されるが、その基準の位置および配向は、本発明による立体的な赤外線(能動または受動)センサのような位置/配向センサによって追跡される。
2. 手術で使用すべき道具、器具類、試用構成要素、補綴構成要素、他の部材を登録するステップであり、これらのそれぞれが基準に対応し、その基準の位置および配向は位置/配向センサによって追跡可能である。
3. 回転軸のような人体部位に関する処理機能による情報を提供するために、基準に関連するプローブを使用して大腿骨および脛骨上に点を指定するような人体構造の位置特定および登録を行うステップ。
4. 追跡されているものおよび/または追跡したものおよび/または本システムによって予測されるものに対応する、処理機能によって生成された画像の少なくとも一部を使用して骨を修正するために、切断器具類のような器具類を誘導しかつ位置決めし、それによって骨を効果的に、効率的に、かつ正確に切除するステップ。
5. 大腿骨構成要素および脛骨構成要素などの試用構成要素を誘導しかつ位置決めするステップであり、それらの構成要素の一部または全部は、基準を有するインパクタを使用し、望ましければ、適切な時点で、インパクタ基準を使用する、試用構成要素の位置および配向の追跡を中断し、次いで、構成要素が装着されている人体部位基準を使用して、その位置および配向の追跡を開始することによって装着可能である。
6. 人体部位の画像を試用構成要素の画像と組み合わせて使用し、他方で、外科医による位置合わせおよび安定性の評価を可能にするデータまたは情報を提供するために、適切な回転テスト、前方/後方引出しテスト、および屈曲/伸展テストを実行し、さらに結果を自動的に格納しかつ計算して、望ましければ静的かつ動的に、試用構成要素および関節の位置合わせおよび安定性を評価するステップ。
7. 必要であれば、靱帯などの組織を除去し、かつ許容可能な位置合わせおよび安定性のために所望通りに試用構成要素を調整するステップ。
8. インプラント構成要素を装着するステップであり、それらの位置は、最初に構成要素に関するインパクタに関連する基準によって、次いで構成要素を装着する人体部位上の基準によって追跡可能である。
9. 以上に述べた一部ならびに全部のテストおよび/または所望の他のテストを行ってインプラント構成要素および関節の位置合わせおよび安定性を評価し、望ましければ組織を除去し、望ましければ調整し、また別様に補綴部材の許容可能な位置合わせ、安定性、および性能を静的かつ動的に確認するステップ。
前記構造部材および前記器具類が位置合わせモジュールによって連結され、前記位置合わせモジュールが、
i. 前記器具類に連結された第1部材と、
ii. 前記構造部材に連結された第2部材であって、前記第2部材および前記第1部材が少なくとも2本の実質的に直交する軸回りに相互に対して配向が変更可能な方式で前記第1部材に連結されている第2部材と、
iii. 前記第1部材に対する前記第2部材の動きを制御し、かつ前記第1部材に対する前記第2部材の位置を固定するための調整構造と、
を備えることを特徴とする装置が提供されている。
a. 膝関節の近傍の骨を露出させるステップと、
b. 前記膝関節の近傍の骨にロッドを固定するステップであって、その際に前記ロッドは前記骨に対して望ましい軸と少なくなくとも大まかに位置合わせされるようにするステップと、
c. 前記ロッドに対して器具類を位置決めするステップと、
d. 少なくとも間接的に前記器具類に基準を装着し、かつ前記基準および外科手術誘導システムを使用して前記器具類の位置を追跡するステップと、
e. 前記器具類を使用して骨を切除するステップと、
f. 前記切除した骨に外科用インプラントを装着するステップと、
g. 前記膝関節を再組立するステップと、
h. 前記露出した膝関節を閉じるステップと、
を含む膝関節手術を実施する方法であって、
i. 前記ロッドに対して前記器具類を位置決めするステップが、前記ロッドおよび前記器具類に位置合わせモジュールのロッド保持構成要素を装着するステップを含み、前記位置合わせモジュールは、
i. 前記ロッドに連結するようになっているロッド保持構成要素と、
ii. 前記器具類に連結するようになっている器具類保持構成要素と、
iii. 前記ロッド保持構成要素に連結するようになっている中間構成要素であって、前記ロッド保持構成要素および中間構成要素が少なくとも1本の軸回りに相互に対して回転するようになされ、かつ前記器具類保持構成要素および前記中間構成要素が少なくとも1本の軸回りに相互に対して回転可能な方式で前記器具類保持構成要素に連結するようになっている、中間構成要素と、
前記ロッド保持構成要素に対する前記器具類保持構成要素の配向を制御するようになっている少なくとも1つの調整機構と、
を備えることを特徴する方法が提供されている。
図11−14は、手術で使用される部材22の指定および登録を示す。登録とは、その実現方法に関わらず、コンピュータが、どの人体部位、部材、または構成体がどの1つまたは複数の基準に対応するかを確実に認知し、またどのように人体部位、部材、または構成体の位置および配向が、それに対応する基準またはインパクタもしくは他の構成要素(それは次に部材に装着される)に装着された基準の位置および配向に関連するかを確実に認知することを意味するに過ぎない。このような登録または指定は、図4−10に関して論じたように骨または人体部位を登録する前または後に実行可能である。図11は、技術者が、プローブ26によって、基準14が装着された器具構成要素などの部材22を指定しているところを示す。センサ16は、部材22に装着した基準14の位置および配向を「視認し」、また先端が部材22上の目印に接触しているプローブ26に装着された基準14の位置および配向を「視認する」。技術者は、画面上でまたは別様に部材の識別を指定し、次いで足踏みペダルを駆動するかまたは別様にコンピュータに命令して、特定の膝関節インプラント部材に関する特定の切断ブロック構成要素の表示に必要なデータなど、このような識別に対応するデータを構成要素22に装着した特定の形状の基準14に関連付けさせる。コンピュータは、登録時に、センサ16が赤外線領域内の部材22の基準14を追跡するとき、切断ブロック構成要素22が移動しかつ回転し、さらに同様に追跡されている人体部位に対して適切に位置決めされかつ配向されるのをモニタ24が表示できるように、部材22に関する構成および形状データなどのデータに関連付けた、その時点で格納した構成要素22の基準に関する識別、位置、および配向情報を有する。図12−14は、他の器具類構成要素22に関する同様の登録を示す。
同様に、人体部位10および12の力学軸および他の軸または構成体も、本システムによる追跡のために「登録」可能である。この場合も、本システムは、図4−10に示した種類の大腿骨頂部、膝関節、および足関節の画像を得るために蛍光透視法を使用する。本システムは、画像入手前に人体部位上に配置されかつ外科処置中は定位置に留まる基準14を使用して、上述のように、リアルタイムで、このような画像をCアームおよび患者の解剖学的構造の位置および配向に関連付ける。このような画像および/またはプローブを使用して、外科医は、接触画面上で、直交図(通常は前方/後方および側方)における大腿骨頂部および足関節の中心を選択しかつコンピュータ18に登録することができる。外科医はプローブを使用して、膝関節の手術部位のまたは皮膚上の任意の解剖学的目印もしくは照合物を選択するか、または足関節上のように、皮膚上に外科的ドレーピングを行う。これらの点は本システムによって3次元空間で登録され、さらに好ましくは術中に配置される患者の解剖学的構造上の基準に対して追跡される。図15は、外科医が、上顆軸を決定し、格納し、かつ表示するのに必要な1つの点の位置をコンピュータ18に供給するために、プローブ26を使用して大腿骨12の顆部分の上に目印を指定または登録しているところを示す。(上顆軸および前方/後方平面を示しかつ側方平面に関して示す図20を参照されたい。)図15におけるように、実際の骨構造を使用して点の登録を行うことは軸を設定する1つの好ましい方法であるが、上述のように、回転中心を設定するために人体部位を動かしかつその動きを追跡できるように、プローブ26を使用して骨構造の表面上に多くの点を指定する点の雲方式を使用することができる。一旦、大腿骨頂部および顆構成要素に関する回転中心の登録が完了すると、コンピュータは、大腿骨12の力学軸を計算し、格納し、かつ表示することが可能であり、さらにそれに関するデータを別様に利用することができる。図17は、プローブ26を使用して大腿骨12の顆構成要素上に点を指定しているところを再び示す。
大腿骨および脛骨に関する力学軸および他の回転軸ならびに構成体が設定されると、図4−75に示した本発明の実施形態にしたがって試用構成要素およびインプラント構成要素を適切に合わせるために、器具類を適切に配向して骨を切除または修正することができる。例えば、基準14が装着されている切断ブロック34のような器具類を使用することができる。次いで、本システムは、外科医が切断ブロック34を最適に位置決めするために操作するとき、それを追跡することができる。換言すれば、外科医は、本システム、モニタ、視覚的目印、および他の装置(可変位置合わせモジュール54など)を使用して最適に位置決めするために切断ブロック34を「誘導する」ことができる。このような様態で、器具類は、髄管を侵害することなく器具類の位置決めを可能にする骨髄外ロッド36または任意の他の構造に関する力学軸および回転軸または照合軸に骨切除部位を位置合わせするために、本実施形態のシステムにしたがって位置決め可能である。次いで、接触画面24は、とりわけ、インプラントおよび恐らくはインプラント類のサイズを適切に選択するために、このような過程の間に、道具ならびにロッド36に対して、切断ブロック34および/またはインプラントおよび/または可変位置合わせモジュール54などの道具を表示することもできる。道具が動くと、相対的な構成要素位置の内反/外反、屈曲/伸展、および内旋/外旋が計算可能であり、さらに照合軸に対して表示可能である。好ましい実施形態では、これを毎秒6サイクル以上の速度で実施可能である。次いで、道具位置は、コンピュータ上でかつ物理的に固定され、骨切除が行われる。
一旦、骨の切除および修正が完了すると、インプラント試用部材が、画面24上に表示した器具類の誘導および位置決めと同様の様態で、本システムによって装着および追跡が可能である。したがって、大腿骨構成要素の試用部材、脛骨平坦部の試用部材、および支持板試用部材は、これらの試用部材に対応するコンピュータ生成重ね画像を使用して画面上で誘導されるときに配置可能である。
12 大腿骨
14 基準
16 位置センサ
18 プロセッサ
20 足踏みペダル
22 手術関連部材
24 モニタ
26 プローブ
28 力学軸
30 内側/側方軸
32 前方/後方軸
34 切断ブロック
36 ロッド
40 基部部材
42 コネクタ
54 可変位置合わせモジュール
58、86 支柱
60 第1または外部ジンバル
62 第2または内部ジンバル
64、80 穴
66、68、84 ウォームギヤ
70、82 ピン
76 第1ジンバル
78 第2ジンバル
88 調整ねじ
90 調整ボルト
92 外部固定システム
Claims (8)
- 骨に固定するようになっている構造部材と、外科手術用装置を案内するようになっている器具類と、を備える、骨に対して外科手術用器具類を調整可能に位置決めする装置であって、
前記構造部材および前記器具類が位置合わせモジュールによって連結され、前記位置合わせモジュールが、
i. 前記器具類に連結された第1部材と、
ii. 前記構造部材に連結された第2部材であって、該第2部材の一部および前記第1部材の一部が少なくとも2本の実質的に直交する軸回りに相互に対して配向が変更可能な方式で前記第1部材に直接連結されている第2部材と、
iii. 前記第1部材に対する前記第2部材の動きを制御し、かつ前記第1部材に対する前記第2部材の位置を固定するための調整構造と、
を備え、
前記第1部材と前記第2部材との接続部が、前記第2部材に対する前記第1部材の平行移動を妨げることを特徴とする装置。 - 前記調整構造は、前記第1部材と前記第2部材との一部である、請求項1に記載の装置。
- 少なくとも間接的に前記器具類に装着され、外科手術誘導システムによって少なくとも3次元で位置および配向が追跡され得る基準をさらに備える、請求項1または2に記載の装置。
- 前記第1部材に対して少なくとも1つの自由度で動くことが可能な方式で前記第1部材に間接的に連結され、かつ前記第2部材に対して少なくとも1つの自由度で動くことが可能な方式で前記第2部材にも連結されている中間部材をさらに備える、請求項1〜3のいずれかに記載の装置。
- 前記第1部材および中間部材はジンバルを含む、請求項4に記載の装置。
- 中間部材および第2部材はジンバルを含む、請求項4または5に記載の装置。
- 前記構造部材は固定装置である、請求項1〜6のいずれかに記載の装置。
- 前記構造部材は、ボールおよびソケット連結装置を介して前記器具類と協働する、請求項1〜7のいずれかに記載の装置。
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US20030069591A1 (en) | 2003-04-10 |
AU2003265756B2 (en) | 2009-05-21 |
CA2496054C (en) | 2011-07-19 |
WO2004019792A1 (en) | 2004-03-11 |
CA2496054A1 (en) | 2004-03-11 |
US7547307B2 (en) | 2009-06-16 |
EP1531742B1 (en) | 2008-12-17 |
ZA200501122B (en) | 2007-01-31 |
JP2005536299A (ja) | 2005-12-02 |
DE60325376D1 (de) | 2009-01-29 |
AU2003265756A1 (en) | 2004-03-19 |
EP1531742A1 (en) | 2005-05-25 |
ATE417553T1 (de) | 2009-01-15 |
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