JP4705371B2 - T細胞の単離および同定 - Google Patents
T細胞の単離および同定 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本発明は一般に、例えば、多発性硬化症(MS)のような、自己免疫疾患の診断および処置の分野に関連する。より詳細には、本発明は、抗原特異的なT細胞の単離に関する。さらに、本発明は、例えば、MSのような、自己免疫疾患の処置のための抗原特異的なT細胞の使用に関する。
細胞傷害性Tリンパ球またはTヘルパー細胞上のT細胞レセプター(TCR)および抗原提示細胞(APC)上のMHC/ぺプチド複合体により形成される細胞間認識複合体は、個々の生体内におけるT細胞のレパートリーの発生(ポジティブ選択;ネガティブ選択;末梢生存)および適応的免疫反応のコントロールステージ(Tヘルパー)ならびにエフェクターステージ(Tキラー)の両方の間において、T細胞を活性化する細胞−細胞接触の様々なセットにおける共通の認識要素である。
本発明は一般に、抗原特異的T細胞およびより詳細には自己抗原(self antigen)または自己抗原(autoantigen)に対し特異的なT細胞の単離方法に関する。目的の抗原に特異的な一以上のT細胞を単離するための方法は、一般的に、以下の工程:該抗原またはそれらの誘導体とともに患者から得たT細胞を含むサンプルをインキュベートする工程;CD69、CD4、CD25、CD36およびHLADRからなる群より選択される一以上の第一マーカーならびに、IL−2、IFNγおよびTNFα、IL5、IL−10およびIL−13からなる群より選択される一以上の第二マーカーを発現する一以上のT細胞を選択する工程、を包含する。
(1.定義)
本発明を理解することを補助するため、いくつかの用語は、下に定義される。
(a.モノクローナル抗原特異的T細胞の単離)
T細胞は、抗原標的および抗原提示細胞とともにインキュベーションすることにより、細胞培養内で活性化および増殖させられ得る。一度活性化されると、T細胞は、多くの遺伝子産物の転写および発現を誘導する複雑な細胞シグナルカスケードを受ける。本明細書中に記載される本発明は、所望の抗原特異性を有するT細胞の同定および単離のために活性化T細胞に特異的な遺伝子産物を利用する。
第二の局面において、本発明は、本発明の第一の局面の方法により単離された目的の抗原に対し特異的なT細胞に関連する。
第三の局面において、本発明は、一以上の目的の抗原に対して特異的であるT細胞を単離するための方法に関連する。T細胞を含むサンプルは、一以上の抗原(一以上の抗原に対して特異的なT細胞の活性化を生ずる)と共にインキュベートされる。一以上の抗原に対して特異的なT細胞は次いで、本発明の第一の局面のように単離され得る。
第四の局面において、本発明は、本発明の第三の局面の方法により単離された一以上の目的の抗原に対して特異的なT細胞に関連する。
第五の局面において、本発明は、本発明の第一または第三の局面の方法により単離されたT細胞の個数を決定することにより、サンプル内の一以上の目的の抗原に対して特異的なT細胞の相対的頻度を決定する方法に関連する。
本発明の第六の局面において、自己免疫疾患の患者は、患者からサンプルを取得するおよび本発明の第一または第三の局面の方法により自己反応性T細胞を単離することにより診断され得る。自己免疫疾患は、患者の自己反応性T細胞のレベルをコントロールと比較することにより診断され得る。自己反応性T細胞のレベルは、本発明の第五の局面の方法に従って決定され得る。
本発明の第七の局面において、自己免疫疾患は、本発明の第五の局面に従い自己免疫疾患の患者由来のサンプルにおける自己反応性T細胞の頻度を決定することによりモニターされ得る。自己免疫疾患の症状の重症度は、自己反応性T細胞の個数と相関し得る。さらに、サンプル中の自己反応性T細胞の個数の増加は、症状の重篤度を小さくするおよび/または症状が現れる前に疾患を処置することが意図される処置を適用するための指標として使用され得る。
本発明の第八の局面において、組成物は、本発明の第一または第三の局面の方法により単離された(および必要に応じて、本明細書中で記載されるように培養内で増殖させられる)不活性化自己反応性T細胞により自己免疫疾患を処置するために産生され得る。自己反応性T細胞は、化学的な不活性化または放射線照射を含む(しかし、それらに限定されない)当該分野において公知である多数の手法を使用することで不活性化され得る。自己反応性T細胞は、凍結保存を含む(しかし、それらに限定されない)当該分野において公知である多数の手法を使用することで不活性化前または不活性化後のいずれかで保存され得る。下記に記載するように、組成物は、自己免疫疾患の患者において自己反応性T細胞を枯渇するためのワクチンとして使用され得る。
(a.ワクチン)
第九の局面において、本発明は、本発明の第八の局面の方法により産生される組成物に関連する。組成物は、自己免疫性患者の自己反応性T細胞を枯渇させるため使用され得るワクチンであり得る。
第十の局面において、自己免疫疾患は、本発明の第九の局面に従い組成物を投与することにより自己反応性T細胞を有する患者において処置され得る。組成物は、患者において自己反応性T細胞の枯渇を導き得るワクチンであり得る。
第十一の局面において、本発明は、本発明の第一または第三の局面により単離されたT細胞からの一以上のT細胞レセプターをコードする核酸を増幅することにより、自己免疫患者の一以上のT細胞レセプター、またはそれらの一部をコードする核酸のレパートリーを決定する方法に関連する。この増幅は、プライマー対を使用することにより行われる。このプライマー対の第一プライマーは、TCR遺伝子の可変領域を含む核酸に対してハイブリダイズするおよそ15ヌクレオチドから30ヌクレオチドの長さのオリゴヌクレオチドであり得る。このプライマー対の第二プライマーは、TCR遺伝子の定常領域を含む核酸に対してハイブリダイズするおよそ15ヌクレオチドから30ヌクレオチドの長さのオリゴヌクレオチドであり得る。このプライマー対は、TCR遺伝子のVβ−Dβ−Jβ領域に対してハイブリダイズする核酸を増幅するために使用され得る。
(T細胞ワクチン接種のためのミエリン反応性T細胞の単離)
(1.PBMCの調製および初回刺激)
MS患者およびコントロールの患者由来の新鮮な血液試料を、収集の二時間以内に処理した。あるいは、単核細胞を、MS患者の脳脊髄液(CSFMC)から取得し得る。末梢血単核細胞(PBMC)を、全血から標準Ficoll勾配分離法により単離した。具体的には、ヘパリン添加血液を、ハンクス平衡塩類溶液(HBSS)を用いて希釈(1:1血液/HBSS)し、次いで遠心チューブ内においてFicoll−hypaque溶液上にゆっくりと上層し、そして1800rpm、18℃〜25℃で20分間、ブレーキを伴わず遠心分離した。PBMCを、次いで、過剰のHBSSを加えることにより洗浄し、そして1700rpmで10分間18℃〜25℃で遠心分離した。精製されたPBMCを、RPMI 1640培地内で遠心分離により三回洗浄し、その後AIM V培地(Gibco,Grand Island,N.Y.)に再懸濁した。細胞数を、計数し、そして細胞を、96ウェルU底培養プレートに一ウェルあたり200,000細胞の密度でプレートした。全てのプレートに、患者番号および患者名の頭文字を用いて標識した。細胞は、20μg/mlの濃度の合成ペプチド(表1に列挙され三個のミエリンタンパク質(ミエリン塩基性タンパク質(MBP)、プロテオリピドタンパク質(PLP)、およびミエリンオリゴデンドロサイト糖タンパク質(MOG))の既知免疫優性領域に対応する)存在下で37℃でインキュベートした。プレートを、37℃のCO2インキュベーター内に置き、そして視覚的に毎日観察した。細胞を、抗原特異的T細胞を選択的に培養するために7日〜10日間培地の交換なしに培養した。
上記の細胞は次いで、活性化T細胞を示す遺伝子産物の発現により選択される。上記セクション2(a)参照。Cytokine Catch Reagent(Miltenyi Biotec)(上記)は、最終的に細胞から排出された際、細胞内サイトカインγIFNまたはTNFαを検出するために使用される。簡単に言うと、Cytokine Catch Reagent(一般的に二重特異性抗体(活性化T細胞マーカーおよび排出サイトカインの両方に対して結合する))は、細胞表面上のCD45分子または他の活性化T細胞表面マーカー(例えばCD69)に対し結合するため、始めに細胞と共に4℃〜8℃でインキュベートされる。結合されたCytokine Catch Reagentを有する細胞は次いで、細胞内のγIFNまたはTNFαがまたCytokine Catch Reagentに対して結合し得る(サイトカインが、このインキュベーション時間の間に細胞内から排出される際に)ように37℃で45分間インキュベートされる。γIFNまたはTNFα(Cytokine Catch Reagentにより細胞表面に結合されている)は次いで、蛍光色素PEに対して結合体化した目的のサイトカインに対し特異的な抗体を使用することにより検出される。
(MSの診断)
2ml〜100mlの血液が、患者から採取され、ならびに一以上の合成ペプチドが、Tリンパ球を初回抗原刺激する(prime)ためまたは刺激する(stimulate)ためにこの全血に直接的に加えられる。ペプチドは、三個のミエリンタンパク質(ミエリン塩基性タンパク質(MBP)、プロテオリピドタンパク質(PLP)、およびミエリンオリゴデンドロサイト糖タンパク質(MOG))の公知の免疫優性領域に対応する。この血液を、ミエリン特異的T細胞を活性化させるため、ペプチドと共に1日〜7日間インキュベートする。この抗原初回刺激期間の最終において、この細胞は、短期再刺激アッセイにおいて抗原を用いて再チャレンジされる。
(抗体結合体化リポソームを使用するMSの診断)
全血は、患者から採取され、一以上の合成ペプチド(実施例2に記載)を用いて刺激される。この血液は、ミエリン特異的T細胞を活性化するためにペプチドと共に3時間〜16時間インキュベートされる。この抗原初回刺激期間の最終において、この細胞は、IFNγ、TNFα、またはそれらの組合せに対する抗体に対して結合体化した磁気蛍光リポソームを用いて染色する前に短期再刺激アッセイにおいて抗原を用いて再チャレンジされる。この細胞はまた、CD4および/またはCD69に対する抗体を用いて染色される。染色されたミエリン反応性T細胞は、実施例2に記載されるように検出される。
(TCRクローンのレパートリーの決定)
細胞集団において提示されるT細胞レセプター(TCR)クローンのレパートリーは、実施例2および実施例3において記載されるように細胞選別を行うことにより二重ポジティブ染色された細胞集団を単離することにより分析され得る。DNAを、単離された細胞から抽出し、これを用いて、25個の既知TCR可変ベータ鎖(Vβ)遺伝子ファミリーに対して特異的なオリゴヌクレオチドプライマーを使用する定量的ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応(PCR)アッセイを行う。この手順は、TCR Vβ遺伝子使用法の分布についての情報をもたらし、病原性T細胞集団のクローン性を示す。この方法はまた、MS患者においてミエリン反応性T細胞集団のクローンシフト(clonal shifting)またはエピトープシフト(epitopic shifting)が発生しているのかを決定するために使用され得る。
(T細胞ワクチン接種によるミエリン反応性T細胞の減少)
再発−軽減(RR)−MSの患者および第二次進行(SP)MSの患者は、放射線照射された自己ミエリン反応性T細胞クローン(直接的な増殖により単離された)の皮下注射を三回受け、その4週間後、12週間後および20週間後の三回の追加注射を受けた。患者を、ミエリン反応性T細胞の前駆体の頻度、再発率、拡大身体障害状態スコア(EDSS)およびMRI病変活性の変化について24ヶ月の期間にわたってモニタリングした。この結果を、自己の値と対の様式でワクチン接種前の値と比較した。さらに、βインターフェロン−1aの臨床試験におけるRR−MSのプラシーボ群の臨床データ(Jacobsら,1996)および近年のβIFN−1b研究におけるSP−MSのプラシーボ群の臨床データ(European Study Group,Lancet,352:1491−1497(1998))を、比較のためにMSの自然歴データを提供するために含めた。T細胞の頻度は、ワクチン接種後20週間目に検出不可能であったかまたは実質的に減少したかのいずれかであった。この結果は、MSの患者におけるT細胞ワクチン接種によるミエリン反応性T細胞の減少を確認した。
(自己ミエリン反応性T細胞を使用するMS患者のワクチン接種)
ワクチン接種のプロトコールは、これまでの臨床研究(Zhangら,1993,Medaerら,1995)で使用されたものと類似である。つまり、実施例1に従って調製されたミエリン反応性T細胞クローンを、放射線照射されたPBMC(補助細胞源として)存在下でフィトヘマグルチニン(PHA)(4μg/ml)を用いて活性化する。細胞を次いで、10%熱不活化ヒトAB血清および1mLに対し100ユニットのrIL−2を補充したRPMI1640培地中で10日間培養する。活性化ミエリン反応性T細胞を次いで、滅菌生理食塩水で三回洗浄して残りのPHA、rIL−2および細胞片を除去し、最終的に2mlの生理食塩水に再懸濁する。放射線照射(10,000ラド、137Ce源)の後、この細胞を、両腕の皮下に注射(1ml/腕)する。ワクチン接種のために使用されるT細胞の個数は、一回の注射あたり40×106細胞〜80×106細胞までの範囲であり、相対皮膚表面積に基づいて、実験動物において効果的なT細胞用量の推定により選ばれる(Ben−Nunら,1981)。それぞれの患者は、二回の皮下注射を、続いて4週目、12週目、および20週目での繰り返しの注射を受ける。
(ワクチン接種後のMSの臨床経過における変化)
患者は、実施例1に従って調製されたT細胞ワクチン接種を有害効果を伴わずに、受ける。平均的なEDSSは、ワクチン接種後24ヶ月の間にわたってRR−MSの患者において減少する。これと比較して、同じ時期の観察の間RR−MS(n=56)の自然歴においてはEDSS平均0.61増加がある(βインターフェロン−1a試験(Jacobsら,1996)を使用することで行われる試験において報告されたのと同様)。さらに、無変化のEDSSまたは改善されたEDSSのいずれかを有する患者の比率は、MSの自然歴の比率よりも高い。MSの自然歴における患者の18%と比較して処置されたRR−MS群内の(たとえあったとしても)ごくわずかの患者は、24ヶ月以内で2.0のEDSSを超えて進行する。
Claims (9)
- 不活性化T細胞を含有する自己T細胞ワクチンであって、該不活性化T細胞は、少なくとも、配列番号1〜6の配列を含むエピトープに対して反応性である、ワクチン。
- 前記不活性化T細胞は、配列番号1〜6の配列を含むエピトープだけに対して反応性である、請求項1に記載のT細胞ワクチン。
- 多発性硬化症の処置のための、請求項1に記載のT細胞ワクチンを作製する方法であって、以下:
(a)該ワクチンを用いて処置されるべき患者から単離されたT細胞を含むサンプルを提供する工程;
(b)多発性硬化症に関連する抗原の存在下で、T細胞を含むサンプルをインキュベートする工程;
(c)該工程(b)の細胞を分裂促進因子を用いて刺激する工程;および
(d)該工程(c)の細胞を不活性化する工程
を包含し、該多発性硬化症に関連する抗原が、配列番号1〜6の配列を含む、
方法。 - 請求項3に記載の前記工程(c)の一以上のT細胞が、請求項3に記載の前記工程(b)の細胞から選択され、請求項3に記載の該工程(c)のT細胞が、CD69、CD4、CD25およびHLA−DRからなる群より選択される一以上の第一マーカーと、IL−2、γIFN、TNFα、IL−5、IL−10およびIL−13からなる群より選択される一以上の第二マーカーとを発現する、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記多発性硬化症に関連する抗原が、配列番号1〜6の配列から構成される、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記T細胞を含むサンプルが、前記患者の末梢血から得られる、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記T細胞を含むサンプルが、前記患者に由来する脳脊髄液から得られる、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記T細胞が、放射線照射または化学的な処理により不活性化される、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 多発性硬化症の処置を必要とする多発性硬化症患者を処置するための、請求項1に記載のT細胞ワクチンを含有する組成物。
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