JP4409942B2 - 金属錯体を含むキャリア輸送層を有する有機発光デバイス - Google Patents
金属錯体を含むキャリア輸送層を有する有機発光デバイス Download PDFInfo
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- JP4409942B2 JP4409942B2 JP2003525558A JP2003525558A JP4409942B2 JP 4409942 B2 JP4409942 B2 JP 4409942B2 JP 2003525558 A JP2003525558 A JP 2003525558A JP 2003525558 A JP2003525558 A JP 2003525558A JP 4409942 B2 JP4409942 B2 JP 4409942B2
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- Prior art keywords
- emitting device
- light emitting
- metal complex
- blocking layer
- layer
- Prior art date
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Description
R10、R13、R20及びR21はそれぞれ独立にN又はCであり、
R11及びR12はそれぞれ独立にN又はCであり、
環系A、B、G、K及びLはそれぞれ独立に、任意選択で最大5個のヘテロ原子を含む単環、二環もしくは三環の縮合脂肪族又は芳香族環系であり、
ZはC1〜C6アルキル、C2〜C8モノ−もしくはポリアルケニル、C2〜C8モノ−もしくはポリアルキニル、又は結合であり、
QはBH、N又はCHである]
[式中、
Mは金属原子であり、
XはN又はCX’(式中、X’はH、C1〜C20アルキル、C2〜C40モノ−もしくはポリアルケニル、C2〜C40モノ−もしくはポリアルキニル、C3〜C8シクロアルキル、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アラルキル、ヘテロアラルキル、又はハロである)であり、
AはCH、CX’、N、P、P(=O)、アリール又はヘテロアリールであり、
R1及びR2はそれぞれ独立に、H、C1〜C20アルキル、C2〜C40アルケニル、C2〜C40アルキニル、C3〜C8シクロアルキル、アリール、アラルキル、又はハロである、又は
R1及びR2は、これらを結合している炭素原子と共に、連結して縮合したC3〜C8シクロアルキル又はアリール基を形成し、
R3はH、C1〜C20アルキル、C2〜C40アルケニル、C2〜C40アルキニル、C3〜C8シクロアルキル、アリール、アラルキル、又はハロであり、
nは1〜5である]
を有する化合物を含む。
前記正孔輸送層が第1のHOMOエネルギーを有し、前記正孔輸送層が、少なくとも1種の金属錯体を含み、
前記発光層が電子を輸送できる少なくとも1種の材料を含み、前記材料が第2のHOMOエネルギーを有し、且つ
前記阻止層が、前記第1と第2のHOMOエネルギーの間にあるHOMOエネルギーを有する材料を含むデバイスも提供する。
R10、R13、R20及びR21はそれぞれ独立にN又はCであり、
R11及びR12はそれぞれ独立にN又はCであり、
環系A、B、G、K及びLはそれぞれ独立に、任意選択で最大5個のヘテロ原子を含む単環、二環もしくは三環の縮合脂肪族又は芳香族環系であり、
ZはC1〜C6アルキル、C2〜C8モノ−もしくはポリアルケニル、C2〜C8モノ−もしくはポリアルキニル、又は結合であり、
QはBH、N又はCHである]
を含む正孔阻止層を含む。
[式中、
Mは金属原子であり、
XはN又はCX’(式中、X’はH、C1〜C20アルキル、C2〜C40モノ−もしくはポリアルケニル、C2〜C40モノ−もしくはポリアルキニル、C3〜C8シクロアルキル、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アラルキル、ヘテロアラルキル、又はハロである)であり、
AはCH、CX’、N、P、P(=O)、アリール又はヘテロアリールであり、
R1及びR2はそれぞれ独立に、H、C1〜C20アルキル、C2〜C40アルケニル、C2〜C40アルキニル、C3〜C8シクロアルキル、アリール、アラルキル、若しくはハロであり、又は
R1及びR2は、これらを結合している炭素原子と共に、連結して縮合したC3〜C8シクロアルキル又はアリール基を形成し、
R3はH、C1〜C20アルキル、C2〜C40アルケニル、C2〜C40アルキニル、C3〜C8シクロアルキル、アリール、アラルキル、又はハロであり、
nは1〜5である]
の金属錯体が含まれる。
[式中、
Mは金属原子であり、
XはN又はCX’(式中、X’はH、C1〜C20アルキル、C2〜C40モノ−もしくはポリアルケニル、C2〜C40モノ−もしくはポリアルキニル、C3〜C8シクロアルキル、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アラルキル、ヘテロアラルキル、又はハロである)であり、
R1及びR2はそれぞれ独立に、H、C1〜C20アルキル、C2〜C40アルケニル、C2〜C40アルキニル、C3〜C8シクロアルキル、アリール、アラルキル、若しくはハロであり、又は
R1及びR2は、これらを結合している炭素原子と共に、連結して縮合したC3〜C8シクロアルキル又はアリール基を形成し、
R3はH、C1〜C20アルキル、C2〜C40アルケニル、C2〜C40アルキニル、C3〜C8シクロアルキル、アリール、アラルキル、又はハロである]
を有していてよい。
THF(3ml)中の1−フェニルピラゾール(1.0当量モル、6.93ミリモル)の溶液に臭化エチルマグネシウム(1.1当量モル、7.6ミリモル)を加えた。反応混合物をアルゴン雰囲気下で3時間還流させ、次いでドライアイス/アセトン浴中で冷却した。次いで、THF(8ml)中の臭化コバルト(II)(0.5当量モル、3.47ミリモル)の溶液を徐々にグリニャール試薬に加えた。反応混合物は直ちに黒変した。浴を取り外し、混合物を2日間撹拌した。
配位子合成(4−トリルフェニルピラゾール):250mlフラスコに、マグネチックスターラー、4−トリルホウ酸(16ミリモル、2.0当量)、ピラゾール(8ミリモル、1.0当量)、無水酢酸銅(12ミリモル、1.5ミリモル)、活性4Åモレキュラーシーブ6g、ピリジン(16ミリモル、2.0当量)及びジクロロメタン96mlを加えた。緩くキャップをしたフラスコ中で、反応物を空気下、周囲温度で2日間撹拌した。反応混合物をセライトでろ過し、水で洗浄してシリカゲルクロマトグラフィー(溶離液:酢酸エチル:ヘキサン=1:7)で精製した。
配位子合成(4−メトキシフェニルピラゾール):250mlフラスコに、マグネチックスターラー、4−メトキシホウ酸(16ミリモル、2.0当量)、ピラゾール(8ミリモル、1.0当量)、無水酢酸銅(12ミリモル、1.5ミリモル)、活性4Åモレキュラーシーブ6g、ピリジン(16ミリモル、2.0当量)、及びジクロロメタン96mlを加えた。緩くキャップをしたフラスコ中で、反応物を空気下、周囲温度で2日間撹拌した。反応混合物をセライトでろ過し、水で洗浄してシリカゲルクロマトグラフィー(溶離液:酢酸エチル:ヘキサン=1:7)で精製した。
配位子合成(4,5−ジフルオロフェニルピラゾール):250mlフラスコに、マグネチックスターラー、4,5−ジフルオロホウ酸(16ミリモル、2.0当量)、ピラゾール(8ミリモル、1.0当量)、無水酢酸銅(12ミリモル、1.5ミリモル)、活性4Åモレキュラーシーブ6g、ピリジン(16ミリモル、2.0当量)、及びジクロロメタン96mlを加えた。緩くキャップをしたフラスコ中で、反応物を空気下、周囲温度で2日間撹拌した。反応混合物をセライトでろ過し、水で洗浄してシリカゲルクロマトグラフィー(溶離液:酢酸エチル:ヘキサン=1:7)で精製した。
配位子合成(4−フルオロフェニルピラゾール):250mlフラスコに、マグネチックスターラー、4−フルオロホウ酸(16ミリモル、2.0当量)、ピラゾール(8ミリモル、1.0当量)、無水酢酸銅(12ミリモル、1.5ミリモル)、活性4Åモレキュラーシーブ6g、ピリジン(16ミリモル、2.0当量)、及びジクロロメタン96mlを加えた。緩くキャップをしたフラスコ中で、反応物を空気下、周囲温度で2日間撹拌した。反応混合物をセライトでろ過し、水で洗浄してシリカゲルクロマトグラフィー(溶離液:酢酸エチル:ヘキサン=1:7)で精製した。
配位子合成(4−tert−フェニルピラゾール):250mlフラスコに、マグネチックスターラー、4−tert−ホウ酸(16ミリモル、2.0当量)、ピラゾール(8ミリモル、1.0当量)、無水酢酸銅(12ミリモル、1.5ミリモル)、活性4Åモレキュラーシーブ6g、ピリジン(16ミリモル、2.0当量)、及びジクロロメタン96mlを加えた。緩くキャップをしたフラスコ中で、反応物を空気下、周囲温度で2日間撹拌した。反応混合物をセライトでろ過し、水で洗浄してシリカゲルクロマトグラフィー(溶離液:酢酸エチル:ヘキサン=1:7)で精製した。
トリス(2−アミノエチル)アミン(0.720g、5ミリモル、10mL)のメタノール溶液に、ピロール−2−カルボキシアルデヒド(1.430g、15ミリモル、100mL)のメタノール溶液を加えて配位子[(((ピロール−2−イル)メチリデン)アミノ)エチル]アミンを調製した。得られた黄色の溶液を室温で30分間攪拌した。硝酸ガリウム(III)水和物(1.280g、5ミリモル、150mL)のメタノール溶液を配位子溶液に加え室温で30分間攪拌した。溶液をろ過し、周囲温度で静置して結晶化させた。次いで粗生成物を235℃で昇華させた。
Co(ppz)3をHTLとして使用した構造ITO/HTL/Alq3/MgAgを用いて機能性OLEDを作製した。これらのデバイスは、HTLがトリアリールアミンから成る比較デバイスより低い効率を有した。NPDの薄層をCo(ppz)3層とAlq3層との間に挿入した場合、これらのデバイスで高い効率が達成された。NPDとCo(ppz)3のHOMOレベルはどちらも類似したエネルギー(NPDで5.5eV、Co(ppz)3で5.4eV)である。図13〜15を参照されたい。
Co(ppz)3正孔輸送層、Ga(pma)3電子阻止層及びAlq3発光層を用いて機能性OLEDを作製した。作動電圧は約3.5V(この電圧での外部輝度=Cd/m2)で、ピーク効率は1.2%より大きかった。図7〜10を参照されたい。
Co(ppz)3/Ga(pma)3正孔輸送層及びドープされたCBP発光層を用いて機能性OLEDを作製した。NPD正孔輸送層を用いて類似のデバイスも作製した。全体として、Co(ppz)3/Ga(pma)3デバイスは、NPD層を用いたデバイスより良好な性能であった。Co(ppz)3/Ga(pma)3では、低い電圧電流はより低く、スペクトルは青色発光(400nm未満)を示していない。Co(ppz)3/Ga(pma)3ベースのデバイスでは、NPDベースのデバイスの場合より、作動電圧は若干高く、量子効率はより低かった。これらのパラメータはどちらもデバイス最適化によって改善されると予想される。図11〜12を参照されたい。
Claims (76)
- 陽極、正孔輸送層、発光層、及び陰極をこの順に含む発光デバイスであって、前記正孔輸送層が少なくとも1種の金属錯体を含み、前記金属錯体が式I又はII:
R10、R13、R20及びR21はそれぞれ独立にN又はCであり、
R11及びR12はそれぞれ独立にN又はCであり、
環系A、B、G、K及びLはそれぞれ独立に、任意選択で最大5個のヘテロ原子を含んでいてもよい単環、二環もしくは三環の縮合脂肪族又は芳香族環系であり、
ZはC1〜C6アルキル、C2〜C8モノ−もしくはポリアルケニル、C2〜C8モノ−もしくはポリアルキニル、又は結合であり、
QはBH、N又はCHである]
のうちの1つを有する、発光デバイス。 - 前記金属錯体が式Iを有する請求項1に記載の発光デバイス。
- 前記金属錯体が式Iを有し、環系A及び環系Bがそれぞれ単環である請求項2に記載の発光デバイス。
- 前記金属錯体が式Iを有し、環系Aが5員のヘテロアリール単環であり、環系Bが6員のアリールもしくはヘテロアリール単環である請求項3に記載の発光デバイス。
- RI0及びR11がNであり、R13がCである請求項4に記載の発光デバイス。
- 環Aがピラゾールを形成する請求項4に記載の発光デバイス。
- 環Bがフェニルを形成する請求項4に記載の発光デバイス。
- 前記金属がd0、d1、d2、d3、d4、d5又はd6の金属である請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載の発光デバイス。
- M’が遷移金属である請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載の発光デバイス。
- M’がFe、Co、Ru、Pd、Os又はIrである請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載の発光デバイス。
- M’がFe又はCoである請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載の発光デバイス。
- M’がCoである請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載の発光デバイス。
- M’がFeである請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載の発光デバイス。
- 前記金属錯体がCo(ppz)3である請求項1に記載の発光デバイス。
- 前記金属錯体が式IIを有する請求項1に記載の発光デバイス。
- 前記金属錯体が式IIを有し、環系G、K及びLがそれぞれ5員もしくは6員の単環である請求項1に記載の発光デバイス。
- 環系G、K及びLがそれぞれ5員のヘテロアリール単環である請求項16に記載の発光デバイス。
- R21及びR22がそれぞれNである請求項17に記載の発光デバイス。
- 環系G、K及びLがそれぞれピラゾールを形成する請求項18に記載の発光デバイス。
- M’’’がd5、d6、d2、又はd3の金属である請求項15に記載の発光デバイス。
- M’’’が遷移金属である請求項15に記載の発光デバイス。
- M’’’がFe、Co、Ru、Pd、Os又はIrである請求項15に記載の発光デバイス。
- M’’’がFe又はCoである請求項15に記載の発光デバイス。
- M’’’がFeである請求項15に記載の発光デバイス。
- 前記金属錯体がFeTp’2である請求項15に記載の発光デバイス。
- 電子阻止層をさらに含む請求項1に記載の発光デバイス。
- 前記電子阻止層が有機電子阻止材料を含む請求項26に記載の発光デバイス。
- 前記有機電子阻止材料がトリアリールアミン又はベンジデンから選択される請求項27に記載の発光デバイス。
- 前記電子阻止層が金属錯体を含む請求項26〜28のいずれか一項に記載の発光デバイス。
- 前記電子阻止層が本質的に前記金属錯体からなる請求項29に記載の発光デバイス。
- 前記電子阻止層が前記金属錯体でドープされたマトリックスを含む請求項29に記載の発光デバイス。
- 前記電子阻止層が前記正孔輸送層のHOMOエネルギーレベルに近似したHOMOエネルギーレベルを有する請求項29に記載の発光デバイス。
- 前記電子阻止層が前記正孔輸送層のHOMOエネルギーレベルより高いHOMOエネルギーレベルを有する請求項29に記載の発光デバイス。
- 前記電子阻止層の前記金属錯体がGa、In、Sn、又は8、9もしくは10族の遷移金属から選択される金属を含む請求項29〜31のいずれか一項に記載の発光デバイス。
- 前記電子阻止層の前記金属錯体がGaを含む請求項29〜31のいずれか一項に記載の発光デバイス。
- 前記電子阻止層の前記金属錯体が多座配位子を含む請求項29〜31のいずれか一項に記載の発光デバイス。
- 前記多座配位子がN及びPから選択される橋懸け原子を有する請求項36に記載の発光デバイス。
- 前記多座配位子がメシチル架橋部分を有する請求項36に記載の発光デバイス。
- 前記多座配位子が最大3つの単環、二環もしくは三環のヘテロ芳香族部分を含む請求項36に記載の発光デバイス。
- 以下の式を有する化合物:
Mは金属原子であり、
XはN又はCX’(式中、X’はH、C1〜C20アルキル、C2〜C40モノ−もしくはポリアルケニル、C2〜C40モノ−もしくはポリアルキニル、C3〜C8シクロアルキル、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アラルキル、ヘテロアラルキル、又はハロである)であり、
AはCH、CX’、N、P、P(=O)、アリール又はヘテロアリールであり、
R1及びR2はそれぞれ独立に、H、C1〜C20アルキル、C2〜C40アルケニル、C2〜C40アルキニル、C3〜C8シクロアルキル、アリール、アラルキル、又はハロであるか、あるいは
R1及びR2は、これらと結合している炭素原子と共に、連結して縮合したC3〜C8シクロアルキル又はアリール基を形成し、
R3はH、C1〜C20アルキル、C2〜C40アルケニル、C2〜C40アルキニル、C3〜C8シクロアルキル、アリール、アラルキル、又はハロであり、
nは1〜5である]
を含む電子阻止層をさらに含む請求項1に記載の発光デバイス。 - Mが3価の金属原子であり、
XがCH又はNであり、
AがN又は1,3,5−フェニルであり、
R1及びR2がそれぞれHであるか、あるいはR1及びR2が、これらと結合している炭素原子と共に、連結してフェニル基を形成し、
R3がHであり、
nが1又は2である
請求項40に記載の発光デバイス。 - MがGaである請求項40又は41に記載の発光デバイス。
- 前記電子阻止層がGa(pma)3を含む請求項40に記載の発光デバイス。
- 前記正孔輸送層の前記金属錯体がCo(ppz)3である請求項40に記載の発光デバイス。
- 前記正孔輸送層の前記金属錯体がFeTp’2である請求項40に記載の発光デバイス。
- 正孔輸送層、発光層及び阻止層を含む請求項1記載の発光デバイスであって、
前記正孔輸送層が第1のHOMOエネルギーを有し、前記正孔輸送層が少なくとも1種の金属錯体を含み、且つ
前記発光層が電子を輸送できる少なくとも1種の材料を含み、前記材料が第2のHOMOエネルギーを有し、且つ
前記阻止層が、前記第1と第2のHOMOエネルギーの間にあるHOMOエネルギーを有する材料を含む
請求項1記載の発光デバイス。 - 前記阻止層が前記正孔輸送層と前記発光層との間に存在する請求項46に記載のデバイス。
- 前記阻止層が有機電子阻止材料を含む請求項46に記載のデバイス。
- 前記有機電子阻止材料がトリアリールアミン又はベンジデンから選択される請求項48に記載の発光デバイス。
- 前記電子阻止層が金属錯体を含む請求項46に記載の発光デバイス。
- 請求項1記載の発光デバイス中での正孔輸送を促進する方法であって、前記発光デバイスが正孔輸送層と発光層を含み、
前記正孔輸送層が少なくとも1種の金属錯体を含み、かつ第1のHOMOエネルギーを有し、
前記発光層が電子を輸送できる少なくとも1種の材料を含み、前記材料が前記正孔輸送層の前記HOMOエネルギーより高い第2のHOMOエネルギーを有し、
前記方法が、前記正孔輸送層と前記発光層との間に阻止層を配置するステップを含み、前記阻止層が、前記第1と第2のHOMOエネルギーとの間にあるHOMOエネルギーレベルを有する材料を含む、
方法。 - 前記正孔輸送層の前記金属錯体がCo(ppz)3又はFeTp’2である請求項51に記載の方法。
- 前記阻止層が少なくとも1種の金属錯体を含む請求項51又は52に記載の方法。
- 前記阻止層の前記金属錯体が以下の式:
Mは金属原子であり、
XはN又はCX’(式中、X’はH、C1〜C20アルキル、C2〜C40モノ−もしくはポリアルケニル、C2〜C40モノ−もしくはポリアルキニル、C3〜C8シクロアルキル、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アラルキル、ヘテロアラルキル、又はハロである)であり、
AはCH、CX’、N、P、P(=O)、アリール又はヘテロアリールであり、
R1及びR2はそれぞれ独立に、H、C1〜C20アルキル、C2〜C40アルケニル、C2〜C40アルキニル、C3〜C8シクロアルキル、アリール、アラルキル、又はハロであるか、あるいは
R1及びR2は、これらと結合している炭素原子と共に、連結して縮合したC3〜C8シクロアルキル又はアリール基を形成し、
R3はH、C1〜C20アルキル、C2〜C40アルケニル、C2〜C40アルキニル、C3〜C8シクロアルキル、アリール、アラルキル、又はハロであり、
nは1〜5である]
を有する化合物である請求項53に記載の方法。 - 前記阻止層の前記金属錯体がGa(pma)3である請求項53に記載の方法。
- 前記正孔輸送層がCo(ppz)3又はFeTp’2を含み、前記阻止層がGa(pma)3を含む請求項51に記載の方法。
- 請求項1記載の発光デバイスの作製方法であって、正孔輸送層を発光層と電気的に接触するように配置することを含み、前記正孔輸送層が式I又はIIの化合物:
M’及びM’’’はそれぞれ独立に金属原子であり、
R10、R13、R20及びR21はそれぞれ独立にN又はCであり、
R11及びR12はそれぞれ独立にN又はCであり、
環系A、B、G、K及びLはそれぞれ独立に、任意選択で最大5個のヘテロ原子を含んでいてもよい単環、二環もしくは三環の縮合脂肪族又は芳香族環系であり、
ZはC1〜C6アルキル、C2〜C8モノ−もしくはポリアルケニル、C2〜C8モノ−もしくはポリアルキニル、又は結合であり、
QはBH、N又はCHである]
を含む、方法。 - 前記発光デバイスがさらに電子阻止層を含む請求項57に記載の方法。
- 前記電子阻止層が以下の式:
Mは金属原子であり、
XはN又はCX’(式中、X’はH、C1〜C20アルキル、C2〜C40モノ−もしくはポリアルケニル、C2〜C40モノ−もしくはポリアルキニル、C3〜C8シクロアルキル、アリール、ヘテロアリール、アラルキル、ヘテロアラルキル、又はハロである)であり、
AはCH、CX’、N、P、P(=O)、アリール又はヘテロアリールであり、
R1及びR2はそれぞれ独立に、H、C1〜C20アルキル、C2〜C40アルケニル、C2〜C40アルキニル、C3〜C8シクロアルキル、アリール、アラルキル、又はハロであるか、あるいは
R1及びR2は、これらと結合している炭素原子と共に、連結して縮合したC3〜C8シクロアルキル又はアリール基を形成し、
R3はH、C1〜C20アルキル、C2〜C40アルケニル、C2〜C40アルキニル、C3〜C8シクロアルキル、アリール、アラルキル、又はハロであり、
nは1〜5である]
を有する化合物を含む、請求項58に記載の方法。 - 前記電子阻止層がGa(pma)3を含む請求項58に記載の方法。
- 前記化合物がCo(ppz)3又はFeTp’2である請求項57に記載の方法。
- 前記化合物がCo(ppz)3である請求項57に記載の方法。
- 請求項1に記載の発光デバイスを含む画素。
- 請求項14に記載の発光デバイスを含む画素。
- 請求項25に記載の発光デバイスを含む画素。
- 請求項40に記載の発光デバイスを含む画素。
- 請求項46に記載の発光デバイスを含む画素。
- 請求項1に記載の発光デバイスを含む電子ディスプレイ。
- 請求項14に記載の発光デバイスを含む電子ディスプレイ。
- 請求項25に記載の発光デバイスを含む電子ディスプレイ。
- 請求項40に記載の発光デバイスを含む電子ディスプレイ。
- 請求項46に記載の発光デバイスを含む電子ディスプレイ。
- 前記金属錯体が配位的に飽和である、請求項1に記載の発光デバイス。
- 前記金属錯体が配位数6を有する、請求項1に記載の発光デバイス。
- 前記金属錯体が配位数4を有する、請求項1に記載の発光デバイス。
- 前記遷移金属が第1系列の遷移金属である、請求項9に記載の発光デバイス。
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CN101694867B (zh) | 2014-10-22 |
JP5009341B2 (ja) | 2012-08-22 |
CN101694867A (zh) | 2010-04-14 |
KR20090014373A (ko) | 2009-02-10 |
EP2259360A3 (en) | 2011-08-10 |
US20060257685A1 (en) | 2006-11-16 |
US20030059647A1 (en) | 2003-03-27 |
KR100937900B1 (ko) | 2010-01-21 |
KR100918988B1 (ko) | 2009-09-25 |
EP1421828B1 (en) | 2015-10-14 |
JP2010010691A (ja) | 2010-01-14 |
CN1628491A (zh) | 2005-06-15 |
EP1421828A1 (en) | 2004-05-26 |
CN100511760C (zh) | 2009-07-08 |
EP2259360B1 (en) | 2021-11-03 |
KR20040039321A (ko) | 2004-05-10 |
US7288331B2 (en) | 2007-10-30 |
WO2003022008A1 (en) | 2003-03-13 |
EP1421828A4 (en) | 2008-04-23 |
JP2005502166A (ja) | 2005-01-20 |
EP2259360A2 (en) | 2010-12-08 |
US7078113B2 (en) | 2006-07-18 |
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