JP4375171B2 - 冷凍装置 - Google Patents

冷凍装置 Download PDF

Info

Publication number
JP4375171B2
JP4375171B2 JP2004252938A JP2004252938A JP4375171B2 JP 4375171 B2 JP4375171 B2 JP 4375171B2 JP 2004252938 A JP2004252938 A JP 2004252938A JP 2004252938 A JP2004252938 A JP 2004252938A JP 4375171 B2 JP4375171 B2 JP 4375171B2
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
refrigerant
heat exchanger
compressor
expander
liquid
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Fee Related
Application number
JP2004252938A
Other languages
English (en)
Japanese (ja)
Other versions
JP2006071137A (ja
Inventor
道雄 森脇
克己 鉾谷
優芽 井ノ口
能成 佐々木
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Daikin Industries Ltd
Original Assignee
Daikin Industries Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority to JP2004252938A priority Critical patent/JP4375171B2/ja
Application filed by Daikin Industries Ltd filed Critical Daikin Industries Ltd
Priority to KR1020077005797A priority patent/KR100837498B1/ko
Priority to PCT/JP2005/015781 priority patent/WO2006025397A1/fr
Priority to AU2005278483A priority patent/AU2005278483B2/en
Priority to EP05776073A priority patent/EP1808653A1/fr
Priority to US11/661,315 priority patent/US20080098758A1/en
Priority to CNB2005800284750A priority patent/CN100458307C/zh
Publication of JP2006071137A publication Critical patent/JP2006071137A/ja
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of JP4375171B2 publication Critical patent/JP4375171B2/ja
Expired - Fee Related legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Images

Classifications

    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25BREFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B1/00Compression machines, plants or systems with non-reversible cycle
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25BREFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B9/00Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
    • F25B9/002Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant
    • F25B9/008Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant the refrigerant being carbon dioxide
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25BREFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B1/00Compression machines, plants or systems with non-reversible cycle
    • F25B1/10Compression machines, plants or systems with non-reversible cycle with multi-stage compression
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25BREFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B13/00Compression machines, plants or systems, with reversible cycle
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25BREFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B40/00Subcoolers, desuperheaters or superheaters
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25BREFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B41/00Fluid-circulation arrangements
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25BREFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B9/00Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
    • F25B9/06Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point using expanders
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25BREFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2309/00Gas cycle refrigeration machines
    • F25B2309/06Compression machines, plants or systems characterised by the refrigerant being carbon dioxide
    • F25B2309/061Compression machines, plants or systems characterised by the refrigerant being carbon dioxide with cycle highest pressure above the supercritical pressure
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25BREFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2313/00Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for
    • F25B2313/027Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for characterised by the reversing means
    • F25B2313/0272Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for characterised by the reversing means using bridge circuits of one-way valves
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25BREFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2313/00Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for
    • F25B2313/027Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for characterised by the reversing means
    • F25B2313/02741Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for characterised by the reversing means using one four-way valve
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25BREFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2313/00Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for
    • F25B2313/027Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for characterised by the reversing means
    • F25B2313/02742Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for characterised by the reversing means using two four-way valves
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25BREFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2400/00General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B
    • F25B2400/14Power generation using energy from the expansion of the refrigerant
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25BREFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2400/00General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B
    • F25B2400/23Separators
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25BREFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2600/00Control issues
    • F25B2600/17Control issues by controlling the pressure of the condenser
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25BREFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2600/00Control issues
    • F25B2600/25Control of valves
    • F25B2600/2515Flow valves
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25BREFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B45/00Arrangements for charging or discharging refrigerant

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Air Conditioning Control Device (AREA)
JP2004252938A 2004-08-31 2004-08-31 冷凍装置 Expired - Fee Related JP4375171B2 (ja)

Priority Applications (7)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2004252938A JP4375171B2 (ja) 2004-08-31 2004-08-31 冷凍装置
PCT/JP2005/015781 WO2006025397A1 (fr) 2004-08-31 2005-08-30 Appareil de congélation
AU2005278483A AU2005278483B2 (en) 2004-08-31 2005-08-30 Refrigeration apparatus
EP05776073A EP1808653A1 (fr) 2004-08-31 2005-08-30 Appareil de congélation
KR1020077005797A KR100837498B1 (ko) 2004-08-31 2005-08-30 냉동장치
US11/661,315 US20080098758A1 (en) 2004-08-31 2005-08-30 Refrigeration Apparatus
CNB2005800284750A CN100458307C (zh) 2004-08-31 2005-08-30 冷冻装置

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2004252938A JP4375171B2 (ja) 2004-08-31 2004-08-31 冷凍装置

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
JP2006071137A JP2006071137A (ja) 2006-03-16
JP4375171B2 true JP4375171B2 (ja) 2009-12-02

Family

ID=36000047

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP2004252938A Expired - Fee Related JP4375171B2 (ja) 2004-08-31 2004-08-31 冷凍装置

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US20080098758A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1808653A1 (fr)
JP (1) JP4375171B2 (fr)
KR (1) KR100837498B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN100458307C (fr)
AU (1) AU2005278483B2 (fr)
WO (1) WO2006025397A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (23)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2006078087A (ja) * 2004-09-09 2006-03-23 Daikin Ind Ltd 冷凍装置
WO2006085557A1 (fr) * 2005-02-10 2006-08-17 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Dispositif a cycle de congelation
JP5045161B2 (ja) 2006-03-15 2012-10-10 住友電気工業株式会社 光ファイバおよび広帯域光源
JP4093275B2 (ja) * 2006-03-20 2008-06-04 ダイキン工業株式会社 空気調和装置
JP2008002742A (ja) 2006-06-21 2008-01-10 Daikin Ind Ltd 冷凍装置
US8074471B2 (en) * 2006-10-25 2011-12-13 Panasonic Corporation Refrigeration cycle apparatus and fluid machine used for the same
CN101765749A (zh) * 2008-06-03 2010-06-30 松下电器产业株式会社 制冷循环装置
FR2967483B1 (fr) * 2010-11-17 2015-08-07 Valeo Systemes Thermiques Boucle de climatisation, systeme comprenant une telle boucle et procede de mise en oeuvre d'un tel systeme
DE102011052776B4 (de) * 2011-04-27 2016-12-29 Dürr Thermea Gmbh Überkritische Wärmepumpe
WO2014068967A1 (fr) * 2012-10-31 2014-05-08 パナソニック株式会社 Dispositif de réfrigération
AU2014387521B2 (en) * 2014-03-20 2016-12-22 Mitsubishi Electric Corporation Heat source side unit and air-conditioning apparatus
WO2016110974A1 (fr) * 2015-01-08 2016-07-14 三菱電機株式会社 Climatiseur
US10415857B2 (en) * 2015-05-01 2019-09-17 Mayekawa Mfg. Co., Ltd. Refrigerator and operation method for refrigerator
EP3159628A1 (fr) * 2015-10-20 2017-04-26 Ulrich Brunner GmbH Circuit de pompe a chaleur dote d'un evaporateur
BE1024383B1 (nl) * 2016-02-23 2018-02-12 Atlas Copco Airpower Naamloze Vennootschap Gasexpansie-inrichting en werkwijze voor het expanderen van gas
DE102017101304A1 (de) 2017-01-24 2018-07-26 Ibw Engineering Gmbh Wärmeübertragungsanlage
CN106761988B (zh) * 2017-01-25 2018-04-24 东南大学 一种单膨胀机实现热能梯级分时有机朗肯循环装置及方法
US11022355B2 (en) 2017-03-24 2021-06-01 Johnson Controls Technology Company Converging suction line for compressor
CN110715479A (zh) * 2019-11-28 2020-01-21 广东美的制冷设备有限公司 压缩空气换热系统
CN110715477A (zh) * 2019-11-28 2020-01-21 广东美的制冷设备有限公司 压缩空气换热系统
CN110715478A (zh) * 2019-11-28 2020-01-21 广东美的制冷设备有限公司 压缩空气换热系统
CN112706581B (zh) * 2021-01-04 2022-07-12 西安交通大学 跨临界二氧化碳电动客车空调系统及控制方法
WO2023073872A1 (fr) * 2021-10-28 2023-05-04 三菱電機株式会社 Appareil à cycle frigorifique

Family Cites Families (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3934424A (en) * 1973-12-07 1976-01-27 Enserch Corporation Refrigerant expander compressor
JPS597858A (ja) * 1982-07-03 1984-01-17 株式会社東芝 冷凍サイクル
JPS59157446A (ja) * 1983-02-22 1984-09-06 松下電器産業株式会社 冷凍サイクル装置
JP2987951B2 (ja) * 1991-02-12 1999-12-06 ダイキン工業株式会社 空気調和装置の運転制御装置
JPH05302760A (ja) * 1992-04-27 1993-11-16 Matsushita Refrig Co Ltd 冷凍サイクル
JPH07280363A (ja) * 1994-04-11 1995-10-27 Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd 冷凍サイクル
JP3275559B2 (ja) * 1994-09-20 2002-04-15 株式会社日立製作所 冷凍装置
JPH08313074A (ja) * 1995-05-24 1996-11-29 Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd 冷凍装置
US5735134A (en) * 1996-05-30 1998-04-07 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Set point optimization in vapor compression cycles
US5711161A (en) * 1996-06-14 1998-01-27 Thermo King Corporation Bypass refrigerant temperature control system and method
JPH11173682A (ja) * 1997-12-10 1999-07-02 Sanyo Electric Co Ltd 空気調和装置
JP2001141315A (ja) * 1999-11-10 2001-05-25 Aisin Seiki Co Ltd 冷凍空調機
JP2002228282A (ja) * 2001-01-29 2002-08-14 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd 冷凍装置
JP3598997B2 (ja) * 2001-05-31 2004-12-08 ダイキン工業株式会社 冷凍装置
JP4039024B2 (ja) * 2001-10-09 2008-01-30 ダイキン工業株式会社 冷凍装置
JP3863480B2 (ja) * 2002-10-31 2006-12-27 松下電器産業株式会社 冷凍サイクル装置
US6898941B2 (en) * 2003-06-16 2005-05-31 Carrier Corporation Supercritical pressure regulation of vapor compression system by regulation of expansion machine flowrate

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP2006071137A (ja) 2006-03-16
AU2005278483A1 (en) 2006-03-09
CN101006310A (zh) 2007-07-25
EP1808653A1 (fr) 2007-07-18
US20080098758A1 (en) 2008-05-01
WO2006025397A1 (fr) 2006-03-09
CN100458307C (zh) 2009-02-04
KR20070046922A (ko) 2007-05-03
KR100837498B1 (ko) 2008-06-12
AU2005278483B2 (en) 2009-01-15

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
JP4375171B2 (ja) 冷凍装置
JP4959800B2 (ja) 冷凍サイクル装置の運転制御方法
JP4752765B2 (ja) 空気調和装置
JP4781390B2 (ja) 冷凍サイクル装置
JP6479162B2 (ja) 空気調和装置
JP5411643B2 (ja) 冷凍サイクル装置および温水暖房装置
JP6223469B2 (ja) 空気調和装置
WO2008032645A1 (fr) dispositif de réfrigération
JP2002081767A (ja) 空気調和装置
JP5375919B2 (ja) ヒートポンプ
JP2006071174A (ja) 冷凍装置
JP4273493B2 (ja) 冷凍空調装置
JP2023503192A (ja) 空気調和装置
JP4888256B2 (ja) 冷凍装置
JP6341326B2 (ja) 冷凍装置の熱源ユニット
JP4887929B2 (ja) 冷凍装置
US20220268498A1 (en) Intermediate unit for refrigeration apparatus, and refrigeration apparatus
JP4468888B2 (ja) 空気調和装置
JP6750240B2 (ja) 空気調和装置
KR100821729B1 (ko) 공기 조화 시스템
JP4601392B2 (ja) 冷凍装置
JP6984048B2 (ja) 空気調和機
JP2010014308A (ja) 冷凍装置
JP7407920B2 (ja) 冷凍サイクル装置
JP2013092369A (ja) ヒートポンプ

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
A621 Written request for application examination

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A621

Effective date: 20070709

A131 Notification of reasons for refusal

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131

Effective date: 20090526

A521 Written amendment

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523

Effective date: 20090722

TRDD Decision of grant or rejection written
A01 Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model)

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01

Effective date: 20090818

A01 Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model)

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01

A61 First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure)

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61

Effective date: 20090831

R151 Written notification of patent or utility model registration

Ref document number: 4375171

Country of ref document: JP

Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R151

FPAY Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database)

Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20120918

Year of fee payment: 3

FPAY Renewal fee payment (event date is renewal date of database)

Free format text: PAYMENT UNTIL: 20130918

Year of fee payment: 4

LAPS Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees