JP3470618B2 - Polyester fabric - Google Patents

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a polyester horizontal stretch woven fabric which is composed of polyester multifilament yarn and uses crimpable conjugate multifilament having different heat shrinkage as the horizontal yarn. More specifically, it can be manufactured at a lower cost than a conventional woven fabric using polyurethane elastic yarns, and has a good handleability in the weaving process as compared to the conventional use of high-torque false twisted yarns. The present invention relates to a polyester horizontal stretch fabric.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art So far, synthetic fiber fabrics have imitated all the appearance and touch of natural fibers, but in recent years, the so-called synthetic fibers, which are completely different from natural fibers in terms of texture and appearance, typified by the feeling of touch. There is a movement to develop something with a unique sense. Furthermore, while pursuing the uniqueness of synthetic fibers, in terms of functionality, those that overcome the drawbacks of conventional synthetic fibers, such as water absorption, sweat absorption, antistatic properties,
In addition, as for antifouling property, various approaches have been developed by approaching from both physical and scientific methods.

Another concept of functionality is an area where synthetic fibers are good, that is, an approach based on characteristics that natural fibers are not good at, for example, stretchability.
Regarding stretchability, polyurethane elastic fibers, that is, spandex covering yarns have been the mainstream, but this woven fabric has a problem in terms of raw yarn and higher processing cost.

Stretchable fabrics using crimps of false twisted yarns have been studied for the purpose of cost reduction.
In the case of thin fabrics, when false-twisted yarns are used only for weft yarns, it is usually impossible to obtain a fabric having sufficient stretchability due to the appearance of surface texture and insufficient crimping force. Japanese Patent Publication No. 8-30297 and Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 10-195732 propose a method for producing a highly stretchable thin fabric having a high stretchability using a temporary twisted yarn and having no wrinkles.
Both of the proposed manufacturing methods have been devised in order to obtain a high crimping rate and a high torque in the provisional twisting condition and the direction of the first twist or the second twist. However, in the production process, false twisting after pre-twisting causes breakage of the yarn during false twisting, which sometimes reduces production efficiency. Further, in the additional twisting method as well, since a high crimp and high torque false twisting yarn is used, a yarn breakage problem at the time of twisting sometimes occurs. In terms of further weaving weft use, require a high degree of technical handling only the yarn of high torque, also many number of stoppages of the weaving, also has a stable high-quality fabrics interrupt Woven Weft kink And it is difficult to produce. In addition, since the false twisting process is performed in spite of the strong twist, there is a drawback in that the texture feels the original slippery feeling of fluffy. On the other hand, there is an example in which the conjugate yarn is subjected to temporary twisting in order to impart stretchability to the conjugate yarn in which two different components are arranged in parallel. The same problem occurs.

Further, in order to obtain a crimped high-yarn or bulky woven fabric by subjecting a conjugate yarn to latent heat-crimping to generate crimps, relaxation heat-treatment of composite stretched yarns arranged in parallel is particularly preferable. Duke Akira 51-37376, JP-proposed in JP-B 57-25650. These by relaxation heat treatment in a small tension, but is based on the idea of increasing the crimp force after, do not been shown for obtaining a stretch, but can not be expected a high stretchability.

[0006]

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is to provide a crimped conjugate multifilament having different heat shrinkage, which is inexpensive and has a texture-free surface feeling, an appropriate dry feeling, and an appropriate horizontal stretchability. To provide a simple polyester stretch thin fabric.

[0007]

The present invention has the following constitution in order to solve the above problems.

That is, a polyester multifilament yarn of 85 dtex or less as a warp yarn and a conjugate multifilament yarn of 85 dtex or less in which at least two component polyester polymers having different heat shrinkage are joined in parallel or core / sheath as a weft yarn Use the weft on the fabric and twist it in either S or Z direction.
And has a spiral spiral crimp
However, the relationship between the number of twists of the weft yarn , the warp density of the fabric, and the fabric structure satisfies the following equation, and
The warp thread fits in the recess of the shrinkage, and the basis weight is 150g.
/ M ² or less polyester fabric. Hw / Pw × 1.3>Tf> Hw / Pw × 0.
7 Tf = Number of warp threads twisted within 1 cm on the finished fabric Hw = Number of warp threads within 1 cm on the finished fabric Pw = Number of warp threads in the complete fabric 1

Hw / Pw × 1.3>Tf> Hw
/Pw×0.7 Tf = Number of warp yarn twists per 1 cm on the finished fabric Hw = Number of warp yarns per cm on the finished fabric Pw = Number of warp yarns in the complete fabric 1

[0010]

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION The warp yarn used in the present invention has a basis weight of 1
It is intended for thin fabrics of 50 g / m ² or less, and 85 dtex or less, preferably 33 to 56 dtex.
A thin polyester multifilament yarn in the range of is required.

The constituent single fiber fineness and the cross-sectional shape of the polyester multifilament yarn are not particularly limited, but the constituent single fiber fineness is recommended to be 0.5 to 5.5 dtex. The cross-sectional form of the polyester multifilament yarn is not particularly limited, and in addition to ordinary round cross-section yarn, any one of triangular cross-section, other polygon cross-section yarn, flat cross-section yarn and the like can be used. Hollow cross section yarns may also be used.

The weft yarn used in the present invention is a polyester multifilament yarn whose main repeating unit is ethylene terephthalate, and has different heat shrinkability.
A crimping-expressing conjugate multifilament yarn using parallel or core-sheath joints using a kind of polyester polymer is used. Stretchability can be obtained by subjecting this weft yarn to additional twisting and heat treatment of the woven fabric. That is, when this conjugate multifilament yarn is twisted in an aggregated state and heat-treated, a spiral crimp is developed in the length direction of the fiber, and the stretchability in the transverse direction of the woven fabric can be increased. The conjugate multifilament yarn used in the present invention is a polyester multifilament yarn whose main repeating unit is ethylene terephthalate, and uses two kinds of polyester polymers having different heat shrinkage properties. Examples of the polyester polymer having different heat shrinkability include polyester homopolymers having different degrees of polymerization, copolymers of a third component other than a terephthalic acid component and / or an ethylene glycol component, and other polymers. It may be a blend of.

Specifically, as the polyester polymer having different heat shrinkability used in the present invention, polyethylene terephthalate alone or ethylene terephthalate unit 80 is used.
Copolyesters containing more than mol% are preferred. As the copolymerization component of the copolyester, known components such as isophthalic acid, isophthalic acid having a metal sulfonate group, bisphenols, neopentyl glycol or 1,6-cyclohexanediol can be used. Also,
Matting agents, ultraviolet absorbers, dyeability improving components, and other improving agents such as pigments can be added to the polyester.

It is important that the conjugated multifilament yarn of the present invention has the property of exhibiting helical crimping upon relaxation heat treatment. Then, in order to obtain a conjugated multifilament yarn having such characteristics, the characteristics of the polyester polymer, spinning and drawing conditions, etc. are important.

As the two-component polyester polymer having different heat shrinkability, one having a low-viscosity polyester and one having a high-viscosity component is preferably used. In the case of homopolyester, the intrinsic viscosity of the low viscosity polyester component is preferably in the range of 0.35 to 0.60, and the intrinsic viscosity of the high viscosity polyester component is preferably in the range of 0.65 to 0.85. Intrinsic viscosity of low viscosity polyester component is 0.3
When it is less than 5, the melt viscosity becomes low and thus the yarn production becomes difficult. The intrinsic viscosity of the low-viscosity polyester component is 0.5
When it exceeds 5, the conjugate multifilament becomes poor in crimp expression power and the spiral crimp expression performance is lowered. In addition, the intrinsic viscosity of the high-viscosity polyester component is 0.
If it exceeds 85, the melt viscosity becomes high, and spinning and drawing becomes difficult. If the intrinsic viscosity of the high-viscosity polyester component is less than 0.65, the crimping power tends to be poor.

The difference in intrinsic viscosity between the low viscosity polyester component and the high viscosity polyester is preferably in the range of 0.20 to 0.40. However, when a copolyester component is used for one side, the difference in intrinsic viscosity between the two components can be made closer.

The intrinsic viscosity [η] was determined as an orthochlorophenol solution at a temperature of 25 ° C.

Regarding the conjugate multifilament yarn used here, there is a suitable composite ratio for the low-viscosity polyester component and the high-viscosity polyester component when spinning two types of polyester polymers. That is, the composite ratio of the low-viscosity polyester component and the high-viscosity polyester component is preferably 35-65: 65-35 by weight, and 4
0-60: 60-40 are more preferable.

Further, the composite form of the conjugate multifilament yarn, the two components may be in the form of parallel or core-sheath manner distribution <br/> location want shift, but crimping potential is more parallel forms Expression power (large coil diameter, large number of crimps)
Is high, which is preferable. This composite ratio and the arrangement form of the two components are related to the size of the diameter of the helical coil of the crimp which is expressed in the relaxation heat treatment of the conjugate fiber, and the larger the coil diameter, the greater the stretching effect.

The spinning speed for obtaining such crimped conjugate multifilament yarn is usually 1000.
It may be any of a low speed region of m / min or more and a high speed region of 2500 m / min or more.

Stretching of the undrawn yarn and the semi-drawn yarn that are spun is
It is possible to draw with a normal drawing apparatus, and the strength and elongation level of the drawn yarn obtained with respect to the strength and elongation characteristics of the undrawn yarn and the semi-drawn yarn, and the condition of no fluffing, It is desirable to set the conditions under which a large shrinkage stress can be obtained by the relaxation heat treatment. The higher the contraction stress, the higher the crimping-developing ability of the conjugate multifilament yarn can be, whereby the relaxation coil heat treatment of the woven fabric in the subsequent step provides a hollow structure of the helical coil due to crimping.

As the drawn yarn, the single fiber fineness of the conjugated multifilament yarn is 1.1 to 15 dt.
ex is preferable, and more preferably 2 to 10 dtex. In the area narrower than 1.1 dtex, there is a point that it is difficult to form a yarn in the current technical level, but there is a limit in forming a spiral coil, and when it is larger than 15 dtex, it is softer than a straight structure for clothing use because of a spiral structure, The texture tends to become hard.

The fineness of the conjugate multifilament yarn used for the weft yarn is the same as that of the warp yarn for the purpose of a thin woven fabric of 150 g / m ² or less, and a thin polyester multifilament yarn of 85 dtex or less, preferably 33 to 56 dtex is required. Becomes It is preferable that the shrinkage stress of the conjugated multifilament yarn is higher because it enhances the development of latent crimp. Therefore, in the present invention, the shrinkage stress is preferably 0.26 cN / dtex or more. In this method of measuring shrinkage stress, a change in shrinkage stress when heated from room temperature to around 250 ° C. is detected by a U gauge (strain gauge) and recorded in an X, Y recorder. Test length: 100 mm,
Sound rising speed: 2.5 ° C / sec, initial load: (0.0882
The temperature is raised at cN / dtex × 2) g. Read the maximum stress (g) from the chart. (CN is centinewton) The elongation property of the conjugated multifilament yarn is preferably as small as possible, preferably 35% or less, more preferably 30% or less, and further preferably 27%. There is a correlation between the elongation and the shrinkage stress. To increase the shrinkage stress, the temperature at the time of stretching is lowered and the stretching ratio is increased to increase the shrinkage stress and reduce the elongation. As the conjugate multifilament yarn, by using the multifilament yarn in which the single filament itself has a spiral wound crimp structure, it is possible to further enhance the effects of stretchability and high resilience on the woven fabric.

Next, weaving will be described. First, when forming a woven fabric, the conjugate multifilament yarn described above is subjected to additional twisting. In the additional twist, when the filament yarns are converged and subjected to a relaxation heat treatment with a woven fabric, a spiral crimp caused by a difference in shrinkage between two types of polyester polymers having different heat shrinkage is an aggregate when a multifilament yarn is produced. As a result, the individual filaments can be easily expressed by keeping the aggregated form as much as possible without the phase shift as a spiral.

Generally, in a woven fabric, constituent yarns are crossed with each other, and there are a weak binding portion and a strong binding portion. That is, in the woven fabric, the crossing point of the warp yarn and the weft yarn has a strong binding force, and conversely, the floating portion which is not crossing has a small binding force. In order to impart surface change and stretchability by the force of the raw yarn used for the woven or knitted fabric, it is possible to give a morphological change to the portion where the binding force in which the yarn floats at the intersection is small.

In the conventional fabrication using a raw yarn, when a straight raw yarn having shrinkage is used, no change occurs on the surface and stretchability is not imparted. Further, in the case where a cloth is obtained by adding additional twist to this straight raw yarn, when the heat is applied, the untwisting torque can cause the surface to be wrinkled and change the surface, but it is difficult to impart stretchability. Further, a general false twisted yarn has crimps but does not have the ability to exhibit the crimping performance which is originally higher than that of the original, so the surface change and stretchability imparting power are small.

The same phenomenon occurs for conjugated multifilament yarns. If the crimping force is higher than the binding force of the warp yarn when the spiral crimping occurs, the warp yarn is lifted, and the surface change occurs in the woven fabric, resulting in a wrinkle shape. In particular, when the warp yarn is present in the convex portion of the spiral. It has been found that the wrinkles become higher, however, if the warp yarn interlacing points fit into the recesses of the spiral spiral, the warp yarns cannot be wrinkled and the spiral crimping can be easily developed. The floating part where the binding force is small does not become grain and the spiral crimp expands and contracts to become a stretch of the fabric.

That is, the additional twist number of the present invention is an important factor for determining the pitch of the spiral spiral crimping, and at the same time, it is possible to match the woven warp yarn interlacing point pitch with the number and the spiral coil pitch due to the twist. In order to minimize wrinkles and have excellent stretchability , it is important for the polyester woven fabric of the present invention to satisfy the following relationships.

Hw / Pw × 1.3>Tf> Hw / Pw × 0.
7 Here, Tf = number of warp yarn twists per 1 cm on the finished fabric Hw = number of warp yarns per centimeter on the finished fabric Pw = number of warp yarns in a woven fabric 1 complete structure Tft is the number of weft yarn twists per cm of the fabric The number of warp yarns Hw in the upper 1 cm is equal to the pitch obtained by dividing the number of warp yarns of one fabric of one complete design Pw, for example, 2 for a plain fabric and 5 for a satin fabric of 5 sheets, by the number of warp yarns of one complete fabric Pw. In such a case, the warp yarn fits in the concave portion of the spiral coil, and the warp yarn restraining force is the smallest, so that the most wrinkle is not generated and the stretchability is maximized.

This relationship is as follows when the textile standards are the same.
When the number of additional twists is smaller than Hw / Pw, the texture tends to start to appear, and when the number of additional twists increases, the stretch ratio tends to decrease.

The number of twists Tf on the finished woven fabric is measured by marking for 10 cm in the weft direction of the woven fabric, collecting the weft yarn after that, and measuring the number of twists during the marking on the woven fabric. The number of twists at that time is divided by 10 cm to obtain a number of twists of 1 cm on the fabric. That is, it does not indicate the number of twists to be additionally twisted by the twisting machine in the production process, but the number of twists present in the woven fabric at intervals of 1 cm.

Next, Hw / Pw in the above formula represents the woven warp cover factor, and it is preferable to make the woven fabric standard within the range of the following formula.

If 4.7 × dtex ^1/2 > Hw / Pw> 2.7dtex ^1/2 Hw / Pw becomes too small, the stretch ratio becomes large, but various handling problems such as slip may occur. Not preferable. On the other hand, if it becomes too large, it is difficult to obtain stretch characteristics, and this is not a preferable region.

Regarding the weft density, 70 to 140 yarns /
It is preferably within the range of 2.54 cm. If the density is too low, the stretch rate will be high, but it may cause various problems in handling such as slipping, which is not preferable, and if it is too high, helical crimping will be less likely to occur, and therefore stretch properties will be obtained. Difficult and not a preferred area.

The twisting method for further twisting the conjugate multifilament yarn is not particularly limited and can be carried out by a usual technique, and the twisting direction may be either S or Z.
After twisting, a twist prevention set may be carried out, but the set temperature is preferably low so that there is no problem in weaving.

The spiral aggregate of the conjugate multifilament yarn subjected to the additional twist may be subjected to a relaxation heat treatment to be developed, but as a usual method, it is preferable to perform it in the step of dyeing the woven fabric.

The processing steps can be carried out under the usual conditions of general relaxation, intermediate setting, alkali reduction, dyeing and finishing setting. Relaxation treatment requires particular attention, but by adopting conditions to relax the helical structure due to the untwisting power of the additional twist and the latent crimping of the conjugate yarn, it is possible to reduce the wrinkles. It is possible to obtain a horizontal stretch fabric that is smooth and has no slippage. The stretch rate in the horizontal direction is preferably 20% or more, more preferably 30% or more, from the viewpoint of comfort when wearing clothes.

Here, in the twisted structure of the multifilament yarn according to the present invention, a woven fabric sample, which is a prototype of the morphological concept of a spiral spiral crimp having a spiral multifilament aggregate, is manufactured by Hitachi, Ltd. Cross-section of woven fabric after dyeing and finishing with a scanning electron microscope, yarn unwound from the woven fabric (multifilament aggregate)
The photograph is shown in the figure by enlarging the side surface of.

FIG. 1 is a photograph of a warp yarn cross section showing the shape of a fiber obtained by cutting the warp yarn cross section of a woven fabric showing an example of the present invention. FIG. 2 is an enlarged photograph showing the shape of the fibers of the woven fabric of FIG. 1 in a spirally crimped state. It can be seen that the spiral spiral morphology developed by the additional twist coincides with the woven crimp constrained by the warp yarn.

In order to develop a spiral spiral crimp by relaxing the finishing process even when subjected to the binding force of the warp yarn,
A higher shrinkage stress of the conjugate multifilament yarn enhances the development of latent crimps, which is a preferable property.
The contraction stress is preferably 0.265 cN / dtex or more as described above.

In the present invention, the stretch ratio is measured by taking three samples having a width of 5.5 cm × 30 cm in the weft direction of the fabric, and removing the same number of weft yarns from both sides of the width.
cm, and then using a constant-speed extension type tensile tester equipped with a self-recording device, with a gripping interval of 20 cmL, 5 cm × 1
over m of the size of the weight equivalent to the first load heavy sample is fixed to grasp. Next, 1.8 k at a pulling speed of 20 cm / min
It is stretched to g, the gripping interval L1 at that time is measured, and the stretching ratio (%) is calculated by the following formula, and is expressed by the average value of three sheets.

Stretch rate (%) = (L1−L) / L × 100

[0043]

EXAMPLES The present invention will be described below based on examples. (Examples 1, 3 and 4, Comparative Examples 1 and 2) Polyester multifilament having a thickness of 55 dtex-36 filaments was used as the warp yarn, and the warp yarn was subjected to the normal sizing step, and the warp yarn density of the greige was 99/2. It was set to be 0.54 cm.

Regarding the weft, according to the present invention,
Polyethylene terephthalate 10 with an intrinsic viscosity of 0.47
After spinning a conjugate multifilament unstretched yarn in which a low-viscosity component consisting of 0% and a high-viscosity component consisting of polyethylene terephthalate having an intrinsic viscosity of 0.75 were laminated in parallel at a weight composite ratio of 50:50. The yarn produced by drawing with a normal drawing machine to produce 55 dtex-12 filament was used, and the shrinkage stress of this multifilament was 0.38 cN / dtex. Using this multifilament yarn, double twister to Z twist 1
100 T / m, 1400 T / m, 1600 T / m, 18
Additional twist was applied to 00T / m, 2200T / m, and 2600T / m, respectively. Then, a twist stop set was performed by a vacuum steam set at 80 ° C. for 40 minutes. Using this set yarn, a water jet loom was used as the warp yarn of the above-mentioned warp yarn to weave with a weft density of 92 yarns / 2.54 cm to create greige, and the obtained greige was dyed.

Dyeing is performed by spreading and relaxing with a softer at 80 ° C. for desizing and relaxing, and then relaxing at 97 ° C.
Then, the liquid flow was relaxed at 130 ° C., drying and intermediate setting were performed, and then the weight loss was performed by 10%, followed by dyeing, drying and finishing setting. However, the set width was appropriately adjusted according to the shrinkage state of each machine, by observing the surface quality of wrinkles.

In Example 1, 1800 T / m additional twisting was applied, but the stretch ratio was set by setting the twist so that the number of 1 complete woven fabric design and the number of weft twist were the same. It was a stretch woven fabric that was large and had no grain and had good surface quality and texture.

The 2200 T / m post-twisted yarn of Example 3 had a stretch ratio of 30% or more, but was smaller than that of Example 1. However, there was no grain and the surface quality and texture were good. The 1400 T / m additional twist yarn of Example 4 is a stretch
Although the rate was high, the appearance of wrinkles began to be seen and was close to the permissible limit.

[0048] 2600T / m add twisting of Comparative Example 1, since the number of additionally twist is large, stretching rate is minor, the texture was also hard object.

The 1100 T / m post-twisted yarn of Comparative Example 2 exhibited wrinkles at the time of relaxation, and could not be corrected by the intermediate set or finish set. The width set finishing to eliminate the grain, were those completely eliminates stretch. The stretch rate of the comparative example is due to the appearance of grain. (Example 2) The same yarn as in Example 1 was used to form a structure of 5 satin, a vertical length density of 218 / 2.54 cm, and a horizontal density of 100.
The number of additional twists in Example 1 was set to 1600 T / m so that the number of additional twists in Example 1 was the same as the number of complete woven fabric structures on the finished woven fabric according to the present invention. Thereafter, a dyeing process was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1, and as a result, a stretch woven fabric having a high stretch ratio , no wrinkles, and good surface quality and texture was obtained. (Comparative Example 3) The same warp yarn as in Example 1 was used, and the raw machine warp density and the weft density were also the same. As the weft yarn, a false twisted yarn of 55 dtex-24 filament is used, and the same twist number of 1800 T / m as in Example 1 is applied for additional twisting in the direction opposite to the twisting direction of the false twisting process in which the crimp rate is large, and the twisting is stopped. Set Set is also Example 1
It carried out on the same conditions as. After weaving using this yarn, the greige was dyed under the same conditions as in Example 1. As a result, the horizontal stretch ratio was obtained up to 24%, but it was not higher than 30%, and the texture was not satisfactory because fluffiness of the processed yarn was observed. The above results are summarized in Table 1.

[0050]

[Table 1] ★

[0051]

EFFECTS OF THE INVENTION According to the present invention, since it is composed of spiral crimped yarns composed of crimpable conjugate multifilament yarns having different heat shrinkages, it is possible to compare with conventional woven fabrics using false twisted yarns. , Surface texture without wrinkles, moderate dry feeling,
Furthermore, since it has appropriate horizontal stretchability, it can exhibit its characteristics in the field of light clothing applications such as shirts, blouses, and linings, and can be comfortably worn and manufactured at low cost, so new developments are expected. It

[Brief description of drawings]

FIG. 1 is a photograph of a warp yarn cross section showing a shape of a fiber obtained by cutting a warp yarn cross section of a woven fabric showing an example of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is an enlarged photograph showing the shape of the fibers of the woven fabric of FIG. 1 in a spirally crimped state.

Claims (5)

(57) [Claims] 1. A polyester multifilament yarn of 85 dtex or less as a warp yarn, and a conjugate multifilament yarn of 85 dtex or less in which at least two component polyester polymers having different heat shrinkage are joined in parallel or core / sheath as a weft yarn. Use, the weft on the fabric
Having twist in either the S or Z direction
And has a spiral spiral crimp, and the relationship between the number of twists of the weft yarn, the density of the warp yarn and the fabric structure satisfies the following formula
The spiral spiral crimp
A polyester woven fabric in which a warp thread is fitted and a basis weight is 150 g / m ² or less. Hw / Pw × 1.3>Tf> Hw / Pw × 0.
7 Tf = Number of warp threads twisted within 1 cm on the finished fabric Hw = Number of warp threads within 1 cm on the finished fabric Pw = Number of warp threads in the complete fabric 1 2. The polyester woven fabric according to claim 1, wherein the range of Hw / Pw satisfies the following formula. 4.7 x dtex ^1/2 > Hw / Pw> 3 x dtex ^1/2 3. The stretch ratio of the finished fabric in the horizontal direction is 20.
% Or more, The polyester woven fabric according to claim 1 or 2. 4. The conjugated multifilament yarn satisfies the following characteristics.
The polyester woven fabric according to any one of claims. Shrinkage stress (TS) 0.265cN / dtex or more 5. The weft density Hf is 70 to 140 pieces / 2.54
The polyester woven fabric according to any one of claims 1 to 4, which has a range of cm.