JP2022079544A - RNAでの幹細胞分化による膵臓β細胞の誘導 - Google Patents
RNAでの幹細胞分化による膵臓β細胞の誘導 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、2016年11月16日に出願された米国仮特許出願番号第62/423,120号の利益を主張しており、この仮特許出願は、参考として本明細書中に援用される。
本開示は、細胞密度、試薬濃度、およびmRNAの特異的組み合わせの特異的組み合わせおよび範囲を利用する動態的に制御された細胞成長プロセスを通じて、多能性幹細胞からの膵臓β細胞の誘導を方向付けることに関する。
ヒト幹細胞の生成および結果としての分化における近年の努力は、細胞運命の可塑性、ヒト疾患のモデル、および臨床上の治療剤に関するパラダイムを変化させてきた。胚性幹細胞(ESC)および体細胞から作製される人工多能性幹細胞(iPSC)はともに、それらの相当する初代細胞から区別不能な特異的細胞タイプの増大しつつあるリストへと分化され得る。結果として、幹細胞は、新たなヒト細胞療法の開発にとって極めて有望である。iPSCは、制限のない細胞利用可能性、その細胞を得る手順の非侵襲性、および免疫抑制薬からの解放を許して、各処置を個々の患者に免疫を合わせる潜在的能力のために、個別化医療の分野において特別な潜在的能力を示す。
iPSC由来膵臓β細胞を生成することにおける近年の進歩にも拘わらず、インスリン生成β細胞を一貫して生成する効率的方法は、なお開発中である。多くの最新のプロトコルは、成長因子、ホルモン、サイトカイン、シグナルペプチドおよびインスリン生成β細胞を生成する分化カスケードに沿った各工程における他の細胞内シグナル分子(本文中では単純にするためにまとめて成長因子といわれる)の組み合わせの使用を要する。不運なことに、精製ポリペプチドとして供給される場合、成長因子は、概して高価であり、不安定であり、バッチ間で一貫しないので、これらを使用することは困難になっている。さらに、成長因子は非常に特異的であるが組み合わせに関わる様式で機能することから、分化の各ステージは、成長因子の種々のセットによって必然的に決められ、これは、最適化することが困難でありコストがかかる。本発明の目標の1つは、膵臓β細胞の生成をガイドするにあたって、成長因子の必要性を根本的に除去することであった。
本発明は、例えば、以下の項目を提供する。
(項目1)
グルコース感知インスリン分泌膵臓β細胞への幹細胞の分化を誘導するための方法であって、該方法は、
(a)人工多能性幹細胞を出発細胞として、分化のための条件下で培養する工程;
(b)多能性状態から中内胚葉系統に向かって出るように、該出発細胞を誘導する工程;
(c)有効用量においてかつ特定の時間域内でmRNAの第1の組み合わせでの培養細胞トランスフェクションを通じて、該分化している細胞を内胚葉細胞に向かって方向付ける工程;
(d)mRNAの第2の組み合わせでのトランスフェクションを通じて、該内胚葉細胞を膵臓前駆細胞に向かってさらに方向付ける工程;
(e)mRNAの第3の組み合わせで該膵臓前駆細胞を膵内分泌細胞へとさらに成熟させる工程;および
(f)環境グルコースに応答性でありかつ応答してインスリンを分泌し得る膵臓β細胞で富化されたクラスターを集める工程、
を包含する方法。
(項目2)
前記mRNAの第1の組み合わせは、FoxA2 mRNAを含む、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目3)
前記mRNAの第1の組み合わせは、Sox17 mRNAを含む、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目4)
前記mRNAの第1の組み合わせは、FoxA2およびSox17 mRNAを含む、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目5)
前記mRNAの第1の組み合わせは、FoxA2、Sox17、GATA4、およびGATA6 mRNAを含む、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目6)
前記mRNAの第2の組み合わせは、PDX1、Hlxb9、Ptf1a、ixl1、HNF1aおよびb、ならびにSox9 mRNAのうちの少なくとも1つを含む、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目7)
前記mRNAの第3の組み合わせは、PDX1、NKX6.1、NKX2.2、Pax6、Pax4、Hlxb9、およびNgn3 mRNAのうちの少なくとも1つを含む、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目8)
膵臓β細胞運命拘束をもたらす前記mRNAは、NKX6.1、MAFA、またはMAFA mRNAのうちの少なくとも1つを含む、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目9)
前記出発細胞は、被験体の体液または組織から採取される、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目10)
項目1に記載の方法によって得られる細胞。
(項目11)
項目10に記載の細胞を含む、疾患、障害、または形成異常を処置するための組成物。
(項目12)
疾患、障害、または形成異常を処置するための方法であって、該方法は、項目9に記載の細胞および項目11に記載の組成物のうちの少なくとも一方をその必要性のある被験体に投与する工程を包含する、方法。
(項目13)
前記細胞は、レシピエント被験体に由来する、項目12に記載の方法。
(項目14)
前記出発細胞は、レシピエントから採取される、項目12に記載の方法。
(項目15)
人工グルコース感知インスリン分泌膵臓β細胞を生成するための方法であって、該方法は、
(a)人工多能性幹細胞を出発細胞として、分化のための条件下で培養する工程;
(b)多能性状態から中内胚葉系統に向かって出るように、該出発細胞を誘導する工程;
(c)有効用量においてかつ特定の時間域内でmRNAの第1の組み合わせでの培養細胞トランスフェクションを通じて、該分化している細胞を内胚葉細胞に向かって方向付ける工程;
(d)mRNAの第2の組み合わせでのトランスフェクションを通じて、該内胚葉細胞を膵臓前駆細胞に向かってさらに方向付ける工程;
(e)mRNAの第3の組み合わせで該膵臓前駆細胞を膵内分泌細胞へとさらに成熟させる工程;および
(f)環境グルコースに応答性でありかつ応答してインスリンを分泌し得る膵臓β細胞で富化されたクラスターを集める工程、
を包含する方法。
本発明を記載する場合に、本明細書で定義されない全ての用語は、当該分野で認識されるそれらの一般的な意味を有する。以下の説明が本発明の具体的実施形態または特定の使用のものである程度まで、その説明は例証的であるに過ぎず、本願発明の限定ではないことが意図される。以下の説明は、本発明の趣旨および範囲の中に包含される全ての選択肢、改変および均等物を網羅することが意図される。
本発明の理解を容易にするために、多くの用語が以下に定義される。本明細書で定義される用語は、本発明に直接関連する分野の当業者によって一般に理解されるとおりの意味を有する。「1つの、ある(a)」、「1つの、ある(an)」および「上記、この、その(the)」のような用語は、単数形の実体のみに言及することを意図するのではなく、具体例が例証のために使用され得る包括的なクラスを含む。本明細書中の用語法は、本発明の具体的実施形態を記載するために使用されるが、それらの使用法は、請求項の中で概説されるものを除いて、本発明の範囲を定めない。
例示的な細胞タイプとしては、例えば、内胚葉細胞、膵臓前駆細胞、膵内分泌細胞、およびβ細胞が挙げられ得る。
iPSCを、標準サイズの6ウェル細胞培養プレート(約9.5cm2成長面積/ウェル)または標準サイズ12ウェル細胞培養プレート(約3.8cm2成長面積/ウェル)へとプレートして、分化を開始した。他のサイズの培養容器は、必要に応じて同様に適用可能であり、ときおり、試薬および時間の使用のより高い効率のために、6ウェルまたは12ウェルのプレートを超えるものがより好ましい場合がある。機能的な分化したβ細胞を生成するための高効率プロトコルに関する例示的な条件は、出発細胞ステージ、培養容器、被覆、解離剤、培地名称および主要な構成要素、例示的な6ウェルプレートに対する播種密度、および酸素レベルを含め、以下のβ細胞表に提供される。
内胚葉細胞を、市販の細胞培養容器上にプレートする。6ウェルプレートを、図2に示される実験において使用したが、他の標準的な市販のウェルサイズも適切かつ適用可能である。プレートをMatrigel(BD Biosciences)で予め被覆し、次いで、1×105~1×106 細胞を、DMEM/F12または8mM D-グルコースを補充したMCDB131中にプレートした。
膵臓前駆細胞を、DMEM/F12または8mM D-グルコースを補充したMCDB131中のMatrigel(BD Biosciences)またはコラーゲンI(Sigma)で予め被覆した6ウェルプレートまたは他のプレートの中で培養した。他の類似の付着細胞培養培地はまた、使用に適している。
膵内分泌細胞を、市販の細胞培養容器上で培養した。6ウェルプレートをこれらの実験において使用したが、全ての他のタイプもまた適用可能である。プレートを、CMRL(Mediatech)中のMatrigel(BD Biosciences)またはコラーゲンI(Sigma)で予め被覆した。クラスターを集めた後に、超低付着プレートまたはフラスコを使用した。
図4に示されるように、単層膵内分泌細胞から3次元構造で形成される細胞のクラスターを集め、15mlチューブ(2×105~1×106 細胞/チューブ)の中に移し、成長培地を遠心分離(300g、2分間)によって除去し、1ml/サンプルのKrebs緩衝液(Melton publication 2014)で2回洗浄した。3mlの低グルコース(2mM) Krebs培地をその細胞に添加し、2時間インキュベートした。その培地を遠心分離によって除去し、その細胞を、1ml Krebs緩衝液/サンプルで2回洗浄した。次いで、1mlのKrebs 低グルコースを各チューブに添加し、空気交換を可能にするようにキャップを緩めたままにして、30分間、37℃においてインキュベーター中でインキュベートした。次いで、上清を、分析のために遠心分離によって集め、次いで、その細胞を1mlのKrebs緩衝液で1回洗浄し、次いで、高グルコース(20mM)を有するKrebs緩衝液中で30分間インキュベートし、次いで、遠心分離して、分析のために上清を集めた。その細胞を2回洗浄し、その後、低グルコース-高グルコースサイクルを再び、合計3回経験させた。その上清を各工程において集め、4~6回の独立した反復から合わせ、市販のELISAキット(ALPCO)およびプレートリーダー(TecanまたはSpectroMax)を使用することによってインスリンレベルに関してアッセイした。そのアッセイを、比較のためにMeltonプロトコル(2014)に本質的に従うことによって作製したβ細胞でも行ったところ、その結果は、本発明の方法を使用して作製したβ細胞が、Melton法と比較して、より低い基底インスリン発現、および培地中のグルコースの増大に対するより高いインスリン応答速度を有することを示した(図7)。これは、本開示の実施形態の予測外のかつ驚くべき有利な特徴を示す。
本発明に従って生成された例示的な成熟膵臓β細胞の機能をさらに検証するために、そのiPSC由来膵臓β細胞のグルコース応答性インスリン分泌機能を、以下のような糖尿病マウスモデル:1)NODマウス自然発症1型糖尿病モデル、2)STZ誘導性I型糖尿病モデル、3)ob/obもしくはdb/db II型糖尿病モデル;あるいは以下のような非ヒト霊長類モデル:STZ誘導性マカク/ベルベットモンキーもしくはヒヒ I型糖尿病モデル、または自然発症または高脂肪食誘導性マカク/ベルベットモンキーもしくはヒヒ II型糖尿病モデルにおいて試験する。
cGMP手順の下で適するように適合された開示されたプロトコルを使用してヒトiPSC由来膵臓β細胞を使用する臨床試験を、iPSC由来膵臓β細胞療法が現在進行中でなく、ヒトESCに由来する膵臓前駆細胞がこの瞬間に、I型糖尿病を処置することに照準を合わせた臨床試験において使用されている最中であるとしても、他の細胞療法を参照しながら動物研究に従って投与する。自己由来の(好ましいタイプ)または同種異系のiPS細胞に由来するβ細胞は、誘導性I型糖尿病、痩せ型II型糖尿病(lean type II diabetes)、個体自身のβ細胞が離脱またはなくなってしまっている場合の後期ステージ糖尿病、またはβ細胞機能不全に関連する疾患タイプの他のタイプを処置するために、例えば、門脈を通じて送達される。本開示に記載されるとおりの本発明の実施に従って生成される例示的な製造されたβ細胞は、ヒト身体の他の部分(例えば、筋肉、結合組織、膵臓器官または他の器官の一定の部位)に送達される。
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