JP2019088317A - 投与に関する形質導入t細胞の適合性の評価方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、米国国立衛生研究所(NationalInstitutes of Health)(NIH)によって授与された助成金番号K24 CA11787901、1PN2-EY016586、1R01CA105216、1R01CA120409、RO1AI057838、およびR01113482の下で、政府の支援を受けて行われた。連邦政府は本発明において一定の権利を有する。
本出願は、2012年7月13日に提出された米国仮出願第61/671,495号の優先権を主張し、その内容はその全体が参照により本明細書に組み入れられる。
慢性リンパ性白血病(CLL)を含むB細胞悪性腫瘍を有する患者の大多数は、その疾患のために死亡すると考えられる。これらの患者を治療するための1つのアプローチは、キメラ抗原受容体(CAR)の発現を通じて、腫瘍細胞上に発現される抗原を標的とするようにT細胞を遺伝子改変することである。CARは、細胞表面抗原をヒト白血球抗原に依存しない様式で認識するように設計された抗原受容体である。CARを発現する遺伝子改変された細胞を、これらの型の患者を治療するために用いる取り組みは、極めて限定的な成果しか上げていない。例えば、Brentjens et al., 2010, Molecular Therapy, 18:4, 666-668(非特許文献1);Morgan et al., 2010, Molecular Therapy, published online February 23, 2010, pages 1-9(非特許文献2);およびTill et al, 2008, Blood, 112:2261-2271(非特許文献3)を参照。
[本発明1001]
遺伝子改変されたT細胞を、混入物を検出するために分析する方法であって、該遺伝子改変されたT細胞がキメラ抗原受容体(CAR)をコードする核酸を含み、該CARが抗原結合ドメイン、膜貫通ドメイン、共刺激シグナル伝達領域、およびシグナル伝達ドメインを含む、方法。
[本発明1002]
前記遺伝子改変されたT細胞が、レンチウイルスベクターによる形質導入によって遺伝子改変された、本発明1001の方法。
[本発明1003]
前記混入物が、エンドトキシン、マイコプラズマ、複製能を有するレンチウイルス(RCL)、p24、VSV-G核酸、HIV gag、抗CD3/抗CD28でコーティングされた残留ビーズ、マウス抗体、プールされたヒト血清、ウシ血清アルブミン、ウシ血清、培養培地構成成分、ベクターパッケージング細胞またはプラスミド構成成分、細菌および真菌からなる群より選択されるうちの少なくとも1つである、本発明1001の方法。
[本発明1004]
前記細菌が、アルガリゲネス・フェカリス(Alcaligenes faecalis)、カンジダ・アルビカンス(Candida albicans)、大腸菌(Escherichia coli)、インフルエンザ菌(Haemophilus influenza)、髄膜炎菌(Neisseria meningitides)、緑膿菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)、黄色ブドウ球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、肺炎連鎖球菌(Streptococcus pneumonia)、および化膿性連鎖球菌A群(Streptococcus pyogenes group A)からなる群より選択されるうちの少なくとも1つである、本発明1003の方法。
[本発明1005]
前記シグナル伝達ドメインがCD3ζシグナル伝達ドメインである、本発明1001の方法。
[本発明1006]
前記抗原結合ドメインが抗体またはその抗原結合フラグメントである、本発明1001の方法。
[本発明1007]
前記抗原結合フラグメントがFabまたはscFvである、本発明1006の方法。
[本発明1008]
前記抗原結合ドメインが腫瘍抗原と結合する、本発明1001の方法。
[本発明1009]
前記腫瘍抗原が血液悪性腫瘍と関連する、本発明1008の方法。
[本発明1010]
前記腫瘍抗原が固形腫瘍と関連する、本発明1008の方法。
[本発明1011]
前記腫瘍抗原が、CD19、CD20、CD22、ROR1、メソテリン、CD33/IL3Ra、c-Met、PSMA、糖脂質F77、EGFRvIII、GD-2、NY-ESO-1 TCR、MAGE A3 TCR、およびそれらの任意の組み合わせからなる群より選択される、本発明1008の方法。
[本発明1012]
前記共刺激シグナル伝達領域が、CD27、CD28、4-1BB、OX40、CD30、CD40、PD-1、ICOS、リンパ球機能関連抗原-1(LFA-1)、CD2、CD7、LIGHT、NKG2C、B7-H3、CD83と特異的に結合するリガンド、およびそれらの任意の組み合わせからなる群より選択される共刺激分子の細胞内ドメインを含む、本発明1001の方法。
[本発明1013]
前記遺伝子改変されたT細胞が、前記混入物の同定および定量を理由としてヒト対象に投与されない、本発明1001の方法。
[本発明1014]
前記遺伝子改変されたT細胞が、前記混入物の数量が対応する対照レベルと比較して過大であることを理由としてヒト対象に投与されない、本発明1001の方法。
本発明は、ヒト対象への投与を予定しているT細胞の形質導入に適しているキメラ抗原受容体(CAR)をコードする核酸を含むベクターを作製する方法に関する。本発明はまた、ヒト対象への投与を予定しているT細胞に、キメラ抗原受容体(CAR)をコードする核酸を含むベクターによって形質導入を行う方法にも関する。好ましい態様において、ベクターはレンチウイルスベクターである。本発明は、CARを発現するようにレンチウイルスベクターによって形質導入されたT細胞の養子細胞移入に関する。CARとは、特異的な抗腫瘍細胞免疫活性を呈するキメラタンパク質を作製するために、抗体に基づく所望の標的抗原(例えば、腫瘍抗原)に対する特異性と、T細胞受容体を活性化する細胞内ドメインとを組み合わせた分子のことである。
別に定める場合を除き、本明細書で用いる技術用語および科学用語はすべて、本発明が属する技術分野の当業者によって一般的に理解されているものと同じ意味を有する。本明細書中に記載されたものと同様または同等な任意の方法および材料を本発明の試験のために実地に用いることができるが、本明細書では好ましい材料および方法について説明する。本発明の説明および特許請求を行う上では、以下の専門用語を用いる。
本発明は、ヒト対象への投与を予定しているT細胞の形質導入のために有用なベクター上清を分析する方法を提供する。本発明はまた、ヒト対象への投与を予定しているT細胞、およびそれらの上清を分析する方法にも関する。さまざまな態様において、本発明の分析方法は、T細胞の生存度、T細胞の特徴(例えば、CD3、CD4、CD8、CD25、CD27、CD45RA、CD57、CD62L、CD95、CD127、CD134、CD244. CCR7、CD40L、CTLA4、PD-1、HLA-DR、TIM3、Ki-67、パーフォリン、および/またはグランザイムの発現)、形質導入効率、エンドトキシンの有無および数量、マイコプラズマの有無および数量、複製能を有するレンチウイルス(RCL)の有無および数量、p24の有無および数量、レンチウイルスプラスミドのパッケージングのために用いたプラスミドのそれぞれに由来する核酸および/またはタンパク質の有無および数量、VSV-G核酸および/またはタンパク質、HIVgag、抗CD3/抗CD28でコーティングされた残留ビーズ、マウス抗体、プールされたヒト血清、ウシ血清アルブミン、ウシ血清、培養培地構成成分、ベクターパッケージング細胞またはプラスミド構成成分の有無および数量、細菌(例えば、アルガリゲネス・フェカリス、カンジダ・アルビカンス、大腸菌、インフルエンザ菌、髄膜炎菌、緑膿菌、黄色ブドウ球菌、肺炎連鎖球菌、および化膿性連鎖球菌A群)、または免疫系を活性化および/もしくはモジュレートする細菌産物(例えば、LPS、核酸、RNAなど)の有無および数量、ならびに真菌の有無および数量を分析する方法を含む。
本発明は、CARをコードする核酸を含むベクターを提供し、該CARは細胞外および細胞内のドメインを含む。細胞外ドメインは、別の言い方では抗原結合モイエティーとも称される標的特異的結合エレメントを含む。細胞内ドメイン、または別の言い方では細胞質ドメインは、共刺激シグナル伝達領域およびζ鎖部分を含む。共刺激シグナル伝達領域とは、共刺激分子の細胞内ドメインを含む、CARの一部分のことを指す。共刺激分子とは、抗原に対するリンパ球の効率的な反応のために必要とされる、抗原受容体またはそのリガンド以外の細胞表面分子のことである。
1つの態様において、本発明のベクターはCARをコードする核酸を含み、該CARは、別の言い方では抗原結合モイエティーとも称される標的特異的結合エレメントを含む。モイエティーの選択は、標的細胞の表面を規定するリガンドの種類および数によって決まる。例えば、抗原結合ドメインを、特定の疾病状態と関連する標的細胞上の細胞表面マーカーとして作用するリガンドを認識するように選択することができる。このように、本発明のCARにおける抗原モイエティードメインとして作用しうる細胞表面マーカーの例には、ウイルス感染、細菌感染症および寄生虫感染症、自己免疫疾患ならびに癌細胞と関連するものが含まれる。
CARの膜貫通ドメインは、CARの細胞外ドメインと融合した膜貫通ドメインを含むように設計することができる。1つの態様においては、CARの中のドメインの1つに天然に付随する膜貫通ドメインを用いる。場合によっては、膜貫通ドメインを、受容体複合体の他のメンバーとの相互作用を最小限に抑えるために、同じまたは異なる表面膜タンパク質の膜貫通ドメインに対するそのようなドメインの結合を避けるように選択すること、またはそのためのアミノ酸置換によって選択もしくは改変することもできる。
本発明のベクターのCARの細胞質ドメイン、または別の言い方では細胞内シグナル伝達ドメインは、CARが入れられた免疫細胞の正常なエフェクター機能のうち少なくとも1つの活性化の原因となる。「エフェクター機能」という用語は、細胞の特化した機能のことを指す。例えば、T細胞のエフェクター機能は、細胞溶解活性、またはサイトカインの分泌を含むヘルパー活性であろう。したがって、「細胞内シグナル伝達ドメイン」という用語は、エフェクター機能シグナルを伝達して、細胞が特化した機能を遂行するように導く、タンパク質の部分を指す。通常は細胞内シグナル伝達ドメインの全体を使用しうるが、多くの場合には、その鎖全体を用いることは必要でない。細胞内シグナル伝達ドメインの短縮部分(truncated portion)が用いられる範囲内において、そのような短縮部分は、それがエフェクター機能シグナルを伝達する限り、無傷の鎖の代わりに用いることができる。細胞内シグナル伝達ドメインという用語は、それ故に、エフェクター機能シグナルを伝達するのに十分な、細胞内シグナル伝達ドメインの任意の短縮部分を含むものとする。
本発明は、CARの配列を含むベクターを作製する方法を包含し、ここでその配列は、細胞内ドメインの核酸配列と機能的に連結された抗原結合モイエティーの核酸配列を含む。本発明のベクターのCARにおいて用いうる例示的な細胞内ドメインには、CD3-ζ、CD28、4-1BBなどの細胞内ドメインが非限定的に含まれる。場合によっては、CARは、CD3-ζ、CD28、4-1BBなどの任意の組み合わせを含みうる。
本発明のT細胞の増大および遺伝子改変の前に、T細胞の供給源を対象から入手する。T細胞は、末梢血単核細胞、骨髄、リンパ節組織、臍帯血、胸腺組織、感染部位由来の組織、腹水、胸水、脾臓組織、および腫瘍を含む、数多くの供給源から入手することができる。本発明のある態様において、当技術分野において入手可能な任意のさまざまなT細胞株を用いることができる。本発明のある態様において、T細胞は、フィコール(商標)分離などの、当業者に公知の任意のさまざまな手法を用いて対象から収集された血液ユニットから得られる。1つの好ましい態様において、個体の流血由来の細胞はアフェレーシスによって入手される。アフェレーシス産物は、典型的には、T細胞、単球、顆粒球、B細胞を含むリンパ球、他の有核白血球、赤血球、および血小板を含む。1つの態様においては、アフェレーシスによって収集された細胞を、血漿画分を除去するために洗浄した上で、その後の処理段階のために細胞を適切な緩衝液または培地中に配置することができる。本発明の1つの態様においては、これらの細胞をリン酸緩衝食塩水(PBS)で洗浄する。1つの代替的な態様において、洗浄溶液はカルシウムを含まず、かつ、マグネシウムを含まないか、またはすべてではないものの多くの二価カチオンを含まない。この場合にも、驚くべきことに、カルシウム非存在下での最初の活性化段階により、活性化の増強がもたらされる。当業者は容易に理解するであろうが、洗浄段階は、標準的な遠心分離器、半自動化された「フロースルー」遠心分離器(例えば、Cobe 2991細胞プロセッサー、Baxter CytoMate、またはHaemonetics Cell Saver 5など)を製造元の指示に従って用いることなどによって、当技術分野において公知の方法によって実現することができる。洗浄の後に、細胞を、例えば、Ca2+非含有、Mg2+非含有PBS、PlasmaLyte A、0.45%塩化ナトリウム中の5%デキストロース、または緩衝剤の任意の組み合わせを含むかもしくは含まない他の食塩液といった、種々の生体適合性緩衝液中に再懸濁させることができる。または、アフェレーシス試料の望ましくない成分を除去して、細胞を培養培地中に直接再懸濁させてもよい。
所望のCARを発現させるためのT細胞の遺伝子改変の前または後のいずれかにおいて、一般に、例えば、米国特許第6,352,694号;第6,534,055号;第6,905,680号;第6,692,964号;第5,858,358号;第6,887,466号;第6,905,681 号;第7,144,575号;第7,067,318号;第7,172,869号;第7,232,566号;第7,175,843号;第5,883,223号;第6,905,874号;第6,797,514号;第6,867,041号;ならびに米国特許出願公開第20060121005号に記載された方法を用いて、T細胞を活性化して増大させることができる。
本発明は、ベクター(例えばレンチウイルスベクター(LV))によって形質導入された細胞(例えば、T細胞)を包含する。例えば、LVは、特異的抗体の抗原認識ドメインを、CD3-ζ、CD28、4-1BBの細胞内ドメインまたはこれらの任意の組み合わせと組み合わせたCARをコードする。このため、場合によっては、形質導入されたT細胞は、CARにより媒介されるT細胞応答を誘発することができる。
ここで本発明を、以下の実験例を参照しながら説明する。これらの例は例示のみを目的として提供されるものであり、本発明はこれらの例に限定されるとは全くみなされるべきではなく、本明細書で提供される教示の結果として明らかになる任意かつすべての変更も包含するとみなされるべきである。
ヒト対象への投与を予定している、キメラ抗原受容体(CAR)を発現するように形質導入されたリンパ球を、形質導入の過程の間に導入される恐れのある混入物の検出および定量のために分析する。
研究試料の処理、凍結および検査分析は、優良試験所基準(Good Laboratory Practice)または優良製造基準(Good Manufacturing Practices)の規範に則って、試料の受け取り、処理、凍結および分析に関する確立されたSOPおよび/またはプロトコールを用いて行った。
記載の通りに(Milone et al., 2009, Mol Ther. 17:1453-1464)、CD19-BB-z導入遺伝子(GeMCRIS 0607-793)を設計して構築した。レンチウイルスベクターは、記載の通りに(Zufferey et al., 1997, Nature biotechnol 15:871-875)、Lentigen Corporationにおいて、3プラスミド作製アプローチを用いて、現行の優良製造基準に準拠して作製された。以前の報告の通りに(Milone et al., 2009, Mol Ther, 17:1453-64)、自己不活性化レンチウイルスベクター(GeMCRIS 0607-793)を設計して、前臨床安全性試験に供した。T細胞の調製方法も以前に記載されている(Porter et al, 2006, Blood, 107:1325-31)。
CD19に対する特異性を有する細胞外単鎖抗体(scFv)を発現するように自己T細胞を操作する。細胞外scFvは、悪性細胞および正常B細胞の表面に発現が限られる分子であるCD19を発現する細胞に対して、形質導入T細胞の特異性を再誘導することができる。CD19 scFvに加えて、TCRζ鎖、または4-1BBおよびTCRζのシグナル伝達モジュールで構成される縦列シグナル伝達ドメインのいずれかで構成される細胞内シグナル伝達分子も発現するように細胞に形質導入する。scFvはマウスモノクローナル抗体に由来し、それ故にマウス配列を含有しており、シグナル伝達ドメインはすべてがネイティブ性ヒト配列のものである。CART-19 T細胞は、アフェレーシスによってT細胞を単離して、レンチウイルスベクター技術(Dropulic et al., 2006, Human Gene Therapy, 17:577-88;Naldini et al., 1996, Science, 272:263-7;Dull et al., 1998, J Virol, 72:8463-71)を用いてscFv:TCRζ:4-1BBをCD4およびCD8 T細胞に導入することによって製造される。何人かの患者には、競合的再増殖実験のために対照scFv:TCRζ:を細胞の一部分に導入する。これらの受容体は、MHC非依存的な様式で抗原と結合する点で「万能的(universal)」であり、このため、単一の受容体構築物を、CD19抗原陽性腫瘍を有する患者の集団を治療するために用いることができる。
形質導入後のT細胞の生存度は、トリパンブルー排除アッセイ(0.4% Trypan Blue Stain(Gibco BRLカタログ番号15250-061に培地または希釈剤を加えたもの、およびBright-Line Hemacytometer(Hausser Scientific Company))を用いる)を用いるか、または生細胞の割合を判定するための7-AAD(BD ViaProbe(カタログ番号555815、BD Biosciences Pharmingen)およびフローサイトメーターを用いて判定した。
本明細書中の他所に記載した特定のT細胞マーカーを発現するかまたは発現しない形質導入細胞の割合を、細胞染色およびフローサイトメトリーを用いて判定した。
T細胞の形質導入効率は、フローサイトメトリー、定量的PCR、またはフローサイトメトリーと定量的PCRの両方を用いて判定した。
形質導入T細胞の培養物におけるエンドトキシンの有無は、ゲルクロットアッセイを用いて評価した。
3.1.1 Endosafe PTS-キネティック・リーダー(Kinetic reader)
Charles River Laboratories,
3.1.2 PTS Loggerソフトウエア
3.1.3 使い捨て式Inhibition/Enhancementカートリッジ
Charles River/カタログ番号PTS220
3.1.4 使い捨て式LALカートリッジ 試験カートリッジ(0.01〜1.0/mL)および分析証明書、各ロットごと
Charles River/カタログ番号PTS2001F
3.1.5 使い捨て式LALカートリッジ 試験カートリッジ(0.005〜0.5EU/mL)および分析証明書、各ロットごと
Charles River/カタログ番号PTS20005F
発色エンドポイントアッセイ‐分光光度計で読み取り
3.1.6停止試薬:20%w/v氷酢酸
カタログ番号BP2401-212、Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA
Tel: 1-800-766-7000
3.1.7 カブトガニアメーバ様細胞溶解物試験キット
カタログ番号50-648U(試験300回)または50-647U(試験120回)、Cambrex 8830 Biggs Ford Road, Walkersville, MD 21793
Tel: 800-654-4452、ext.7822、Fax: 301-845-2924
3.1.7.1 大腸菌エンドトキシン
3.1.7.2 発色性基質
3.1.7.3 発色性カブトガニアメーバ様細胞溶解物(LAL)
3.1.7.4 LAL Reagent Water(試験120回キットのみ)
3.1.8 LAL Reagent Water
カタログ番号W50-640、Cambrex, 8830 Biggs Ford Road, Walkersville, MD 21793
Tel: 800-654-4452、Fax: 301-845-2924
発色動態アッセイ‐分光光度計で読み取り
3.1.9 停止試薬:20%w/v氷酢酸
カタログ番号BP2401-212、Fisher Scientific
3.1.10 カブトガニアメーバ様細胞溶解物(LAL)Kinetic-QCLエンドトキシンアッセイキット
カタログ番号50-650U(試験192回)、Lonza/Cambrex
3.1.10.1 大腸菌エンドトキシン
3.1.10.2 Kinetic-QCL試薬(LAL/発色性基質の混合物)
LAL Reagent Water
ゲルクロットアッセイ
4.1.1 多回試験カブトガニアメーバ様細胞溶解物、PYROGENT(登録商標)Plus 試験200回 感度0.125EU/mL
カタログ番号N294-125、Lonza
4.1.1.1 カブトガニアメーバ様細胞溶解物(LAL)、感度0.125EU/mL
4.1.1.1.1 4×50回の試験用バイアル(5.2mL/バイアル)
4.1.1.2 大腸菌エンドトキシンO55:B5、10ng/バイアル、凍結乾燥、対照標準エンドトキシン(CSE)
4.1.1.2.1 注:分析証明書ではEU/mL単位でのCSE力価が指定されている。COAはこのキットにはもう提供されていない。
4.1.1.2.2 分析証明書を評価するには、http://www.lonzabio.com/2506.htmlを訪れ、キットボックスの前面の製品ラベルにあるカタログ番号およびロット番号を入力する。
4.1.2 LAL試薬、溶解物感度0.125EU/mL(Charles River Laboratories、カタログ番号R11012)
4.1.2.1 12のパック
4.1.3 対照標準エンドトキシン10ng/バイアル(Charles River Laboratories、カタログ番号E120_
4.1.3.1 6のパック
4.1.4 LAL Reagent Water(LRW)、30mL/バイアル
カタログ番号W130、Charles River Laboratories
形質導入T細胞の培養物におけるマイコプラズマの有無は、mycoalertアッセイを用いて評価した。
3.1.11 MycoAlertマイコプラズマ検出キット(Lonza、カタログ番号LT07-318)-試験100回
3.1.12 MycoAlertアッセイ対照セット(Lonzaカタログ番号LT07-518)
3.1.13 96ウェルの不透明な白底マイクロプレート(Corning Incorporated カタログ番号3912)
Corning Incorporated Life Sciences 45 Nagog Park, Acton MA 01720
Tel: 1-978-635-2200、Fax: 1-978-635-2476
ルミノメーターで読み取り
MycoProbeマイコプラズマELISA:
http://www.rndsystems.com/pdf/CUL001B.pdf
形質導入T細胞の培養物におけるRCLの有無は、VSV-GおよびHIVgagを評価するPCRアッセイ、ならびにp24に関するELISAを用いて評価した。
形質導入T細胞の培養物におけるp24の有無は、ELISAアッセイを用いて評価した。
5.1.1 PerkinElmer HIV-1 p24 ELISAキット
カタログ番号NEK050(1×96ウェルプレート)、
NEK050A(2×96ウェルプレート)
NEK050B(5×96ウェルプレート)
PerkinElmer, Inc, 940 Winter Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451,
Tel:800-762-4000
形質導入T細胞の培養物におけるVSV-G核酸の有無は、標準的なABI増幅条件下でVSV-G配列を特異的に増幅させて検出するプライマー/プローブの組み合わせを用いる定量的PCRアッセイを用いて評価した。上記のプライマーを用いてVSV-G DNAを定量するのに適格のQPCRアッセイは確立されている。この適格アッセイでは、VSV-G遺伝子配列を含むプラスミドpC1-VSV-Gによるスパイク刺激を受けたPBMCから単離されたゲノムDNAから作成された標準曲線を利用する;標準曲線は1×106〜10コピーのVSV-G/100ng PBMCの範囲にわたる。各最終製品に関して、該製品から単離されたおよそ200ngのゲノムDNAを用いる3回ずつの反応により、残留VSV-G DNAの有無を評価する。残留VSV-Gプラスミドの量は標準曲線から求め、投入DNAの量に関する補正および正規化を行った後に、VSV-Gプラスミドのコピー数/μgゲノムDNAとして報告する。追加のパッケージング用プラスミド(LIST)のそれぞれに関する混入性プラスミド核酸の有無は、パッケージング段階に用いた各プラスミド(VSVG、Gag pol、P24、pRSV.rev)に対して特異的なプライマー/プローブの組み合わせを用いて、この様式で判定することができる。
形質導入T細胞の培養物における細菌の有無は、形質導入T細胞の培養物からの材料を用いて細菌の培養を試みることによって評価した。細菌混入に関する試験にはBACTECアッセイが用いられる。BACTEC培養バイアルは一般的な好気性微生物の増殖を援助するものであり、それらは1〜3mlの培養培地を含有する滅菌シリンジによって接種される。増殖の検出は、CO2濃度の経時的な上昇を測定するBACTEC 9050装置を用いて行う。このアッセイは、本明細書中の他所に提示されているSOP 0361に準拠して、CVPFで行う。CVPF検査室におけるこの試験の感度は確かめられていないが、発表済みの研究により、BACTECの方がCFR法よりも感度が高く、検出までの時間が迅速で、偽陽性の結果が生じにくいことが指し示されている(Khuu et al, 2004 and 2006)。
形質導入T細胞の培養物における真菌の有無は、形質導入T細胞の培養物からの材料を用いて細菌の培養を試みることによって評価した。真菌混入に関する試験は、Gorman, 1967の処方に基づくサブロー脳心臓浸出液寒天培地を用いて、HUP Clinical Microbiology laboratoriesで行われる。培地は真菌回収が向上するように最適化されており、真菌増殖と競合する可能性のある細菌の増生を妨げるためにさまざまな抗菌薬も含む。培養培地には画線法によって接種を行う。培養物を14日間経過観察した上で、陰性と判定する。このアッセイの感度は、Clinical Microbiology Laboratoryによっては明らかになっていない。このアッセイの陽性対照には、ブラストミセス・デルマティティディス(Blastomyces dermatitidis)、カンジダ・アルビカンス、およびトリコフィトン-メンタグロフィテス(Trichophyton mentagrophytes)という3種の真菌が含まれ、生存に適した培地であることを指し示すにはこれらが増殖する必要がある。抗微生物薬の力価をモニターするには、対照プレートに大腸菌を接種して、部分的阻害から完全阻害までを観察する必要がある。
CART-19形質導入T細胞を含有するバッグ(容量10〜100ml)は監視下にある-135℃冷凍庫内で血液銀行の条件下で貯蔵する。輸注バッグは必要時まで冷凍庫で貯蔵する。
治験薬剤部(investigational pharmacy)で細胞の記録をとった後に、凍結細胞をドライアイス中にて対象のベッドサイドまで搬送する。36℃〜38℃に維持した水浴を用いて、細胞をベッドサイドで一度に1バッグずつ解凍する。細胞がちょうど解凍するまで、バッグを丁寧にもみほぐす。凍結塊を容器内に残さないようにすべきである。
輸注は化学療法の完了から1〜2日後に開始する。初回輸注の日に、患者には分画を含むCBC、ならびにCD3、CD4およびCD8数の評価を行うが、これは化学療法を一つにはリンパ球減少症を誘導するために行うためである。いかなる特定の理論にも拘束されることは望まないが、2.5〜5×109個のCART-19細胞という初回静脈内用量がこのプロトコールには最適であると考えられている。健常成人には約1×1012個のT細胞が存在するため、提唱される総用量はT細胞の体内総量の約0.5%に相当する(Roederer, 1995, Nat Med, 1:621-7;Macallan et al., 2003, Eur J Immunol, 33: 2316-26)。1回目の用量は分割投与を用いて第0日(10%)、第1日(30%)および第2日(60%)に投与する。対象は隔離された部屋で輸注を受ける。本明細書中の別所に記載したように、細胞は患者のベッドサイドで解凍する。解凍した細胞は耐容しうる限りできるだけ速い輸注速度で投与し、その結果、輸注の持続時間はおよそ10〜15分となる。形質導入されたT細胞は、三方活栓付きの18ゲージのラテックス非含有Y型輸血セットによって、毎分およそ10mL〜20mLの流速で急速静脈内輸注によって投与する。輸注の持続時間はおよそ15分とする。CART-19改変細胞のバッグを1つまたは2つ、氷上にて搬送し、細胞を低温のまま対象に投与する。CART-19細胞の混合物を投与される対象では、混合を促す目的で、Y-アダプターを用いて細胞を同時に投与する。対象には本明細書中の別所に記載したように輸注および前投薬を行う。対象のバイタルサインの評価およびパルスオキシメトリー検査を、投与の前、輸注の終了時、およびその後は15分毎に1時間、そしてこれらが安定して良好になるまで行う。ベースラインCART-19レベルの決定のための血液試料は、輸注前および輸注20分後に入手する。先行して彼らに行った細胞減少化学療法による毒性を来した患者では、これらの毒性が消失するまで輸注スケジュールを遅らせる。T細胞輸注を遅らせる根拠となる具体的な毒性には以下が含まれる:1)肺:飽和度を95%超に保つために酸素補給が必要、または胸部X線上の進行性である放射線学的異常の存在;2)心臓:医学的管理によってコントロールされていない新たな心不整脈。3)昇圧サポートを必要とする低血圧。4)活動性感染症:T細胞輸注から48時間以内の細菌、真菌またはウイルスに関する血液培養が陽性。カリウムおよび尿酸に関する血清試料を収集し、初回輸注の前ならびに以後の各輸注の2時間後。
Claims (14)
- 遺伝子改変されたT細胞を、混入物を検出するために分析する方法であって、該遺伝子改変されたT細胞がキメラ抗原受容体(CAR)をコードする核酸を含み、該CARが抗原結合ドメイン、膜貫通ドメイン、共刺激シグナル伝達領域、およびシグナル伝達ドメインを含む、方法。
- 前記遺伝子改変されたT細胞が、レンチウイルスベクターによる形質導入によって遺伝子改変された、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記混入物が、エンドトキシン、マイコプラズマ、複製能を有するレンチウイルス(RCL)、p24、VSV-G核酸、HIV gag、抗CD3/抗CD28でコーティングされた残留ビーズ、マウス抗体、プールされたヒト血清、ウシ血清アルブミン、ウシ血清、培養培地構成成分、ベクターパッケージング細胞またはプラスミド構成成分、細菌および真菌からなる群より選択されるうちの少なくとも1つである、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記細菌が、アルガリゲネス・フェカリス(Alcaligenes faecalis)、カンジダ・アルビカンス(Candida albicans)、大腸菌(Escherichia coli)、インフルエンザ菌(Haemophilus influenza)、髄膜炎菌(Neisseria meningitides)、緑膿菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)、黄色ブドウ球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、肺炎連鎖球菌(Streptococcus pneumonia)、および化膿性連鎖球菌A群(Streptococcus pyogenes group A)からなる群より選択されるうちの少なくとも1つである、請求項3記載の方法。
- 前記シグナル伝達ドメインがCD3ζシグナル伝達ドメインである、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記抗原結合ドメインが抗体またはその抗原結合フラグメントである、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記抗原結合フラグメントがFabまたはscFvである、請求項6記載の方法。
- 前記抗原結合ドメインが腫瘍抗原と結合する、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記腫瘍抗原が血液悪性腫瘍と関連する、請求項8記載の方法。
- 前記腫瘍抗原が固形腫瘍と関連する、請求項8記載の方法。
- 前記腫瘍抗原が、CD19、CD20、CD22、ROR1、メソテリン、CD33/IL3Ra、c-Met、PSMA、糖脂質F77、EGFRvIII、GD-2、NY-ESO-1 TCR、MAGE A3 TCR、およびそれらの任意の組み合わせからなる群より選択される、請求項8記載の方法。
- 前記共刺激シグナル伝達領域が、CD27、CD28、4-1BB、OX40、CD30、CD40、PD-1、ICOS、リンパ球機能関連抗原-1(LFA-1)、CD2、CD7、LIGHT、NKG2C、B7-H3、CD83と特異的に結合するリガンド、およびそれらの任意の組み合わせからなる群より選択される共刺激分子の細胞内ドメインを含む、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記遺伝子改変されたT細胞が、前記混入物の同定および定量を理由としてヒト対象に投与されない、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記遺伝子改変されたT細胞が、前記混入物の数量が対応する対照レベルと比較して過大であることを理由としてヒト対象に投与されない、請求項1記載の方法。
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