JP2016515822A - 操作されたジンクフィンガータンパク質ヌクレアーゼを使用するt細胞受容体遺伝子の標的化された破壊 - Google Patents
操作されたジンクフィンガータンパク質ヌクレアーゼを使用するt細胞受容体遺伝子の標的化された破壊 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
この出願は、2013年3月21日に出願された米国仮出願第61/804,076号(この開示は、その全体が参考として本明細書に援用される)の利益を主張する。
本明細書に開示されている方法の実施ならびに組成物の調製および使用は、他に断りがなければ、分子生物学、生化学、クロマチン構造および解析、計算化学、細胞培養、組換えDNAならびに関連分野における従来技法を当業者の技能範囲内で用いる。これらの技法は、文献中で十分に説明されている。例えば、Sambrookら、MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL、第2版、Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press、1989年および第3版、2001年;Ausubelら、CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY、John Wiley & Sons、New York、1987年および定期更新;METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGYシリーズ、Academic Press、San Diego;Wolffe、CHROMATIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION、第3版、Academic Press、San Diego、1998年;METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY、304巻、「Chromatin」(P.M. WassarmanおよびA. P. Wolffe編)、Academic Press、San Diego、1999年;ならびにMETHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY、119巻、「Chromatin Protocols」(P.B. Becker編)Humana Press、Totowa、1999年を参照されたい。
用語「核酸」、「ポリヌクレオチド」および「オリゴヌクレオチド」は、互換的に使用されており、直鎖状または環状コンフォメーションの、一本または二本鎖型のいずれかのデオキシリボヌクレオチドまたはリボヌクレオチドポリマーを指す。本開示の目的のために、これらの用語は、ポリマーの長さに関して限定的に解釈するべきではない。この用語は、天然ヌクレオチドの公知のアナログと共に、塩基、糖および/またはリン酸部分で修飾されたヌクレオチド(例えば、ホスホロチオエート骨格)を包含することができる。一般に、特定のヌクレオチドのアナログは、同じ塩基対形成特異性を有する、即ち、Aのアナログは、Tと塩基対形成する。
TCR遺伝子の不活性化に使用することができるヌクレアーゼ(例えば、ZFNまたはTALEヌクレアーゼ)が、本明細書に記載されている。ヌクレアーゼは、天然起源となり得る、あるいはDNA結合ドメインおよび開裂ドメインのキメラとなり得る。キメラ内において、構成成分であるDNA結合ドメインおよび開裂ドメインは、両者ともに天然起源であっても、両者ともに非天然起源であっても、一方が天然起源で他方が非天然起源であってもよいことが明らかとなる。
A.DNA結合ドメイン
本明細書に記載されているヌクレアーゼは、典型的に、DNA結合ドメインおよび開裂ドメインを含む。本発明の実施において、ジンクフィンガーDNA結合ドメイン、TALE DNA結合ドメインまたはメガヌクレアーゼ由来のDNA結合ドメイン等が挙げられるがこれらに限定されない、いかなるDNA結合ドメインを使用することもできる。
ヌクレアーゼは、異種DNA結合および開裂ドメイン(例えば、ジンクフィンガーヌクレアーゼ;TALEN、メガヌクレアーゼDNA結合ドメインと異種開裂ドメイン)を含むことができる、あるいは、天然起源のヌクレアーゼのDNA結合ドメインは、選択された標的部位に結合するよう変更することができる(例えば、同族結合部位とは異なる部位に結合するよう操作されたメガヌクレアーゼ)。ある特定の実施形態において、ヌクレアーゼは、メガヌクレアーゼ(ホーミングエンドヌクレアーゼ)である。天然起源のメガヌクレアーゼは、15〜40塩基対開裂部位を認識し、一般に、4種のファミリーにグループ化される:LAGLIDADGファミリー、GIY−YIGファミリー、His−CystボックスファミリーおよびHNHファミリー。例示的なホーミングエンドヌクレアーゼは、I−SceI、I−CeuI、PI−PspI、PI−Sce、I−SceIV、I−CsmI、I−PanI、I−SceII、I−PpoI、I−SceIII、I−CreI、I−TevI、I−TevIIおよびI−TevIIIを含む。これらの認識配列は公知のものである。米国特許第5,420,032号;米国特許第6,833,252号;Belfortら(1997年)Nucleic Acids Res.25巻:3379〜3388頁;Dujonら(1989年)Gene 82巻:115〜118頁;Perlerら(1994年)Nucleic Acids Res.22巻、1125〜1127頁;Jasin(1996年)Trends Genet.12巻:224〜228頁;Gimbleら(1996年)J. Mol. Biol.263巻:163〜180頁;Argastら(1998年)J. Mol. Biol.280巻:345〜353頁およびNew England Biolabsのカタログも参照されたい。
上に詳細に記載されている通り、ZFNおよびTALENにおけるDNAドメインは、遺伝子座におけるいずれかの選択した配列に結合するよう操作することができる。操作されたDNA結合ドメインは、天然起源のDNA結合ドメインと比較して、新規結合特異性を有することができる。操作方法として、合理的設計および様々な種類の選択が挙げられるがこれらに限定されない。合理的設計は、例えば、三つ組(または四つ組)ヌクレオチド配列および個々の(例えば、ジンクフィンガー)アミノ酸配列を含むデータベースの使用を含み、該データベースにおいて、各三つ組または四つ組ヌクレオチド配列は、特定の三つ組または四つ組配列に結合するDNA結合ドメインの1種または複数のアミノ酸配列に関連付けられている。例えば、参照によりその全体が本明細書に組み込まれる、米国特許第8,586,526号、同第6,453,242号および第6,534,261号を参照されたい。TALエフェクタードメインの合理的設計を行うこともできる。例えば、米国特許第8,586,526号を参照されたい。
上に記す通り、例えば、変異体遺伝子の補正のためまたは野生型遺伝子の発現増加のために、外因性配列(「ドナー配列」または「ドナー」とも呼ばれる)の挿入を行うこともできる。ドナー配列は、典型的に、該ドナー配列が配置されるゲノム配列と同一ではないことが容易に明らかとなる。ドナー配列は、相同性の2領域に隣接する非相同配列を含有して、目的の位置における効率的HDRを可能にすることができる。その上、ドナー配列は、細胞クロマチンにおける目的の領域と相同ではない配列を含有するベクター分子を含むことができる。ドナー分子は、細胞クロマチンに対し相同性のいくつかの不連続領域を含有することができる。例えば、目的の領域に通常存在しない配列の標的化挿入のため、前記配列は、ドナー核酸分子に存在し、目的の領域における配列に対し相同性の領域に隣接することができる。あるいは、ドナー分子は、非相同末端結合(NHEJ)機序によって、開裂された標的遺伝子座に組み込むことができる。例えば、米国特許出願公開第20110207221号および第20130326645号を参照されたい。
本明細書に記載されている組成物(例えば、ZFP、TALE、CRISPR/Cas)、これをコードするポリヌクレオチド、いずれかのドナーポリヌクレオチドは、いずれか適した手段により、TCR遺伝子を含有する標的細胞に送達することができる。DNA結合ドメインを含む組成物を送達する方法は、例えば、参照によりこれら全ての開示全体が組み込まれる、米国特許第6,453,242号;第6,503,717号;第6,534,261号;第6,599,692号;第6,607,882号;第6,689,558号;第6,824,978号;第6,933,113号;第6,979,539号;第7,013,219号;および第7,163,824号に記載されている。
開示されている方法および組成物は、TCRゲノム配列の不活性化に使用することができる。上に記す通り、不活性化は、細胞(例えば、Tリンパ球)における内因性TCRαおよび/またはβ遺伝子発現の部分的または完全抑圧を含む。TCR遺伝子の不活性化は、例えば、単一の開裂事象により、開裂と続く非相同末端結合により、2個の部位における開裂と、続く斯かる2個の開裂部位間の配列を欠失させ得る連接により、コード領域へのミスセンスもしくはナンセンスコドンの標的化された組換えにより、遺伝子または調節領域を破壊し得る、遺伝子もしくはその調節領域への無関係配列(即ち、「スタッファー」配列)もしくは別の目的のコード配列の標的化された組換えにより、または転写物のミススプライシングを引き起こすための、イントロンへのスプライスアクセプター配列の標的化組換えにより達成することができる。内因性TCR遺伝子の不活性化は、目的の腫瘍抗原/MHC複合体に特異的なTCR遺伝子(複数可)の標的化された組換えにより達成することもできる。
Amendolaら(2005年)Nature Biotechnology 23巻(1号):108〜116頁、Thomasら(2007年)J. Immunol 179巻(9号):5803〜5810頁および米国特許出願公開第2006200869号に記載されている通り、ウィルムス腫瘍抗原1(WT1)、特にWT1126〜134ペプチド(Kuballら(2007年)Blood 109巻(6号):2331〜8頁)由来のHLA−A2制限ペプチドに特異的なコドン最適化されたシステイン修飾TCRおよび単一のα21またはβ21 WT1特異的TCR鎖をコードする遺伝子を、双方向性自己不活性化移入ベクター、pCCLsin.PPT.ΔLNGFR.minCMV.WPGK.eGFP.WpreまたはpCCLsin.cPPT.ΔLNGFR.min.CMV.hEF1a.eGFP.Wpreにクローニングした(図1Aを参照)。
セントラルメモリーT細胞へとWT−1特異的TCR遺伝子を組み込むという考えを検査するため、先ずドナー核酸としてGFPを使用して、形質導入効率および組込み部位からのGFP発現をモニターした。CCR5ノックアウト細胞が十分に機能的であることが示されたため、CCR5遺伝子座を選択した(米国特許第7,951,925号を参照)。加えて、PPP1R12C(AAVS1)遺伝子座を同様に標的化した(米国特許出願公開第20080299580号を参照)。IDLVベクターを使用して、GFPコードドナーを細胞に形質導入し、上述の通りAd5/F35ベクターを使用して、CCR5特異的ZFNまたはAAVS1特異的ZFNを導入した。形質導入20日後にGFP発現を測定した。
次に、TCR−β特異的ZFNによる処理後に、TCRβ陰性であるジャーカット細胞のCCR5遺伝子座への標的化組込みのために、WT−1特異的TCR導入遺伝子構築物を使用した。標準技法を使用して、実施例1と同様のWT−1 TCR構築物を細胞にトランスフェクトした。
TCR特異的ZFNを構築して、TCRαおよび/またはTCRβ遺伝子のいずれかにおける二本鎖切断の部位特異的導入を可能にした。基本的にUrnovら(2005年)Nature 435巻(7042号):646〜651頁、Lombardoら(2007年)Nat Biotechnol. Nov;25巻(11号):1298〜306頁および米国特許出願公開第2008/0131962号に記載されている通りにZFNを設計し、プラスミドまたはIDLVベクターに組み入れた。例示的なZFNペアのための認識ヘリックスおよび標的配列を下表4および表5に示す。TCRジンクフィンガー設計の標的部位を第1の列に示す。ZFP認識ヘリックスによって接触される標的部位におけるヌクレオチドを大文字で示す;接触されないヌクレオチドは小文字で示す。
表4および表5に記載されているZFNを使用して、K562細胞におけるヌクレアーゼ活性を検査した。開裂活性を検査するために、上述のヒトTCR特異的ZFNのペアをコードするプラスミドをK562細胞にトランスフェクトした。アメリカ合衆国培養細胞系統保存機関(American Type Culture Collection)からK562細胞を入手して、10%認定ウシ胎仔血清(FBS、Cyclone)を補充したRPMI培地(Invitrogen)において、推奨される通りに育成した。トランスフェクションのため、百万個のK562細胞を、2μgのジンクフィンガーヌクレアーゼプラスミドおよび100μLのAmaxa溶液Vと混合した。プログラムT−16を使用して、Amaxa Nucleofector II(商標)において細胞をトランスフェクトし、1.4mLの温かいRPMI培地+10%FBSに回収した。
続いて、TCR−β特異的ZFNを実験において使用して、TCR遺伝子座を特異的に標的化した。ジャーカット細胞におけるTCR遺伝子座を破壊するよう初期実験を設計した。TCR−β特異的ZFNS、16783および16787をインテグラーゼ欠損レンチウイルスベクター(IDLV)に導入して、TRBC標的ZFNを一過的に発現させた。活性化48時間後に、ベクター調製物におけるHIV Gag p24の測定に基づき0.25μgまたは0.5μg用量のIDLVにより形質導入を行った。ベクター感染力は、293T細胞におけるベクターDNA力価測定(titration)による1〜5×104形質導入単位/ng p24に及んだ。次に、CD3マーカーの損失に関してFACS解析により細胞をアッセイし、抗CD3 MACS Microbeads(Miltenyi Biotec)によるLDカラムを使用して、メーカーの説明書に従ってCD3(−)細胞を濃縮した。
以前に内因性TCRが永続的に破壊された細胞におけるWT−1特異的TCRの導入
図1に記載されている通り、TCRβ特異的ZFNおよびWT1−TCRβ導入遺伝子のランダムな組み込みに使用したレンチウイルスによる処理後に、CD3(−)Tリンパ球を選別した(49.5±30%平均±SD形質導入効率、n=4)。よって、TCR−β編集細胞において、組み込まれたベクターから移入されたWT1−TCRの発現は、CD3の表面転位置をレスキューした(図8、第1の行)。
TCR鎖誤対合の可能性を排除するために、本出願人らは、TCRα鎖(TRAC)遺伝子の定常領域を標的とするZFNのペアを設計し(図6)、TCR−β編集のために記載されている同じプロトコールに従って、TCR−α編集Tリンパ球を得て(図12Aを参照)、TCR−β編集に関して記載されている同じプロトコールに従って、TCR−α編集Tリンパ球を得た(図12B、図12C、図13)。鎖破壊/置き換えの各ステップにおける操作された細胞の迅速単離を可能にする完全α/βTCR編集プロトコールを設計するために、本出願人らは、単一のαまたはβWT1特異的TCR鎖を保有するLVのセットを作製し、IDLVまたはアデノウイルスベクター(AdV)を使用して、リンパ球においてTRBCまたはTRAC標的ZFNを一過的に発現させた(十分なTCR編集のタイムラインおよび代表的フロー条件/結果に関して、図14を参照)。
In silico解析を使用して、Perezら(同書に)に記載されている通りに、TRACおよびTRBC特異的ZFNペアの両方のために、最も可能性が高い潜在的なオフターゲット開裂部位を同定した。ヘテロ二量体ZFNペアまたはホモ二量体ペアのいずれかのために最大10個の認識部位ミスマッチを含有した部位を同定したが、これらZFNペアのための最も可能性が高い潜在的なオフターゲット部位は全て、ZFNホモ二量体の標的であった。同定された最も可能性が高い潜在的なオフターゲット部位を、下表12(TRAC)および表13(TRBC)に示す。
基本的に米国特許第8,586,526号に記載されている通りに、TRACおよびTRBC特異的TALENを開発し、アセンブルした。カノニカルRVD−塩基一致(「TALEコード」:AはNI、CはHD、GはNN(半分の反復におけるNK)、TはNG)を使用して、塩基認識を達成した。米国特許第8,586,526号に記載されている通り、TALEN骨格内のTAL−エフェクターDNA結合ドメインの「+63」C−キャップ(C末端短縮)において、TALENを構築した。検査したTALENの標的および数的識別子を下表14に示す。
NY−ESO−1特異的TCR Vβ13(例えば、Robbinsら(2011年)J Clin Oncol 29巻(7号):917〜924頁を参照)によりT細胞を修飾し、操作されたTCRの発現をモニターした。本実験において、健康な志願者からTリンパ球を単離し、CD3およびCD28抗体コンジュゲートビーズにより活性化した。次に、Kanekoら(Blood(2009年)113巻(5号)1006頁)およびBondanzaら(Blood(2011年)117巻(24号)6469頁)における方法に従って、5ng/mL IL−7および5ng/mL IL−15の存在下で細胞を培養した。次に、次の3種のうち1種で細胞を処理した:群1は、NY−ESO1特異的HLA−A2制限αおよびβTCR鎖(TCR−PGK−NYESO1 LV)を含む第三世代双方向性レンチウイルスベクター(Amendolaら(2005年)Nat. Biotechnol 23巻:108〜116頁を参照)を形質導入して、TCR「移入」「TR」T細胞を作製した。群2は、LV形質導入に先立ち、TRACに特異的なZFNを含むアデノウイルス(実施例6を参照、ZFN25539および25540)で処理し、続いてCD3シグナルの損失に関して選別した。続いて、CD3neg細胞に、TCR−PGK−NYESO1 LVベクターを形質導入して、「単一編集」または「SE」細胞集団を作製した。群3は、先ず、上述の通りTRAC ZFNペア25539/25540を含むアデノウイルスで処理し、CD3シグナルに関して選別した。次に、CD3neg細胞に、NY−ESO−1 TCRα鎖を含むLVベクターを形質導入し、CD3シグナルに関して再度選別した。この事例において、次に、CD3pos細胞をbaCD3/CD28ビーズで刺激し、TRBC ZFNペア16787/16783を含むアデノウイルスに曝露し、CD3の表面転位置の非存在に関して細胞を選別した。次に、CD3neg細胞に、NY−ESO−1 TCRβ鎖を含むLVベクターを形質導入した。よって、群3は、いかなる内因性TCR複合体も持たずに、NY−ESO−1特異的TCRを独自に発現し、これを「完全編集」または「CE」集団と命名した。
3種のNY−ESO−1リダイレクトT細胞集団のアロ反応性潜在力を比較するために、照射された同種異系末梢血単核細胞(PBMC)に対する混合リンパ球反応(MLR)においてTCR移入(移入)、TCR単一編集(SE)およびTCR完全編集(CE)T細胞を別々に蒔いた。ドナーマッチPBMCおよびmock形質導入T細胞(UT)を対照として使用した。2サイクルの刺激(S1 10日間、S2 7日間)後に、同じ同種異系標的により得られたPHA細胞株に対し、また、自家細胞に対し、51Cr放出およびγ−インターフェロン(γ−IFN)Elispotアッセイにおいて、エフェクター細胞を検査した。
in vivoにおけるNY−ESO−1単一編集(SE)、完全編集(CE)およびTCR移入(移入)T細胞の有効性および安全性を比較するために、本出願人らは、亜致死的に照射されたNSGマウスにおける、多発性骨髄腫(MM)U266細胞株(HLA−A2+、NY−ESO−1+、hCD138+)の注射と、続くT細胞の投与に基づくマウスモデルを準備した。簡潔に説明すると、0日目に尾静脈を介して10×106個のU266細胞を注射した。3日目に、マウスに、次のいずれかを静脈内に与えた:PBS(U266)、または10×106個のNY−ESO−1移入、SE、CE T細胞、または対照としてドナーマッチしたPBMCもしくはドナーマッチしたmock形質導入T細胞(UT)。最後に、マウスの群に、U266によって発現されない(CEWT1)、WT1 126〜134ペプチドにリダイレクトされた、10×106個の完全編集T細胞を与えた。異種移植片対宿主病(GvHD)兆候に関してマウスを1週間に少なくとも3回モニターし、病理学的兆候が全くなければ、70日目までに屠殺した。マウスにおけるU266の生着に必要とされる長い時間のため、本出願人らは、70日目に屠殺された動物のみを抗腫瘍応答に評価可能と考慮した。全マウスをGvHD評価に評価可能と考慮した。
A.単一TCR編集
ヌクレアーゼメッセージのmRNAエレクトロポレーションによるTCR編集を次の通りに評価した。簡潔に説明すると、末梢血由来のヒトTリンパ球を抗CD3/CD28ビーズで刺激し、2日後にTRACまたはTRBC遺伝子に特異的なZFNペアをコードする減少用量のin vitro転写されたmRNAをエレクトロポレーションした。
上述の通り、末梢血由来のヒトTリンパ球を抗CD3/CD28ビーズで刺激し、2日後に、TRACおよびTRBC特異的ZFNペアの両方をコードするin vitro転写されたmRNAを同時エレクトロポレーションした。次に、解析を行って、共処理細胞のCD3陰性画分における完全TCR−アルファおよびTCR−ベータ編集細胞の量を定量化した。簡潔に説明すると、エレクトロポレーション5日後に、CD3陰性細胞を選別し、アルファまたはベータNY−ESO特異的TCR鎖およびレポート用遺伝子(それぞれLNGFRまたはGFP、図25Aに図式的に表する)をコードする双方向性レンチウイルスベクター(LV)を別々に形質導入した。単一アルファまたはベータ編集細胞の画分を、外因性TCRアルファまたはベータとの相補性によりCD3の表面発現を回復する形質導入細胞のパーセンテージとして測定した。次に、単一編集細胞の2種のパーセンテージを減算することにより、総CD3陰性集団における完全編集細胞の量を計算した。結果を図25Aに示し、TCR−アルファおよびTCR−ベータ遺伝子の両方において、完全編集細胞集団の40%が破壊されたことを実証する。
Claims (12)
- T細胞受容体(TCR)をコードする安定的に組み込まれた外因性配列を含む単離されたTリンパ球であって、前記細胞内の少なくとも1つの内因性TCR遺伝子が、ジンクフィンガーヌクレアーゼまたはTALENによって部分的にまたは完全に不活性化され、前記TALENが、TAL−エフェクターDNA結合ドメインおよび開裂ドメインを含み、さらに、前記TAL−エフェクターDNA結合ドメインが、野生型TAL−エフェクターDNAドメインと比較してC末端短縮を含む、単離されたTリンパ球。
- 前記内因性TCR遺伝子が、TCRαまたはTCRβ遺伝子である、請求項1に記載の単離されたTリンパ球。
- 前記ジンクフィンガーヌクレアーゼが、表5または表6の単一の行に示す認識ヘリックス領域を有するジンクフィンガータンパク質を含む、請求項1または2に記載の単離されたTリンパ球。
- 前記TALENが、配列番号144〜153からなる群から選択される標的配列に結合する、請求項1または2のいずれかに記載の単離されたTリンパ球。
- 前記ジンクフィンガーヌクレアーゼまたはTALENをコードするポリヌクレオチドが、インテグラーゼ欠損レンチウイルスベクター(IDLV)、AAV、プラスミドまたはmRNAを使用して前記細胞に導入される、請求項1〜4のいずれかに記載の単離されたTリンパ球。
- 前記外因性配列が、内因性TCR遺伝子、CCR5遺伝子またはAAVS1遺伝子に導入される、請求項1〜5のいずれかに記載の単離されたTリンパ球。
- 前記外因性配列が、腫瘍抗原特異的TCR導入遺伝子からなる群から選択され、前記TCR導入遺伝子が、TCRα導入遺伝子、TCRβ導入遺伝子およびこれらの組合せである、請求項1〜6のいずれかに記載の単離されたTリンパ球。
- 前記腫瘍抗原が、NY−ESO1を含む、請求項7に記載の単離されたTリンパ球。
- 請求項1〜8のいずれかに記載の単離されたTリンパ球を含む医薬組成物。
- 請求項1〜8のいずれかに記載のTリンパ球を生成する方法であって、
1種または複数のヌクレアーゼをコードする1種または複数のポリヌクレオチドを使用して、前記Tリンパ球における内因性TCR遺伝子を不活性化するステップであって、前記ヌクレアーゼが、前記内因性TCR遺伝子を開裂する、ステップと、
外因性配列を前記Tリンパ球のゲノムに安定的に組み込むステップと
を含む、方法。 - 前記外因性配列が、インテグラーゼ欠損レンチウイルスベクター(IDLV)、レトロウイルスベクター(RV)またはレンチウイルスベクター(LV)を使用して前記細胞に導入される、請求項10に記載の方法。
- がん、感染症、自己免疫性障害または移植片対宿主病(GVHD)の処置のための、請求項1〜8のいずれかに記載の単離されたTリンパ球の使用または請求項9に記載の医薬組成物の使用。
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US20140301990A1 (en) | 2014-10-09 |
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US10918668B2 (en) | 2021-02-16 |
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CA2906970A1 (en) | 2014-09-25 |
US9937207B2 (en) | 2018-04-10 |
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