JP2014132529A - 非水電解質二次電池 - Google Patents
非水電解質二次電池 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP2014132529A JP2014132529A JP2013000397A JP2013000397A JP2014132529A JP 2014132529 A JP2014132529 A JP 2014132529A JP 2013000397 A JP2013000397 A JP 2013000397A JP 2013000397 A JP2013000397 A JP 2013000397A JP 2014132529 A JP2014132529 A JP 2014132529A
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- Prior art keywords
- composite oxide
- lithium
- positive electrode
- negative electrode
- secondary battery
- Prior art date
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Abstract
【解決手段】 正極は、正極活物質およびバインダを含有する正極合剤層を、集電体の片面または両面に有する正極を備えており、正極合剤層は、遷移金属元素として特定量のニッケルを含むリチウム含有複合酸化物を正極活物質として含有し、かつフッ化ビニリデン−クロロトリフルオロエチレン共重合体をバインダとして含有しており、負極活物質を含有する負極合剤層を、集電体の片面または両面に有する負極を備えており、負極合剤層は、SiとOとを構成元素に含む材料(ただし、Siに対するOの原子比xは、0.5≦x≦1.5である)と、黒鉛質炭素材料とを負極活物質として含有していることを特徴とする非水電解質二次電池により、前記課題を解決する。
【選択図】 なし
Description
〔前記一般組成式(1)中、−0.3≦s≦0.3であり、M1は、少なくともNi、CoおよびMnを含む3種以上の元素群であり、M1を構成する各元素中で、Ni、CoおよびMnの割合(mol%)を、それぞれa、bおよびcとしたときに、30<a<65、5<b<35、15<c<50である。〕
〔前記一般組成式(2)中、−0.3≦y≦0.3、0.95≦z<1.0であり、M2は、Mg、Zr、AlおよびTiよりなる群から選択される少なくとも1種の元素である。〕
<リチウム複合酸化物の合成>
硫酸ニッケル、硫酸コバルト、硫酸マンガンおよび硫酸マグネシウムを、それぞれ、3.78mol/dm3、0.25mol/dm3、0.08mol/dm3、0.08mol/dm3の濃度で含有する混合水溶液を調製した。次に水酸化ナトリウムの添加によってpHを約12に調整したアンモニア水を反応容器に入れ、これを強攪拌しながら、この中に、前記混合水溶液と、25質量%濃度のアンモニア水とを、それぞれ、23cm3/分、6.6cm3/分の割合で、定量ポンプを用いて滴下して、NiとCoとMnとMgとの共沈化合物(球状の共沈化合物)を合成した。なお、この際、反応液の温度は50℃に保持し、また、反応液のpHが12付近に維持されるように、3mol/dm3濃度の水酸化ナトリウム水溶液の滴下も同時に行い、更に窒素ガスを1dm3/分の流量でバブリングした。
Co(OH)2とMg(OH)2とAl(OH)3とLi2CO3とをモル比で1.97:0.02:0.01:1.02になるように混合し、この混合物を大気中(酸素濃度が約20vol%)、950℃で12時間熱処理してリチウムコバルト複合酸化物(A)を合成し、その後乳鉢で粉砕して粉体とした。粉砕後のリチウムコバルト複合酸化物(A)は、デシケーター中で保存した。
Co(OH)2とMg(OH)2とAl(OH)3とZrO2とLi2CO3とをモル比で1.946:0.03:0.02:0.004:1.02になるように混合し、この混合物を大気中(酸素濃度が約20vol%)、950℃で12時間熱処理してリチウムコバルト複合酸化物(B)を合成し、その後乳鉢で粉砕して粉体とした。粉砕後のリチウムコバルト複合酸化物(B)は、デシケーター中で保存した。
前記リチウムコバルト複合酸化物(A)と前記リチウムコバルト複合酸化物(B)とを80:20の質量比で混合した混合物:74質量部と、前記リチウムニッケルコバルトマンガン複合酸化物:18質量部と、バインダであるVDF−CTFEを3質量%の濃度で含むNMP溶液:20質量部と、導電助剤である人造黒鉛:1.5質量部およびケッチェンブラック:1.5質量部とを、二軸混練機を用いて混練し、更にNMPを加えて粘度を調節して、正極合剤含有ペーストを調製した。
負極活物質である平均粒子径d50が8μmであるSiO表面を炭素材料で被覆した複合体(複合体における炭素材料の量が10質量%)と、平均粒子径D50%が16μmである黒鉛とを、SiO表面を炭素材料で被覆した複合体の量が3.75質量%となる量で混合した混合物:97.5質量部、バインダであるSBR:1.5質量部、および増粘剤であるカルボキシメチルセルロース:1質量部に、水を加えて混合し、負極合剤含有ペーストを調製した。
次に、前記の負極と前記の正極とを、微孔性ポリエチレンフィルム製のセパレータ(厚み18μm、空孔率50%)を介して重ね合わせてロール状に巻回した後、正負極に端子を溶接し、厚み49mm、幅42mm、高さ61mm(494261型)のアルミニウム合金製外装缶に挿入し、蓋を溶接して取り付けた。その後、蓋の注液口よりEC:DEC=3:7(体積比)にビニレンカーボネートを3質量%溶解させた溶液に、更にLiPF6を1mol%になるように溶解させて調製した非水電解液を容器内に注入し、密閉して、図1に示す構造で、図2に示す外観の角形非水二次電池を得た。
<リチウムニッケルコバルトマンガン複合酸化物の合成>
水酸化ナトリウムの添加によってpHを約12に調整したアンモニア水を反応容器に入れ、これを強攪拌しながら、この中に、硫酸ニッケル、硫酸コバルトおよび硫酸マンガンを、それぞれ、2.0mol/dm3、0.8mol/dm3、1.2mol/dm3の濃度で含有する混合水溶液と、25質量%濃度のアンモニア水とを、それぞれ、23cm3/分、6.6cm3/分の割合で、定量ポンプを用いて滴下して、NiとCoとMnとの共沈化合物(球状の共沈化合物)を合成した。なお、この際、反応液の温度は50℃に保持し、また、反応液のpHが12付近に維持されるように、6.4mol/dm3濃度の水酸化ナトリウム水溶液の滴下も同時に行い、更に窒素ガスを1dm3/分の流量でバブリングした。
バインダをPVDFに変更した以外は実施例1と同様にして正極を作製し、この正極を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして非水電解質二次電池を作製した。
バインダをPVDFに変更した以外は実施例2と同様にして正極を作製し、この正極を用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして非水電解質二次電池を作製した。
実施例および比較例の各電池について、初回充放電後に、常温(25℃)で、1Cの定電流で4.35Vに達するまで充電し、その後4.35Vの定電圧で充電する定電流−定電圧充電(総充電時間:2.5時間)を行い、その後0.2Cの定電流放電(放電終止電圧:3.0V)を行って、得られた放電容量(mAh)を電池容量とした。
実施例および比較例の各電池について、初回充放電後に、電池容量の測定と同じ条件の充電および放電の一連の操作を1サイクルとして充放電を1000サイクル繰り返し、200サイクル目、400サイクル目、600サイクル目、800サイクル目および1000サイクル目での放電容量を測定し、各放電容量を1サイクル目に得られた放電容量で除した値を百分率で表すことで、容量維持率を求めた。この容量維持率の値が大きいほど、電池の充放電サイクル特性が良好であることを意味している。
実施例および比較例の各電池について、初回充放電後に、電池容量の測定と同じ条件で充電した。充電した後、電池外装缶の厚さT1を予め測定しておき、その後、電池を60℃に設定した恒温槽内で所定時間貯蔵してから、恒温槽から取り出して、常温で1分間放置後に、再び電池外装缶の厚みT2を測定した。なお、本試験でいう電池外装缶厚みとは、外装缶の側面部の幅広面間の厚みを意味する。電池外装缶の厚み測定は、ノギス(ミツトヨ社製「CD−15CX」)を用い、幅広面の中央部を測定対象として、100分の1mm単位で計測した。なお、恒温槽内での貯蔵日数は、1日、10日、20日、40日、60日および80日とし、それぞれ別の電池について、各貯蔵日数を経過した後の電池外装缶の厚みT2を測定した。
電池膨れ(%)=100×(T2−T1)/(T1)
2 負極
3 セパレータ
Claims (9)
- 正極、負極、非水電解質およびセパレータを有する非水電解質二次電池であって、
前記正極は、正極活物質およびバインダを含有する正極合剤層を、集電体の片面または両面に有するものであり、
前記正極合剤層は、遷移金属元素としてニッケルを含むリチウム含有複合酸化物を正極活物質として含有し、かつフッ化ビニリデン−クロロトリフルオロエチレン共重合体をバインダとして含有しており、
前記遷移金属元素としてニッケルを含むリチウム含有複合酸化物は、全遷移金属元素の量を100mol%としたときに、ニッケルの割合a(mol%)が、30≦a≦100であり、
前記負極は、負極活物質を含有する負極合剤層を、集電体の片面または両面に有するものであり、
前記負極合剤層は、SiとOとを構成元素に含む材料(ただし、Siに対するOの原子比xは、0.5≦x≦1.5である)と、黒鉛質炭素材料とを負極活物質として含有していることを特徴とする非水電解質二次電池。 - 正極の正極合剤層は、遷移金属元素としてニッケルを含むリチウム含有複合酸化物として、リチウムニッケルコバルトマンガン複合酸化物を含有している請求項1に記載の非水電解質二次電池。
- リチウムニッケルコバルトマンガン複合酸化物は、下記一般組成式(1)
Li1+sM1O2 (1)
〔前記一般組成式(1)中、−0.3≦s≦0.3であり、M1は、少なくともNi、CoおよびMnを含む3種以上の元素群であり、M1を構成する各元素中で、Ni、CoおよびMnの割合(mol%)を、それぞれa、bおよびcとしたときに、30<a<65、5<b<35、15<c<50である〕で表されるものである請求項2に記載の非水電解質二次電池。 - 正極の正極合剤層は、リチウムニッケルコバルトマンガン複合酸化物と共に、リチウム、ニッケル、コバルトおよびマンガン以外の異種金属元素を含有するリチウムコバルト複合酸化物を含有しており、
前記リチウムコバルト複合酸化物には、平均粒子径A(μm)が10μmを超え30μm以下のリチウムコバルト複合酸化物(A)と、平均粒子径B(μm)が1μm以上10μm以下のリチウムコバルト複合酸化物(B)とを、A−B≧5の関係を満たすように使用し、
前記リチウムコバルト複合酸化物(B)におけるコバルトと異種金属元素との合計量中の異種金属元素の割合が、前記リチウムコバルト複合酸化物(A)におけるコバルトと異種金属元素との合計量中の異種金属元素の割合よりも大きく、
正極活物質として使用したリチウムニッケルコバルトマンガン複合酸化物の平均粒子径をC(μm)としたとき、C>Bである請求項2または3に記載の非水電解質二次電池。 - リチウムコバルト複合酸化物(A)の平均粒子径A(μm)と、リチウムコバルト複合酸化物(B)の平均粒子径B(μm)と、リチウムニッケルコバルトマンガン複合酸化物の平均粒子径C(μm)とが、A≧C>Bの関係を満たしている請求項4に記載の非水電解質二次電池。
- リチウムコバルト複合酸化物(A)およびリチウムコバルト複合酸化物(B)は、下記一般組成式(2)
Li1+yCozM2 1−zO2 (2)
〔前記一般組成式(2)中、−0.3≦y≦0.3、0.95≦z<1.0であり、M2は、Mg、Zr、AlおよびTiよりなる群から選択される少なくとも1種の元素である〕で表されるものである請求項4または5に記載の非水電解質二次電池。 - 前記一般組成式(2)におけるM2が、Mgおよび/またはZrである請求項6に記載の非水電解質二次電池。
- 正極合剤層に使用したリチウムコバルト複合酸化物(A)とリチウムコバルト複合酸化物(B)との合計を100質量%としたとき、リチウムコバルト複合酸化物(A)の含有率が、50質量%以上である請求項4〜7のいずれかに記載の非水電解質二次電池。
- 正極合剤層に使用したリチウムコバルト複合酸化物(A)とリチウムコバルト複合酸化物(B)とリチウムニッケルコバルトマンガン複合酸化物との合計を100質量%としたとき、リチウムニッケルコバルトマンガン複合酸化物の含有率が、15質量%以上45質量%以下である請求項4〜8のいずれかに記載の非水電解質二次電池。
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