JP2013518586A - 遺伝子操作された切断ハーフドメイン - Google Patents
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Abstract
【選択図】図1
Description
本出願は、2010年2月8日出願の米国特許仮出願第61/337,769号、および2010年9月23日出願の同第61/403,916号の利益を主張し、これらの開示の全内容は参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。
適用なし。
本開示は、ポリペプチドおよびゲノム工学、ならびに相同組み換えの分野にある。
人工的ヌクレアーゼ、例えば、ゲノムDNAの標的化切断のためのジンクフィンガーヌクレアーゼ(ジンクフィンガードメインと切断ドメインとの融合)が記載されている。このような標的化切断事象は、例えば、標的化突然変異を誘導するため、細胞DNA配列の標的化欠失を誘導するため、ならびに所定の染色体遺伝子座での標的化組み換えを容易にするために用いられ得る。例えば、これらの開示が全ての目的のために全内容が参照により組み込まれる、米国特許出願公開第20030232410号;同第20050208489号;同第20050026157号;同第20050064474号;同第20060188987号;同第20060063231号;および国際公開第07/014275号を参照のこと。
本開示は、野性型切断ドメインおよび/または以前に記載された遺伝子操作された切断ハーフドメインと比較して増強された活性および特異性を示す遺伝子操作された切断ハーフドメインを提供する。また記載されるのは、これらの遺伝子操作された切断ハーフドメインを含む複合体(例えば、ヘテロ二量体)および融合タンパク質である。本開示はまた、目的の領域における細胞クロマチンの標的化切断のためのこれらの組成物、および/または相同組み換えを細胞の目的の所定の領域で用いる方法を提供する。
(a)EL−S:S418P:K441E:Q486E:I499L
(b)KK−S:S418P:K441E:E490K:I538K
(c)ELD−S:S418P:K441E:Q486E:N496D:I499L
(d)KKK−S:S418P:K441E:E490K:H537K:I538K
(e)KKR−S:S418P:K441E:E490K:H537R:I538K
(f)DA−S:S418P:K441E:R487D:I499A
(g)RV−S:S418P:K441E:D483R:I538V
(h)DAD−S:S418P:K441E:R487D:N496D:I499A
(i)RVR−S:S418P:K441E:D483R:H537R:I538V
(j)DD−S:S418P:K441E:R487D:N496D
(k)RR−S:S418P:K441E:D483R:H537R。
本明細書に開示されるのは、例えば、標的化切断に続く非相同的な末端結合による、または標的化切断に続く外因性ポリペプチド(細胞ヌクレオチド配列と相同性の1つ以上の領域を含む)とゲノム配列との間の相同組み換えによる、細胞クロマチンの標的化切断のためにおよび細胞ヌクレオチド配列の標的化変更のために有用な、遺伝子操作された切断ハーフドメインおよびこれらの遺伝子操作された切断ハーフドメインを含む融合ポリペプチドである。
本明細書で開示される、方法の実践、ならびに組成物の調製および使用は、別段示さない限り、分子生物学、生化学、クロマチン構造および分析、計算化学、細胞培養、組み換えDNA、および関連分野における従来の技術を、当該技術分野の範囲内であるものとして使用する。これらの技術は、文献に詳細に説明されている。例えば、Sambrookら、MOLECULAR CLONING:A LABORATORY MANUAL,第2版,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press,1989および第3版,2001;Ausubelら、CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY,John Wiley&Sons,New York,1987および定期改訂版;METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGYシリーズ,Academic Press,San Diego;Wolffe,CHROMATIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION,第3版,Academic Press,San Diego,1998;METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY,Vol.304,「Chromatin」(P.M.WassarmanおよびA.P.Wolffe,編集),Academic Press,San Diego,1999、ならびにMETHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY,Vol.119,「Chromatin Protocols」(P.B.Becker,編集)Humana Press,Totowa,1999を参照のこと。
「核酸」「ポリヌクレオチド」、および「オリゴヌクレオチド」という用語は、互換的に使用され、線状または環状の高次構造で、一本鎖または二本鎖形態の、デオキシリボヌクレオチドまたはリボヌクレオチドポリマーを指す。本開示の目的に関しては、これらの用語をポリマーの長さに関する限定と解釈すべきではない。この用語は、天然ヌクレオチドの公知のアナログ、ならびに塩基、糖、および/またはリン酸部分(例えば、ホスホロチオエート主鎖)内で改変されるヌクレオチドを包含し得る。一般に、特定ヌクレオチドのアナログは、同一の塩基対形成特異性を有し、すなわち、Aのアナログは、Tと塩基対を形成する。
ホモ二量体化を最小化または妨げる、遺伝子操作された切断ハーフドメイン(二量体化ドメイン変異体とも呼ばれる)は、参照によりそれらの全内容が本明細書に組み込まれる、例えば米国特許出願公開第20050064474;同第20060188987号および米国特許出願公開第2008/0131962号に記載されている。FokIの446、447、479、483、484、486、487、490、491、496、498、499、500、531、534、537、および538位のアミノ酸残基は全て、FokI切断ハーフドメインの二量体化に影響を与えるための標的である。FokIタンパク質におけるアミノ酸残基のナンバリングは、Wahら(1998)Proc.Nat’l Acad Sci USA 95:10654〜10569による。
(a)EL−S:S418P:K441E:Q486E:I499L
(b)KK−S:S418P:K441E:E490K:I538K
(c)ELD−S:S418P:K441E:Q486E:N496D:I499L
(d)KKK−S:S418P:K441E:E490K:H537K:I538K
(e)KKR−S:S418P:K441E:E490K:H537R:I538K
(f)DA−S:S418P:K441E:R487D:I499A
(g)RV−S:S418P:K441E:D483R:I538V
(h)DAD−S:S418P:K441E:R487D:N496D:I499A
(i)RVR−S:S418P:K441E:D483R:H537R:I538V
(j)DD−S:S418P:K441E:R487D:N496D
(k)RR−S:S418P:K441E:D483R:H537R。
本明細書に記載される遺伝子操作された切断ハーフドメインは、任意の細胞における切断について部位を特異的に標的化するDNA結合タンパク質との融合タンパク質で有利に用いられる。
開示される切断ドメインは、DNAを切断し、オフターゲット部位切断を最小化する(野性型を含むDNA結合ドメインまたはホモ二量体化切断ドメインに比較して)ために、ジンクフィンガータンパク質またはTAL結合ドメイン(それぞれ、ZFNまたはTALENを生じる)などのDNA結合ドメインと組み合わせて有利に用いられる。切断は、細胞のクロマチンにおける目的の1つ以上の領域で(例えば、変異体または野生型のいずれかの遺伝子における、例えば、ゲノムにおける所望の部位または所定の部位で)であってもよく;ゲノム配列(例えば、細胞クロマチンの目的の領域)を相同な非同一配列で置き換えるためであってもよく(すなわち、標的化組み換え);ゲノム中の1つ以上の部位でDNAを切断することによってゲノム配列を欠失して、この切断部位を次に非相同末端結合(NHEJ)によって連結するためであってもよく;相同組み換えを容易にする細胞因子を選択するためであってもよく;および/または野性型配列を変異体配列で置き換えるため、もしくはある対立遺伝子を異なる対立遺伝子に変換するためであってもよい。このような方法は、詳細には、本明細書にその全体が参照により組み込まれる、例えば、米国特許出願公開第20050064474号;国際公開第07/014275号に記載される。
「実施例」
CCR5、53BP1、GR、KDR、RIPK1、CXCR4およびPD−1に標的化されたZFNは、本質的に、Urnovら、(2005)Nature 435(7042):646−651,Perezら、(2008)Nature Biotechnology 26(7):808−816、および米国特許出願公開第2008/0131962号に記載のとおり、設計して、プラスミドベクター中に組み込むか、またはSigma Aldrichから入手した。これらのZFNを構築して、Millerら.(2007)Nat.Biotechnol.25:778−785および米国特許出願公開第20050064474および国際公開第2005/014791号に記載のようにELISAおよびSurveyor(商標)(Transgenomics)Cel−1アッセイ(「Cel−1」)によって試験した。さらに、GRに標的化されるZFNについては、米国特許出願公開第2008/0188000号、およびPD−1に標的化されるZFNに関しては米国特許仮出願第61/281,432号、CCR5特異的なZFNに関しては米国特許出願公開第:2008/0159996号、およびCXCR4−特異的なZFNに関しては、米国特許出願第12/661,539号を参照のこと。
モデル系としてSaccharomyces cerevisiaeを用いて、本発明者らは、低温で極めて低減されるが、高温では十分な切断活性を有する低温感受性の表現型を示すZFN変異体を単離した。低温変異体が特に興味深い。なぜなら、歴史的に、それらは、多量体タンパク質複合体のサブユニットをコードする遺伝子中に存在することが示されているからである。これらの変異体は、低温でタンパク質−タンパク質の相互作用に優先的に影響する。従って、このクラスの変異体を単離することによって、二量体化インターフェース内で重要な残基を特定する空でない(non−null)変異が明らかになった。
Millerら.(2007)Nat.Biotech.25(7):778−85に記載のZFN構造モデルを用いて、本発明者らは、実施例2で試験した変異体の位置をマッピングして、変異した残基のうち2つ(N496およびH537)が二量体の境界上でお互いに面しており、近接して見出されることを見出した。これらの変異体のモデル化によってまた、H537RおよびN496D変異が塩架橋を形成して、二量体化境界を強くする可能性が高いことが示された。表4は、試験した種々の変異体の命名法を示す。
新規な変異体をまた、強制されたホモ二量体としてDNAを能動的に切断する能力について試験した。これらのアッセイでは、ジンクフィンガー結合ドメインを、対の両方のメンバーで同じであるFokI切断ドメインに融合する。従って、任意の活性を観察するために、FokIドメインは、それ自体とホモ二量体化しなければならない(「強制されたホモ二量体化」)。CCR5−標的化ZFNの強制されたホモ二量体化は、K562細胞におけるFokI改変体のヌクレオフェクション(図6を参照のこと)によってアッセイし、Cel−1アッセイを用いて、CCR5ヘテロ二量体標的、CCR5−L ZFNホモ二量体(ABLIM2)、およびCCR5−Rホモ二量体(PGC)オフターゲット部位でのZFN誘導性のインデルの頻度を決定した。これらの実験のために、変異をCCR5−特異的な8266および8196zの対で作製し、次いで試験した。従って、「WT」と表示したレーンでは、8266/8196z対を用いた。次いで、試験した各々の変異体対について、示した変異と同様の対を作製し、そのためEL:ELレーンは、8266−ELおよび8196z−ELなどを含む対を示す。
この構築物をまた、初代細胞で試験した。示した変異を含む漸減量のCCR5−標的化ZFN構築物を、Perezら、(同書)に記載のようにPBMC中にヌクレオフェクトした。この細胞を、トランスフェクション3日後に回収して、Cel−1アッセイを用いてZFN誘導性のインデルの頻度を決定した。図10Aからわかるとおり、ELD:KKKおよびELD:KKR変異体は、低濃度でさえこれらの細胞中で完全に活性であった。同様の研究をPD−1に対して標的化したZFNで行って、図10Bに示す。遺伝子操作されたハーフドメイン構築物は、PD−1−特異的なZFNの3つの対で作製し、ここでは対Aは対12942と12974とから構成され、対Bは対12942と25016とから構成されるが、対Cは、対12942と25029とから構成される(米国特許仮出願第61/281,432を参照のこと)。その結果は、図10Bにグラフ形式で示しており、これによって、ELD:KKRおよびELD:KKK変異体が、WT対およびEL:KK対の両方に比べて優れた活性を有したことが示される。
EL:KKおよびELD:KKR FokI変異体ZFNをまた、標的化組み込み(TI)を促進するのにおけるそれらの使用について比較した。この実験については、新規なBamHI制限部位を含むドナー核酸を作製した。首尾よいTIの後、ZFN標的部位を囲む領域をPCRによって増幅し、次いでPCR産物をBamHI制限に供して、新規に導入された制限部位を切断した。ドナーDNAの配列を下に示す:
GR−特異的なおよびCCR5−特異的なZFNバックグラウンドの両方において、FokI変異を含むZFNの対を構築した。次いで、これらを、上記の様に、K562細胞でのそれらの内因性の標的に対して試験して、上記のように、Cel−Iミスマッチアッセイを用いて切断活性についてアッセイした。実験の各々の設定では、ZFNをコードする80ngのDNAを、ヌクレオフェクション工程に用いた。形質導入後3日で、Cel−Iアッセイを行って、結果を図12に示しており、これは、GR−特異的な切断およびCCR5−特異的な切断の結果を示している。このデータによって、DA:RVFokIの対は、EL:KK、ELD:KKKおよびELD:KKRの対よりもかなり少ない活性を示したことが示される。しかし、EA:KVの対は、このアッセイで活性を示した。
次いで、DA:RV FokI変異体を検査して、それらを他のFokI変異と組み合わせることによってそれらの活性を増大することが可能か否かを確認した。従って、DA:RV対を、N496DおよびH537R変異を含むように作製して、DAD:RVRの対を得た。これらの変異体を含むCCR5−特異的なおよびCXCR4−特異的な対についてのCel−I活性のアッセイ結果を、図14に示す。実験は、一形質転換あたり80ngのプラスミドを用いて、前に記載のとおり行った。図からわかるとおり、N496DおよびH537R変異の付加によって切断活性は増大した。同様の結果がまた、GR−特異的なZFNバックグラウンドにおけるこれらの変異を用いて見出された(図14)。
ゲノム内の2つの標的部位で同時切断を行うことが所望され得る。追加された特異性に関しては、所望の遺伝子座で切断するZFN対のみが生産的に二量体化することが可能で、その結果活性な対が所望の特異性を有する場合が最高であろう。この目的を達成するために、対は、ホモ二量体化するか、またはトランスヘテロ二量体化して活性な対を作成できてはならない。言い換えれば、標的1がZFN対A+Bによって切断され、そして、標的2がZFN対X+Yによって切断される場合、A+A(ホモ二量体)、A+XおよびA+Y(トランスヘテロ二量体)の対形成は、例えば、望ましくない。従って、CCR5およびCXCR4に特異的なELD/KKR+DAD/RVR対を、CCR5−特異的なELDハーフ切断ドメインが、CXCR5−特異的なDADまたはCXCR4−特異的なRVRハーフドメインのいずれかとトランスヘテロ二量体化できないという期待とあわせて試験した。さらに、ELD/KKR対の改変体を作製し、その結果、ELD変異体の496位のD変異およびKKRの537位のR変異体は交換されて、REL/DKK対(H537R+Q486E+I499L/N496D+E490K+I538K)が形成された。さらに、CCR5およびCXCR4に特異的なELD/KKR+DD/RR対もまた一緒に試験した。
FokI変異体の設定は、記載されており、これは、Sharkey(S418P+K441E)およびSharkey’(S418P+F432L+K441E+Q481H+H523Y+N527D+K559Q)FokI変異体として公知であり、DNA切断の効率を向上すると考えられる(see Guoら,(同書))。従って、Sharkey変異体を、本明細書に記載の種々のFokI変異体と組み合わせて試験して、切断活性が、Sharkey変異の存在によってさらに増強され得るか否かを確認した。変異体組み合わせは、GR−特異的なおよびKDR−特異的なZFNバックグラウンドで行い、上記のようなCel−Iアッセイを用いて切断活性について試験した。結果は、図18に示し、これによって、変異の活性が付加であると思われることが示される。例えば、3日目のパネルでのレーン10および11とレーン12および13との比較によって、検出されたNHEJ活性(インデル)が、ELD/KKR GR−特異的な対についての11〜12からELD−S/KKR−S対についての20%インデルまでいったことが示される。同様に、3日目のKDR特異的なZFNについてレーン10および11とレーン12および13の比較は、検出可能な約26〜28%インデルから検出可能な48〜50%インデルまでいった。
D:R FokI変異体(R487D:D483R)(例えば、米国特許出願公開第2008/0131962号および同第2009/0305346号を参照のこと)を検査して、それらを他のFokI変異と組み合わせることによってそれらの活性の増大が可能になるか否かを確認した。要するに、N496DおよびH537R変異を含み、上記で記載されるように行われるDD:RR対およびCel−Iアッセイを生じるようにD:Rの対を作製した。
Claims (15)
- 遺伝子操作されたFokI切断ハーフドメインを含むポリペプチドであって、前記遺伝子操作された切断ハーフドメインが:アミノ酸残基486、499および496における変異;アミノ酸残基487および496における変異;アミノ酸残基487、499、および496における変異;アミノ酸残基483および537における変異;アミノ酸残基490および537における変異;アミノ酸残基490、537および538における変異;アミノ酸残基483および538における変異;アミノ酸残基487、499および496における変異;ならびにアミノ酸残基483、538および537における変異からなる群より選択される変異を含み、前記アミノ酸残基は、全長野性型FokIに対してナンバリングされている、ポリペプチド。
- 請求項1に記載のポリペプチドであって、前記遺伝子操作された切断ハーフドメインが、486位で前記野性型Gln(Q)残基が、Glu(E)残基で置き換えられ、499位で野性型Iso(I)残基が、Leu(L)残基で置き換えられ、そして496位で野性型Asn(N)残基がAsp(D)またはGlu(E)残基で置き換えられている、ポリペプチドを含む、ポリペプチド。
- 請求項1に記載のポリペプチドであって、前記遺伝子操作された切断ハーフドメインが、490位で野性型Glu(E)残基がLys(K)残基で置き換えられ、538位で野性型Iso(I)残基がLys(K)残基で置き換えられ、そして537位で野性型His(H)残基がLys(K)残基またはArg(R)残基で置き換えられているポリペプチドを含む、ポリペプチド。
- 請求項1に記載のポリペプチドであって、前記遺伝子操作された切断ハーフドメインが、490位で野性型Glu(E)残基がLys(K)残基で置き換えられ、537位で野性型His(H)残基がLys(K)残基またはArg(R)残基で置き換えられている、ポリペプチドを含む、ポリペプチド。
- 請求項1に記載のポリペプチドであって、前記遺伝子操作された切断ハーフドメインが、487位で野性型Arg(R)残基がAsp(D)残基で置き換えられ、そして496位で野性型Asn(N)残基がAsp(D)残基で置き換えられる、ポリペプチドを含む、ポリペプチド。
- さらに、前記499位で野性型Ile(I)残基がAla(A)で置き換えられる、請求項5に記載のポリペプチド。
- 請求項1に記載のポリペプチドであって、前記遺伝子操作された切断ハーフドメインが、483位で野性型Asp(D)残基がArg(R)残基で置き換えられているポリペプチドを含み、前記ポリペプチドが:
(i)538位の野性型Ile(I)残基がVal(V)残基で置き換えられている変異と;
(ii)537位の野性型His(H)残基がArg(R)残基で置き換えられている変異と;
(ii)(i)および(ii)の組み合わせと
からなる群より選択される少なくとも1つの追加の変異を含む、ポリペプチド。 - 請求項1に記載のポリペプチドであって、418、432、441、481、483、486、487、490、496、499、523、527、537、538および559位のうちの1つ以上で追加のアミノ酸変異をさらに含んでいる、ポリペプチド。
- 請求項1〜8のいずれかに記載の第一の遺伝子操作された切断ハーフドメインと、第二の遺伝子操作された切断ハーフドメインとを含むヘテロ二量体。
- ジンクフィンガーDNA結合ドメインをさらに含む、請求項1〜8のいずれかに記載のポリペプチド。
- 請求項1〜8または10のいずれかに記載のポリペプチドをコードするポリヌクレオチド。
- 請求項11に記載のポリヌクレオチドまたは請求項1〜8もしくは10のいずれかに記載のポリペプチドを含む単離された細胞。
- 目的の領域においてゲノム細胞クロマチンを切断するための方法であって、前記方法は:
(a)目的の領域において第一のヌクレオチド配列を選択することと;
(b)第一のジンクフィンガー結合ドメインが第一の配列に結合するように遺伝子操作することと;
(c)細胞中で第一の融合タンパク質を発現することであって、前記第一の融合タンパク質は、遺伝子操作されたジンクフィンガー結合ドメインおよび請求項1〜8のいずれかに記載の遺伝子操作された切断ハーフドメインを含むことと;
(d)細胞中で第二の融合タンパク質を発現することであって、前記第二の融合タンパク質が第二のヌクレオチド配列に結合するように遺伝子操作された第二のジンクフィンガー結合ドメインと第二の遺伝子操作された切断ハーフドメインとを含むことと;
を含み、
前記第一の融合タンパク質は、第一のヌクレオチド配列に結合し、第二の融合タンパク質は、第一のヌクレオチド配列から2ヌクレオチドと50ヌクレオチドとの間に位置する第二のヌクレオチド配列に結合し、前記第一および第二の遺伝子操作された切断ドメインが目的の領域で細胞クロマチンを切断するヘテロ二量体を形成する、方法。 - 請求項13に記載の方法であって、前記細胞と第三のヌクレオチド配列を含むポリヌクレオチドとを接触させることをさらに包含し、ここで前記第三のヌクレオチド配列が前記第一のヌクレオチド配列と相同であるが同一ではなく;前記目的の領域内の細胞のクロマチンの切断は、第一のヌクレオチド配列と第三のヌクレオチド配列との間の相同組み換えを容易にし、それによって第一のヌクレオチド配列の変更を生じる、方法。
- ゲノム細胞クロマチンにおける少なくとも2つの標的部位を切断する方法であって、前記方法は:
ゲノム細胞クロマチンにおける少なくとも第一および第二の標的部位を切断する工程であって、ここで各々の標的部位が一対のジンクフィンガーヌクレアーゼを用いて切断され、さらにここで各々のジンクフィンガーヌクレアーゼが、請求項1〜8のいずれかに記載の遺伝子操作されたFokI切断ドメインを含む工程を含む、方法。
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