JP7108608B2 - 造血幹細胞および前駆細胞におけるscid関連遺伝子の遺伝子修正 - Google Patents
造血幹細胞および前駆細胞におけるscid関連遺伝子の遺伝子修正 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本出願は、2016年10月31日に出願された米国仮出願第62/415,056号(この開示は、その全体が参考として本明細書に援用される)の利益を主張する。
この目的で、研究者らは、造血幹細胞および前駆細胞(HSPC)における、ZFN切断、ならびにそれに続くIDLVにより送達される修正用IL2RG cDNAのTIのために、内因性IL2RG遺伝子座のエクソン5を標的化した。たとえば、米国特許第7,888,121号および同第7,951,925号、Lombardoら(2007年)、Nat Biotech、25巻(11号):1298~306頁;Genoveseら、(2014年)、Nature、510巻(7504号):235~40頁を参照されたい。しかしながら、これらの方法は、導入遺伝子を、エクソンの中央に導入することにより、導入された導入遺伝子の上流において、部分的に転写される領域が生じ、これにより、導入された修正用遺伝子の活性が妨害され得るという点で、潜在的な欠点を有し得る。さらに、送達されたエピソーム性導入遺伝子は、別のウイルス性インテグラーゼが細胞内に存在している場合、依然としてランダムにゲノムに組み込まれる可能性がある。免疫抑制患者(すべてのX-SCID患者など)は、内因性レトロウイルスの活性化を有する場合があり、したがって、HIV陽性でもある患者は、X-SCID処置のためのウイルス送達される遺伝子療法を受けないようになっている。IL2RGおよびRAGを標的とするヌクレアーゼはまた、20160030477に記載されている。
しかしながら、SCIDの処置および/または予防のためのIL2RG遺伝子修正およびドナー送達の追加の方法および組成物に対する必要性が残っている。
本明細書に開示される方法の実施、ならびに組成物の調製および使用は、別途示されない限り、分子生物学、生化学、クロマチン構造および分析、コンピュータ化学、細胞培養、組換えDNA、ならびに関連する分野における当業者の技能の範囲内の従来の技法を用いる。これらの技法は、文献において詳細に説明されている。たとえば、Sambrookら、MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL、第2版、Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press、1989年、および第3版2001年;Ausubelら、CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY、John Wiley & Sons、New York、1987年および定期的なアップデート;METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGYシリーズ、Academic Press、San Diego;Wolffe、CHROMATIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION、第3版、Academic Press、San Diego、1998年;METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY、第304巻、「Chromatin」(P.M. WassarmanおよびA. P. Wolffe編)、Academic Press、San Diego、1999年;およびMETHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY、119巻、「Chromatin Protocols」(P.B. Becker編)、Humana Press、Totowa、1999年を参照されたい。
「核酸」、「ポリヌクレオチド」、および「オリゴヌクレオチド」という用語は、互換可能に使用され、直鎖状または環状のコンフォメーション、ならびに一本鎖または二本鎖のいずれかの形態のデオキシリボヌクレオチドまたはリボヌクレオチドポリマーを指す。本開示の目的で、これらの用語は、ポリマーの長さに関する制限として解釈されるものではない。これらの用語は、天然のヌクレオチドの公知の類似体、ならびに塩基、糖、および/またはリン酸部分(たとえば、ホスホロチオエート骨格)に修飾が行われているヌクレオチドを包含し得る。一般に、特定のヌクレオチドの類似体は、同じ塩基対合特異性を有する、すなわち、Aの類似体は、Tと塩基対を形成する。
細胞における選択された標的遺伝子(たとえば、IL2RG)の切断に有用な組成物、たとえば、ヌクレアーゼが、本明細書に記載される。ある特定の実施形態では、融合分子(たとえば、ヌクレアーゼ)のうちの1つまたは複数の構成要素は、天然に存在する。他の実施形態では、融合分子(たとえば、ヌクレアーゼ)の構成要素のうちの1つまたは複数は、天然に存在しない、すなわち、DNA結合分子および/または切断ドメインにおいて、操作されている。たとえば、天然に存在するヌクレアーゼのDNA結合部分を、選択された標的部位に結合するように改変してもよい(たとえば、同族結合部位とは異なる部位に結合するように操作されている、CRISPR/Cas系またはメガヌクレアーゼの一本鎖ガイドRNA)。他の実施形態では、ヌクレアーゼは、異種DNA結合ドメインおよび切断ドメインを含む(たとえば、異種切断ドメインを有する亜鉛フィンガーヌクレアーゼ;TALエフェクタードメインDNA結合タンパク質;メガヌクレアーゼDNA結合ドメイン)。したがって、少なくとも1つのZFN、TALEN、メガヌクレアーゼ、CRISPR/Casヌクレアーゼなどを含むがこれらに限定されない、標的(たとえば、IL2RG、RAGなど)遺伝子を切断し、その切断が、標的遺伝子のゲノム修飾(たとえば、切断された遺伝子への挿入および/または欠失)をもたらす、任意のヌクレアーゼを、本発明の実施に使用することができる。
本明細書に記載される融合分子は、タンパク質ドメインおよび/またはポリヌクレオチドDNA結合ドメインを含む、任意のDNA結合分子(DNA結合ドメインとも称される)を含み得る。ある特定の実施形態では、DNA結合ドメインは、配列番号1または配列番号2の9~12個の連続したヌクレオチドを含む配列に結合する。
任意の好適な切断ドメインを、DNA結合ドメインに動作可能に連結して、ヌクレアーゼを形成することができる。たとえば、ZFP DNA結合ドメインが、ヌクレアーゼドメインに融合されて、ZFNが作製されており、ZFNは、その操作された(ZFP)DNA結合ドメインを通じてその意図される核酸標的を認識し、ヌクレアーゼ活性を介してDNAをZFP結合部位の近傍で切断させることができる機能性実体であり、これには、様々な生物におけるゲノム修飾での使用が含まれる。たとえば、米国特許公開第7,888,121号、同第8,623,618号、同第7,888,121号、同第7,914,796号、および同第8,034,598号、並び米国公開第20110201055号を参照されたい。同様に、TALE DNA結合ドメインが、ヌクレアーゼドメインに融合されて、TALENが作製されている。たとえば、米国特許第8,586,526号を参照されたい。
上記で詳細に記載されるように、DNA結合ドメインは、選択される任意の配列に結合するように操作することができる。操作されたDNA結合ドメインは、天然に存在するDNA結合ドメインと比較して、新規な結合特異性を有し得る。
ある特定の実施形態では、本開示は、細胞のゲノムへの、外因性配列(たとえば、IL2RGおよび/もしくはRagタンパク質の任意の機能性断片、ならびに/または変異体野生型IL2RG配列を修正するドナーを含む、IL2RGおよび/またはRagタンパク質をコードする導入遺伝子)の、ヌクレアーゼに媒介される標的化組み込みに関する。上述のように、たとえば、指定される領域の欠失、および/または変異体遺伝子の修正、または野生型遺伝子の発現の増加のため外因性配列(「ドナー配列」または「ドナー」または「導入遺伝子」とも称される)の挿入。ドナー配列が、典型的に、それが配置されるゲノム配列とは同一ではないことは、容易に理解されよう。ドナー配列は、目的の位置における効率的なHDRを可能にするために、2つの相同性領域が隣接した非相同性配列(たとえば、導入遺伝子)を含有してもよく、または非相同組換え修復機序を介して組み込まれてもよい。たとえば、米国特許第9,045,763号、同第9,005,973号、および同第7,888,121号を参照されたい。加えて、ドナー配列は、細胞クロマチンにおける目的の領域に相同でない配列を含有するベクター分子を含み得る。ドナー分子は、細胞DNAに相同性の複数の非連続領域を含み得る。さらに、目的の領域には通常存在していない配列の標的化挿入のために、前記配列は、ドナー核酸分子に存在し、目的の領域にある配列に対して相同性の領域が隣接していてもよい。
このように、細胞に、SCID関連導入遺伝子、すなわち、SCIDにおいて欠如または欠損している機能性タンパク質を発現する導入遺伝子を含む、遺伝子修飾された細胞が本明細書に提供され、これには、本明細書に記載される方法によって産生された細胞(たとえば、T細胞または幹細胞)が含まれる。導入遺伝子は、1つまたは複数のヌクレアーゼを使用して、標的化された様式で、細胞のゲノムに組み込まれる。ある特定の実施形態では、導入遺伝子は、IL2RG、たとえば、X-SCID患者において見出される変異体IL2RG遺伝子に組み込まれる。ある特定の実施形態では、導入遺伝子は、オーメン症候群の患者の処置および/または予防のための機能性RAG遺伝子を含む。導入遺伝子は、IL2RGの任意のイントロン領域またはエクソン領域、たとえば、イントロン1またはイントロン2に組み込まれていてもよい。ある特定の実施形態では、導入遺伝子は、配列番号1または2のいずれかの側の5~10個のヌクレオチドにまたはその中に、組み込まれる。したがって、SCID関連遺伝子のイントロン1またはイントロン2に組み込まれたSCID関連導入遺伝子(SCIDにおいて欠如または欠損している機能性タンパク質を発現する)を含む、遺伝子修飾された細胞、ならびに遺伝子修飾を含むこれらの細胞の子孫である細胞が、本明細書に提供される。
本明細書に記載されるヌクレアーゼ、これらのヌクレアーゼをコードするポリヌクレオチド、ドナーポリヌクレオチド、ならびにタンパク質および/またはポリヌクレオチドを含む組成物は、任意の好適な手段によって送達することができる。ある特定の実施形態では、ヌクレアーゼおよび/またはドナーは、in vivoで送達される。他の実施形態では、ヌクレアーゼおよび/またはドナーは、SCID患者へのex vivo送達に有用な修飾細胞を提供するために、単離細胞(たとえば、自家幹細胞または異種幹細胞)に送達される。
本明細書に開示される方法および組成物は、SCID関連障害(たとえば、X-SCID、オーメン症候群)の治療法を、たとえば、SCID障害において欠如または欠損しているタンパク質の提供を通じて、提供するためのものである。細胞は、in vivoで修飾されてもよく、またはex vivoで修飾された後に、被験体に投与されてもよい。したがって、本方法および組成物は、SCID障害の処置および/または予防を提供する。
IL2RGに標的化された亜鉛フィンガータンパク質を、設計し、Urnovら、(2005年)、Nature、435巻(7042号):646~651頁;Perezら、(2008年)、Nature Biotechnology、26巻(7号):808~816頁に本質的に記載され、米国特許第6,534,261号に記載されるように、mRNA、プラスミド、AAV、またはアデノウイルスベクターに取り込ませた。表1は、例示的なIL2RG ZFP DNA結合ドメインのDNA結合ドメイン内の認識ヘリックス、およびこれらのZFPの標的部位を示す(DNA標的部位は、大文字で示し、非接触ヌクレオチドは、小文字で示す)。ZFP認識ヘリックスによって接触される標的部位のヌクレオチドは、大文字で示し、非接触ヌクレオチドは、小文字で示す。また、当該技術分野において公知の方法に従って、表2に示されるIL2RG配列に対して、TALENおよび/またはsgRNAも設計する(たとえば、標的部位は、9~20個またはそれよりも多くの(配列番号1または配列番号2の9個、10個、11個、12個、13個、14個、15個、16個、17個、18個、19個、20個、21個、またはそれよりも多くの)ヌクレオチド(連続的または非連続的)を含む)。たとえば、米国特許第8,586,526号(TALENの正準(canonical)または非正準RVDを使用)および米国特許公開第20150056705号を参照されたい。
表1に示されるZFNを、米国出願第15/685,580号に記載されるように、FokI二量体化変異体およびリン酸変異体を使用して、オンターゲットおよびオフターゲットの両方の標的部位を用いて、活性について評価した。
実施例2において処置したCD34+細胞の分化を、既述の標準的な手法(Genoveseら、(2014年)、Nature、510巻(7504号):235~40頁)を使用して、Methocult誘導性分化により生じるコロニー型のアッセイによって分析する:コロニー形成単位、赤血球(「CFU-E」);バースト形成単位、赤血球(「BFU-E」);コロニー形成単位、顆粒球/マクロファージ(「CFU-GM」)、およびコロニー形成単位;顆粒球/赤血球/単球/マクロファージ(「CFU-GEMM」)。簡単に述べると、CD34+細胞を、ゲノム修飾し、in vitroでの回収を可能にし、次いで、メチルセルロース培地に播種し、2週間分化させた後、コロニーを分析する。
IL2RG遺伝子座への標的化組み込みもまた、行う。米国特許公開20160030477に示される例示的なIL2RGおよび/またはRAGドナー構築物を、本明細書に記載されるヌクレアーゼを使用して、CD34+細胞のIL2RGに組み込む。
既述のように(Aiutiら、(2013年)、Science、341巻、1233151頁)、本明細書に記載されるIL2RGまたはRAG1を発現する、X-SCIDまたはオーメン症候群の被験体から取得した遺伝子修飾された細胞、特に、CD34+HSPC(患者由来のCD34+細胞)を、それぞれ、既述のように(Aiutiら、同書)X-SCIDまたはオーメン症候群の患者に、投与する。
本発明は、例えば、以下の項目を提供する。
(項目1)
内因性IL2RG遺伝子に1つまたは複数の挿入および/または欠失を含む、T細胞または幹細胞であって、前記挿入および/または前記欠失は、切断ドメインと、配列番号1または配列番号2の9個またはそれよりも多くのヌクレオチドを含む標的部位に結合するDNA結合ドメインとを含むヌクレアーゼによって作製されたものである、T細胞または幹細胞。
(項目2)
前記挿入および/または前記欠失が、前記内因性IL2RG遺伝子を不活性化させる、項目1に記載の細胞。
(項目3)
外因性配列が、前記内因性IL2RG遺伝子に挿入されている、項目1または2に記載の細胞。
(項目4)
前記外因性配列が、IL2RGまたはRAGポリペプチドをコードする導入遺伝子を含む、項目3に記載の細胞。
(項目5)
前記内因性IL2RG遺伝子が、変異体遺伝子であり、前記外因性配列が、機能性IL
2RGタンパク質が前記細胞から発現されるように、前記内因性IL2RG遺伝子における変異を修正する配列を含む、項目3に記載の細胞。
(項目6)
前記ヌクレアーゼが、亜鉛フィンガーヌクレアーゼ、TALE、またはCRISPR/Casヌクレアーゼである、項目1から5のいずれかに記載の細胞。
(項目7)
前記ヌクレアーゼが、ポリヌクレオチドとして前記細胞に導入される、項目1から6のいずれかに記載の細胞。
(項目8)
前記ポリヌクレオチドが、mRNA、ウイルスベクター、または非ウイルスベクターである、項目7に記載の細胞。
(項目9)
前記ウイルスベクターが、アデノ随伴ウイルスベクター(AAV)である、項目1から8のいずれかに記載の細胞。
(項目10)
前記ZFNが、表1の単一の行に示される認識ヘリックス領域を有するZFPを含む、項目6から9のいずれかに記載の細胞。
(項目11)
前記細胞が、幹細胞である、項目1から10のいずれかに記載の細胞。
(項目12)
前記幹細胞が、造血幹細胞または人工多能性幹細胞(iPSC)である、項目11に記載の細胞。
(項目13)
項目1から12のいずれかに記載の造血幹細胞を作製する方法であって、ヌクレアーゼを、細胞に導入することを含み、切断後に1つまたは複数の挿入および/または欠失が内因性IL2RG遺伝子に導入されるように、前記ヌクレアーゼが、前記内因性IL2RG遺伝子を切断する、方法。
(項目14)
切断後に内因性配列が前記細胞のゲノムに導入されるように、外因性配列を前記細胞に導入することをさらに含む、項目13に記載の方法。
(項目15)
被験体におけるSCID関連障害を処置または予防する方法であって、前記被験体に、項目3から12のいずれかに記載の造血幹細胞の集団を導入することを含む、方法。
(項目16)
前記SCID関連障害が、X-SCIDまたはオーメン症候群である、項目15に記載の方法。
Claims (14)
- 内因性IL2R-ガンマ(IL2RG)遺伝子に1つまたは複数の挿入および/または欠失を含む、T細胞または幹細胞であって、前記細胞は、第1の亜鉛フィンガーヌクレアーゼと第2の亜鉛フィンガーヌクレアーゼの対を含む亜鉛フィンガーヌクレアーゼを含み、前記第1および第2の亜鉛フィンガーヌクレアーゼは、55629および57618と指定される亜鉛フィンガータンパク質、または57718および57629と指定される亜鉛フィンガータンパク質を含み、各亜鉛フィンガータンパク質が、F1~F6の順序の6つの亜鉛フィンガードメインを含み、各亜鉛フィンガードメインが、以下の表:
- 前記挿入および/または前記欠失が、前記内因性IL2RG遺伝子を不活性化させる、請求項1に記載の細胞。
- 外因性配列が、前記内因性IL2RG遺伝子に挿入されている、請求項1または2に記載の細胞。
- 前記外因性配列が、IL2RGまたはRAGポリペプチドをコードする導入遺伝子を含む、請求項3に記載の細胞。
- 前記内因性IL2RG遺伝子が、変異体遺伝子であり、前記外因性配列が、機能性IL2RGタンパク質が前記細胞から発現されるように、前記内因性IL2RG遺伝子における変異を修正する配列を含む、請求項3に記載の細胞。
- 前記亜鉛フィンガーヌクレアーゼが、ポリヌクレオチドとして前記細胞に導入される、請求項1から5のいずれかに記載の細胞。
- 前記ポリヌクレオチドが、mRNA、ウイルスベクター、または非ウイルスベクターである、請求項6に記載の細胞。
- 前記ウイルスベクターが、アデノ随伴ウイルスベクター(AAV)である、請求項1から7のいずれかに記載の細胞。
- 前記細胞が、幹細胞である、請求項1から8のいずれかに記載の細胞。
- 前記幹細胞が、造血幹細胞または人工多能性幹細胞(iPSC)である、請求項9に記載の細胞。
- 請求項1から10のいずれかに記載の造血幹細胞を作製する方法であって、亜鉛フィンガーヌクレアーゼを、細胞に導入することを含み、切断後に1つまたは複数の挿入および/または欠失が内因性IL2RG遺伝子に導入されるように、前記亜鉛フィンガーヌクレアーゼが、前記内因性IL2RG遺伝子を切断する、方法。
- 切断後に内因性配列が前記細胞のゲノムに導入されるように、外因性配列を前記細胞に導入することをさらに含む、請求項11に記載の方法。
- 被験体におけるSCID関連障害を処置または予防するための組成物であって、請求項3から10のいずれかに記載の造血幹細胞の集団を含む、組成物。
- 前記SCID関連障害が、X-SCIDまたはオーメン症候群である、請求項13に記載の組成物。
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