JP2013516403A - グラチラマーまたはその薬理学的に許容される塩を含むデポーシステム - Google Patents
グラチラマーまたはその薬理学的に許容される塩を含むデポーシステム Download PDFInfo
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- JP2013516403A JP2013516403A JP2012546553A JP2012546553A JP2013516403A JP 2013516403 A JP2013516403 A JP 2013516403A JP 2012546553 A JP2012546553 A JP 2012546553A JP 2012546553 A JP2012546553 A JP 2012546553A JP 2013516403 A JP2013516403 A JP 2013516403A
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- glatiramer
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- acceptable salt
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Abstract
【選択図】図なし
Description
酢酸グラチラマーとしても知られ、商標名Copaxone(登録商標)で販売されているコポリマー1は、L−グルタミン酸、L−アラニン、L−チロシンおよびL−リシンを含有するポリペプチドの酢酸塩を含む。アミノ酸の平均モル分率は、それぞれ0.141、0.427、0.095および0.338であり、コポリマー1の平均分子量は4,700〜11,000ダルトンである。化学的には、酢酸グラチラマーは、L−アラニン、L−リシンおよびL−チロシン酢酸塩を有するL−グルタミン酸ポリマーと呼ばれる。その構造式は次のとおりである:
(Glu, Ala, Lys, Tyr)xCH3COOH
(C5H9NO4_C3H7NO2_C6H14N2O2_C9H11NO3)xC2H4O2[CAS−147245−92−9]、およその割合Glu14Ala43Tyr10Lyz34x(CH3COOH)20。Copaxone(登録商標)は、透明な無色から若干黄色の皮下注射用滅菌非パイロジェン溶液である。1ミリリットルあたり20mgの酢酸グラチラマーおよび40mgのマンニトールが含まれる。溶液のpH範囲は約5.5〜7.0である。
酢酸グラチラマーは、ミエリン塩基性タンパク質で見出される4つのアミノ酸から構成されるランダムポリマー(平均分子質量6.4kD)である。酢酸グラチラマーの作用機序はわかっていないが、このコポリマーのいくつかの重要な免疫学的特性が明らかになっている。コポリマー1の投与は、T細胞の集団を炎症誘発性Th1細胞から炎症反応を抑制する調節性Th2細胞までシフトさせる(FDA Copaxone(登録商標)ラベル)。ミエリン塩基性タンパク質との類似点を考慮すると、コポリマー1はおとりとして作用することもでき、ミエリンに対する自己免疫反応を変更する。しかし、血液脳関門の完全性は、少なくとも治療の初期段階では、コポリマー1によりほとんど影響を受けない。
再発寛解型多発性硬化症(RR MS)の患者で再発の頻度の低減における酢酸グラチラマーの有効性を裏付ける証拠は、2つのプラセボ対照試験に由来し、そのどちらも20mg/日の酢酸グラチラマー用量を使用した。他の用量または投薬レジメンはRR MSのプラセボ対照試験で試験されなかった(www.copaxone.com)。承認された20mg用量と40mg用量との比較試験で、これらの用量間で有効性の有意差は示されなかった(The 9006 trial; Cohen JA et al., Neurology (2007) 68 939−944)。酢酸グラチラマーにおける種々の臨床試験が進行中である。これらには、高用量の酢酸グラチラマーを使用する試験(40mg−FORTE試験);最初のエピソードからなる症候群の患者での試験(PreCISe試験)並びにその多数の組み合わせおよび誘導プロトコルが含まれ、ここで、酢酸グラチラマーは、別の活性生成物とともに、または別の活性生成物後に投与される。
現在では、多発性硬化症の具体的に承認された治療はすべて、活性物質の自己注射を含む。しばしば観察される注射部位の問題としては、刺激、過敏症、炎症、痛みおよびさらには壊死(インターフェロン1β治療の場合)および低レベルの患者コンプライアンスが挙げられる。
静脈内(IV)、筋肉内(IM)、または皮下(SC)注射による非経口経路は、低分子量薬ならびに高分子量薬のための最も一般的かつ有効な送達形態である。しかし、針で刺すことによる痛み、不快感および不便さのために、この様式の薬物送達は患者に最も好まれないものとなる。したがって、最低でも注射の総回数を減少させることができる任意の薬物送達技術が好ましい。実際の投薬の頻度のそのような低減は、ゆっくりであるが予測可能な方法で薬物を放出することができ、結果としてコンプライアンスを改善する注射可能なデポー処方の使用により達成することができる。ほとんどの薬物に関して、用量に応じて、注射頻度を連日から1ヶ月またはさらにそれ以上(6ヶ月)で1回もしくは2回に低減することが可能であり得る。患者の快適さを改善することに加えて、デポー処方の形態の薬物の低頻度の注射は、起伏をなくすことにより血漿濃度−時間プロフィールをならす。そのような血漿プロフィールの平滑化は、ほとんどの場合で治療利益を高めるだけでなく、高分子量薬物に関連することが多い免疫原性などの望ましくない事象も低減する可能性がある。
実施例1:一般的調製法
PLGAベースの注射可能なデポー粒子
微粒子を溶媒抽出/蒸発法により調製した(単一エマルジョン)。250mgのPLGAおよび200mgの酢酸グラチラマーを含む50:50ジクロロメタン/エタノールの溶液を、2%のPVAを含む水溶液(200ml)中にゆっくりと注ぎ、メカニカルスターラー(300rpm)を用いて25℃で乳化させた。有機溶媒を撹拌下(100rpm)で2時間蒸発させた。かくして形成された微粒子を遠心分離により集め、蒸留水で洗浄して、過剰の乳化剤を除去した。最終懸濁液を次いで凍結乾燥して、微粉末を得た。
微粒子を溶媒抽出/蒸発法により調製した(単一エマルジョン)。500mgのポリカプロラクトンおよび200mgの酢酸グラチラマーを含む70:30ジクロロメタン/アセトンの溶液を、2%のPVA、1%のTween80を含む水溶液(200ml)中にゆっくりと注ぎ、メカニカルスターラー(500rpm)を用いて25℃で乳化させた。有機溶媒を撹拌下(300rpm)で4時間蒸発させた。形成された微粒子を遠心分離により集め、蒸留水で洗浄して、過剰の乳化剤を除去した。最終懸濁液を次いで凍結乾燥して、微粉末を得た。
PLGAベースの生分解性ロッド形インプラント(長さ20mm、直径2mm)を、溶媒抽出/蒸発法により調製した。250mgのPLGAおよび200mgの酢酸グラチラマーを含む50:50ジクロロメタン/エタノールの溶液を特別なロッド形型中にゆっくりと注いだ。有機溶媒を真空オーブン中で12時間室温にて蒸発させた。別法として、250mgのPLGAと200mgのグラチラマーとの混合物を85〜90℃にて、直径0.8または1.0mmのダイを有するスクリュー型押出機(Microtruder Rancastle RCP−0250または類似のもの)を用いて押し出すことにより、ロッド形インプラントを調製した。
装置
分光光度計
分析用天秤(0.01mgまで正確に重さを量ることができる)
標準試料として酢酸グラチラマー83%
2,4,6−トリニトロベンゼンスルホン酸(TNBS、ピクリルスルホン酸、170.5mM)MeOH中5%
0.1Mのホウ酸塩緩衝液pH9.3(テトラホウ酸ナトリウム10水和物 MW381.37)
精製水
0.5、1.0、2.0および7.0mLのホールピペット
種々のガラス器具。
グラチラマーストック溶液400μg/mLの調製
4.8mgの酢酸グラチラマー(標準試料用塩基として効力83%)を10mlのメスフラスコ中に量りとった。約7mlの0.1Mホウ酸塩緩衝液を添加して、酢酸グラチラマーを超音波浴中で溶解させた。溶液を0.1Mホウ酸塩緩衝液でさらに希釈して、グラチラマーストック溶液400μg/ml(塩基として)を得た。
使用前に、TNBSの5%ストック溶液を水で希釈(20倍;例えば50μlおよび950μlの水)して、0.25%のTNBS希釈標準溶液を得た。
1.0mlの各グラチラマー較正標準溶液、試料(2連)および試薬ブランク(0.1Mホウ酸塩緩衝液)を1.5mlのポリプロピレン遠心管に移し、これに50μlの0.25%TNBS希釈標準溶液を添加した。溶液をよく混合し、室温で30分間保持した。得られた溶液のそれぞれの光学密度を420nmおよび700nmで読み取り、これらの密度の差を計算して、コロイド状系における光分散によるエラーを回避した。選択された濃度範囲の較正曲線を計算した。
外部(連続)水相:0.75%のNaClの精製水中溶液30ml、界面活性剤として0.5%部分加水分解(87〜89%)ポリビニルアルコール(PVA)、MPG−10に関して0.2%のポリソルベート−80(Tween−80)およびブランクMP調製に関して2%PVAをさらに含む。
内部水相(ペプチド溶液に関して):25〜30mgの酢酸グラチラマーにつき150〜200μlの精製水。超音波浴を使用して酢酸グラチラマーを水中に溶解させた。
有機ポリマー溶液(油相):2〜5mlの塩化メチレン中165〜300mgのPLGA。場合によって、カウンターイオンを有機相中にさらに溶解または分散させた。
油中水(w/o)エマルジョン調製:溶解した酢酸グラチラマーを含む内部水相を、試験管中で、CH2Cl2中PLGA溶液を含む油相と直接混合した。混合物を十分に振とうし、超音波インデンター(チタンチップ、最大出力120ワット、仕事率10〜15%、5秒を3〜5サイクル)で処理した。場合によって氷または氷水を用いて冷却して、塩化メチレンの沸騰を回避した。
遠心分離および洗浄後の微粒子処方を、精製水中に沈殿を再懸濁させた後に「そのまま」、または場合によっては抗凍結剤を添加して(沈殿を5%のマンニトール溶液中に再懸濁させた)、凍結乾燥した。試料を、1時間−37〜−43℃で、凍結乾燥機プレートを使用して凍結させ、凍結乾燥機「Alpha 2−4 LSC」 (Christ(ドイツ国))を用いて24〜48時間、0.050ミリバールの圧力および−20℃(最終乾燥0.025ミリバールおよび+20℃で10〜16時間)で凍結乾燥した。どちらの再懸濁手順においても、凍結乾燥された生成物は容易に再構成することができた。マンニトールの使用は、抗凍結剤を含まない処方と比較して容易に再構成される生成物をもたらすが、そのような組成物は顕著な量のバラスト材料を含み、活性材料の実際の濃度を測定するためにより複雑な計算を必要とした。
装置
20mlバイアル
マルチポイントマグネティックスターラー
インキュベーター
ピペッター
UV−Vis分光光度計Shimadzu 1601
試薬およびプラスチック/ガラス器具
処方MPG−02、03、04、05、05R、06、07、12、13、14、および15〜50mgの凍結乾燥微粒子。
処方MPG−08、09、10、および11 5%のマンニトールを用いて凍結乾燥させた50mgの乾燥微粒子に対応する量
対照酢酸グラチラマー溶液 0.05%のアジ化ナトリウムを含むPBS中20〜50μg/mL(塩基として))
温度:37℃
OD=0.035+0.0132*C(r2=0.9985)
(式中、OD:光学密度(420および700nmでの差)
C:酢酸グラチラマー塩基の濃度、μg/ml)
酢酸グラチラマー微粒子処方の凍結乾燥試料
さらに大きな反応容器およびさらに大型のホモジナイザー(OMNI GLH)を低速で用いて、MPG−14SU−1(MPG−014の処方)を製造した。
実験的自己免疫性脳脊髄炎(EAE)は、ミエリン塩基性タンパク質の注射により実験動物において誘発することができる炎症性自己免疫脱髄疾患である。そのような疾患は、臨床的および実験的自己免疫疾患を研究するための標準的実験室モデルになっている。実際、多くの論文(例えば、Abramsky et. al., J Neuroimmunol (1982) 2 1およびBolton et al., J Neurol Sci. (1982) 56 147)が、動物における慢性再発性EAEのヒトにおける多発性硬化症に対する類似性は、特に多発性硬化症などの自己免疫脱髄疾患の研究に関してEAE値を意味づけることを記載している。したがって、EAE試験モデルを用いて、多発性硬化症に対する本発明の処方の活性を証明する。そのような試験は以下の手順に従って実施する。
MSのネズミモデルに対する本発明の処方の効果を測定するために、実験的自己免疫性脳脊髄炎(EAE)を実施する。25−ヒドロキシビタミンD3−1α−ヒドロキシラーゼノックアウトマウス(1α−OH KO)を、EAE免疫化の前に、0.87%のカルシウムおよび1ngの1,25−(OH)2D3(Vit D)を含む精製飼料を2〜3週間摂らせる。ミエリン乏突起神経膠細胞グリコプロタンパク質(glycoproprotein)(MOG35−55)に対する免疫優性ペプチド200μgの皮下免疫化により、EAEを6〜10週令のマウスに誘発させる。
Claims (41)
- 治療有効量のグラチラマーの薬剤的に許容される塩を含む長時間作用性非経口医薬組成物。
- それを必要とする対象者において医学的に許容される位置で移植するのに適したデポー形態において治療有効量のグラチラマーの薬剤的に許容される塩を含む長時間作用性医薬組成物。
- グラチラマーの薬剤的に許容される塩が酢酸グラチラマーである、請求項1または2に記載の医薬組成物。
- 皮下または筋肉内移植に適した、請求項1または2に記載の医薬組成物。
- グラチラマーが、約0.14のグルタミン酸、約0.43のアラニン、約0.10のチロシンおよび約0.33のリシンのモル比でL−アラニン、L−グルタミン酸、L−リシン、およびL−チロシンを含む、請求項1または2に記載の医薬組成物。
- グラチラマーが約15〜約100のアミノ酸を含む、請求項1または2に記載の医薬組成物。
- グラチラマーの薬剤的に許容される塩が、約20〜約750mgの範囲の用量である、請求項1または2に記載の医薬組成物。
- 薬剤的に許容される生分解性または非生分解性担体をさらに含む、請求項1または2に記載の医薬組成物。
- 担体が、PLGA、PLA、PGA、ポリカプロラクトン、ポリヒドロキシブチラート、ポリオルトエステル、ポリアルカンアンヒドリド、ゼラチン、コラーゲン、酸化セルロース、およびポリホスファゼンから選択される、請求項8に記載の医薬組成物。
- 水中油中水二重乳化プロセスにより調製される微粒子の形態の、請求項1または2に記載の医薬組成物。
- 治療有効量のグラチラマーの薬剤的に許容される塩を含む内部水性相、生分解性または非生分解性ポリマーを含む水非混和性ポリマー相、および外部水性相を含む、請求項1または2に記載の医薬組成物。
- 水非混和性ポリマー相がPLAおよびPLGAから選択される生分解性ポリマーを含む、請求項11に記載の医薬組成物。
- 外部水相が、ポリビニルアルコール(PVA)、ポリソルベート、ポリエチレンオキシド−ポリプロピレンオキシドブロックコポリマーおよびセルロースエステルから選択される界面活性剤を含む、請求項11に記載の医薬組成物。
- 週1回から6ヶ月ごとに1回までの投薬スケジュールに適した、請求項1または2に記載の医薬組成物。
- 2週間ごとに1回から月1回までの投薬スケジュールに適した、請求項14に記載の医薬組成物。
- 生分解性微小球、非生分解性微小球、任意の好適な幾何学的形状のインプラント、移植型ロッド、移植型カプセル、移植型リング、または持続放出ゲルもしくは浸食性マトリックスの形態の、請求項1または2に記載の医薬組成物。
- 組成物が、酢酸グラチラマーの市販の連日注射可能な投与形態と等しいかまたはさらに優れた治療有効性を提供し、副作用の発生率が低減され、および/または局所および/または全身レベルで副作用の重篤度が低減された、請求項1または2に記載の医薬組成物。
- 組成物が、実質的に類似した用量の酢酸グラチラマーの即時放出処方と比較して、対象者においてグラチラマーの持続放出または持効性作用を提供する、請求項17に記載の医薬組成物。
- 請求項1に記載の長時間作用性医薬組成物の非経口投与により多発性硬化症を治療する方法。
- それを必要とする対象者に請求項2に記載の長時間作用性医薬組成物を移植するステップを含む、多発性硬化症を治療する方法。
- 医薬組成物を皮下投与または筋肉内移植するステップを含む、請求項19または20に記載の方法。
- 医薬組成物が酢酸グラチラマーを含む、請求項19または20に記載の方法。
- 酢酸グラチラマーがL−アラニン、L−グルタミン酸、L−リシン、およびL−チロシンを、約0.14のグルタミン酸、約0.43のアラニン、約0.10のチロシンおよび約0.33のリシンのモル比で含む、請求項22に記載の方法。
- グラチラマーが約15〜約100のアミノ酸を含む、請求項23に記載の方法。
- 医薬組成物がグラチラマーの薬剤的に許容される塩を約20〜約750mgの範囲の用量で含む、請求項19または20に記載の方法。
- 医薬組成物が薬剤的に許容される生分解性または非生分解性担体をさらに含む、請求項19または20に記載の方法。
- 担体が、PLGA、PLA、PGA、ポリカプロラクトン、ポリヒドロキシブチラート、ポリオルトエステル、ポリアルカンアンヒドリド、ゼラチン、コラーゲン、酸化セルロース、およびポリホスファゼンからなる群から選択される、請求項26に記載の方法。
- 医薬組成物が、水中油中水二重乳化プロセスにより調製される微粒子の形態である、請求項19または20に記載の方法。
- 医薬組成物が、治療有効量のグラチラマーの薬剤的に許容される塩を含む内部水性相、生分解性または非生分解性ポリマーを含む水非混和性ポリマー相、および外部水性相を含む、請求項19または20に記載の方法。
- 水非混和性ポリマー相がPLAおよびPLGAから選択される生分解性ポリマーを含む、請求項29に記載の方法。
- 外部水相が、ポリビニルアルコール(PVA)、ポリソルベート、ポリエチレンオキシド−ポリプロピレンオキシドブロックコポリマーおよびセルロースエステルから選択される界面活性剤を含む、請求項29に記載の方法。
- 投与または移植のステップが、週1回から6ヶ月ごとに1回までの投薬スケジュールで実施される、請求項19または20に記載の方法。
- 投薬スケジュールが2週間ごとに1回から月1回までである、請求項32に記載の方法。
- 医薬組成物が、生分解性微小球、非生分解性微小球、任意の好適な幾何学的形状のインプラント、移植型ロッド、移植型カプセル、もしくは移植型リング、持続放出ゲルまたは浸食性マトリックスの形態である、請求項19または20に記載の方法。
- 医薬組成物が、市販の連日注射可能な投与形態と等しいかまたはさらに優れた治療有効性を提供し、副作用の発生率が低減され、局所および/または全身レベルで副作用の重篤度が低減された、請求項19または20に記載の方法。
- 医薬組成物が、実質的に類似した用量の酢酸グラチラマーの即時放出処方と比較して、対象者においてグラチラマーの持続放出または持効性作用を提供する、請求項35に記載の方法。
- 多発性硬化症を治療するために、それを必要とする個体に移植するのに適したデポー形態におけるグラチラマーの薬剤的に許容される塩の使用。
- 対象者においてグラチラマーの持続放出または持効性作用を提供するための請求項37に記載の移植可能なデポーの使用。
- グラチラマーの薬剤的に許容される塩が酢酸グラチラマーである、請求項37〜38のいずれかに記載の使用。
- 多発性硬化症の治療における使用に適したデポー形態におけるグラチラマーの薬剤的に許容される塩。
- 対象者においてグラチラマーの持続放出または持効性作用を提供する際の使用に適したデポー形態におけるグラチラマーの薬剤的に許容される塩。
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JP2019537551A (ja) * | 2016-08-28 | 2019-12-26 | マピ ファーマ リミテッド | 酢酸グラチラマーを含有する微小粒子を調製する方法 |
JP2023022199A (ja) * | 2016-08-28 | 2023-02-14 | マピ ファーマ リミテッド | 酢酸グラチラマーを含有する微小粒子を調製する方法 |
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US11413311B2 (en) | 2017-05-15 | 2022-08-16 | Mapi Pharma Ltd. | Treatment of multiple sclerosis with long acting glatiramer and adipose-derived stem cells |
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