JP2013508587A - 屋根裏及び壁の乾燥剤を用いた断熱 - Google Patents
屋根裏及び壁の乾燥剤を用いた断熱 Download PDFInfo
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Images
Classifications
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
- E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
- E04D13/00—Special arrangements or devices in connection with roof coverings; Protection against birds; Roof drainage ; Sky-lights
- E04D13/15—Trimming strips; Edge strips; Fascias; Expansion joints for roofs
- E04D13/152—Trimming strips; Edge strips; Fascias; Expansion joints for roofs with ventilating means in soffits or fascias
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
- E04D13/00—Special arrangements or devices in connection with roof coverings; Protection against birds; Roof drainage ; Sky-lights
- E04D13/15—Trimming strips; Edge strips; Fascias; Expansion joints for roofs
- E04D13/158—Trimming strips; Edge strips; Fascias; Expansion joints for roofs covering the overhang at the eave side, e.g. soffits, or the verge of saddle roofs
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04D—ROOF COVERINGS; SKY-LIGHTS; GUTTERS; ROOF-WORKING TOOLS
- E04D13/00—Special arrangements or devices in connection with roof coverings; Protection against birds; Roof drainage ; Sky-lights
- E04D13/16—Insulating devices or arrangements in so far as the roof covering is concerned, e.g. characterised by the material or composition of the roof insulating material or its integration in the roof structure
- E04D13/1606—Insulation of the roof covering characterised by its integration in the roof structure
- E04D13/1612—Insulation of the roof covering characterised by its integration in the roof structure the roof structure comprising a supporting framework of roof purlins or rafters
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A30/00—Adapting or protecting infrastructure or their operation
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
- Y02B30/90—Passive houses; Double facade technology
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/50—FELT FABRIC
- Y10T442/57—Including particulate material other than fiber
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
- Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
- Y10T442/699—Including particulate material other than strand or fiber material
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Building Environments (AREA)
Abstract
建物を冷暖房するのに必要な冷房エネルギー量を減らす方法を提供する。方法は、外壁内に多孔性の断熱材料を配置し、建物の屋根裏スペースの天井を所定厚さで被覆することを含む。多孔性の断熱材料は、乾燥剤を含む。方法は、更に、乾燥剤を含有する多孔性の断熱材料に屋根裏スペースから水の湿気を吸収させ、建物の囲まれた部屋に向けて、乾燥剤を含有する多孔性の断熱材料から、吸収した水の湿気を放出させ、建物の冷暖房に必要なエネルギーの量を減少させる、ことを含む。
Description
SYMPOSIUM ON ATTICS AND CATHEDRAL CEILINGS, TORONTO, (1997年6月)において、寒い気候においては、屋根裏換気の主要な目的は、雪解けによって生じる氷損傷を避けるために冷たい屋根の温度を保つことと、空気調節された空間から屋根裏に移動した湿気を換気することである(同書3ページ)。この場合、雪解けは空気調節された空間からの熱損失により生じる。雪解け水が家の暖房されていない庇の上を通過することで、氷って広がり、しばしば屋根のほうに逆行して屋根板の間に入り込む(同書)。
National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, (1999). (屋根プラス壁プラス床を介した)全体の正味加熱及び冷却負荷を比較すると、屋根の負荷の割合は、それぞれ15.1パーセント(加熱)と15.8パーセント(冷却)である。従って、屋根の負荷を減らすことで、全体の建物の負荷を大いに減少させることができる。屋根の負荷を減少させる方法は沢山あるが、最も一般的なものは、屋根の断熱材を増やすことである。屋根裏スペースは限られているので、多くの場合、全体の建物の負荷を減少させるためにより多くの屋根用断熱材を追加することは、必ずしも可能な訳ではない。
図1は、建物の庇部分の部分側断面図である。
図2は、アメリカ合衆国の4つの場所でセルロース系の天井断熱材に10%及び20%の割合でシリカゲルを混入させた際の、年間電力支出の減少(増加)を示す棒グラフであり、コンピュータによるモデルで作成された。
図3は、断熱材と乾燥剤を含んだ壁の側断面図である。
図4Aは、試験壁の構造を示す断面図。
図4Bは、乾燥剤を含まないガラス繊維断熱材と分散された乾燥剤を含んだガラス繊維断熱材及び別個の乾燥剤を含んだ層を有するガラス繊維断熱材を、図4Aで示した試験壁で比較したグラフ。
図4Cは、月間冷却負荷を1年間にわたり計測したヒストグラム。
図4Dは、図4Cのデータを測定した同じ1年間において、月間加熱負荷を計測したヒストグラム。
Products, Corporationのビーズ状及び粉状シリカであり、また、Grays Davidson Syloid®及び、Sylox®粉、及びLudox®コロイドシリカ分散液である。他の乾燥剤としては、ニューメキシコ州、アルバカーキのNanoPore, Inc.が販売する、表面変性を施した炭素をベースにした乾燥剤で、粒子サイズが50及び500ミクロンの間のもの、ニューヨーク州、バッファローの、Multisorb
Technologies, Inc.が販売する、NatraSorb S シリカゲル、Multisorb NatraSorb M
Montmorillonite 粘土、Multisorb Drikette包、及びNanoPore カーボンをベースにしたフェルト包乾燥剤も使用可能である。
コンピュータシミュレーション例
Report: Examine Potential Energy Savings Using Ceiling Insulation Mixed with
Desiccant”
December 19, 2005 (unpublished))が、熱流及び建物負荷に関する乾燥剤−断熱材混合物の影響を決定するために行われた。目的は、建物のシミュレーションをすることで、乾燥剤をセルロース天井-屋根裏断熱材に異なる量を加えた際の潜在的なエネルギー節約量を決定し、天井の断熱材に加える熱量による、天井のピーク負荷のズレを検証するものである。また、湿気の吸収と加えた乾燥剤からの放散による屋根裏の湿度レベルを作成することである。
FSEC-GP-47-92;プログラムは液体の水による伝達はシミュレートしていない)である。この一次元有限要素プログラムは、熱伝導、対流、放射による熱伝達を含む組み合わされた熱と熱移動と、Effective
Penetration Depth Methodによってモデル化された一団の湿気を計算する(Kerestecioglu, A., M. Swami;
1990, “Theoretical
and Computational Investigation of Simultaneous Heat and Moisture Transfer in
Buildings: Effective Penetration Depth Theory.” ASHRAE Winter Meeting, Atlanta, GA.)。
で使用されたものである。これら全ては、ここで参照することで、全体が本明細書に導入される。それは、1層のL字形をした、解放リビングを持った、一体コンクリート基礎床を有する、空調された空間が139m2(1500
ft2)の平屋建ての家である。ガレージエリアは、42.4m2(456 ft2)であり、リビングゾーンの上に屋根裏容積が107m3(3769
ft3)あり、ガレージの上に、56.5m3(1996 ft3)の屋根裏容積がある。屋根裏エリアはそれらを仕切るベニヤ板により複数の分離されたスペースとしてモデル化されている。家の縦横比は、東西に走る長軸に対して、1:1:6となっている。
mm (7/16")煉瓦外装羽目板。
mm (1/4")屋根板。屋根の傾きは、5:12である。
(1/2")のカーペットを敷いた0.1m (4")のコンクリート。
(W/m.K)及び 19.2 (kg/m3 平均)である。シミュレーションプログラムで要求される熱特性の全セットを使用するために、ファイバーグラスバットに代えてばら詰め(loose
fill)セルロース系断熱材を用いた。ばら詰め(loose fill)セルロース系断熱材とファイバーグラスバットには、密度の違いがある。大きな密度の相違は、熱容量により負荷の変化が生じる可能性がある。しかし、ファイバーグラスとセルロース断熱材は共に軽量なことから、密度の相違による負荷変動の熱的な影響は無視しうるものと考えられる。例えば、ファイバーグラス断熱材の熱抵抗は、DOE−2やEnergyPlusのような殆どのシミュレーションプログラムで使用されており、密度や比熱は要求されない。密度と比熱の入力を省く主な理由は、熱性能に関して断熱材料の熱容量の影響は無視しうるからである。それに、ファイバーグラスを有するこれらの断熱材は、セルロース断熱材にも全般的に当てはまるものである。従って、この研究におけるセルロース断熱材の計算及びシミュレーション結果は、ファイバーグラス断熱材の結果と同様なものであると考えられる。セルロース断熱材から得られた結論は、ファイバーグラス天井断熱材にも適用することができる。
熱特性
ここで、
Pe =熱伝導率、密度及び比熱を含んだ有効特性
P fiber =セルロース系断熱材の熱特性
P desi =乾燥剤の熱特性
ratio =容積比
222%、及び 8% 増加している。
湿気特性
及び20%で、それぞれ5.3%及び13.7%増加している。主な理由は、屋根裏から混合断熱材に吸収された高湿度の内容物は居間のスペースに流れ込む高湿度の天井湿流となり、基礎ケースに比して、室内の相対湿度のレベルは上昇するからである。混合断熱材の年間平均屋根裏温度は、基礎ケースよりも、僅かに1.2%の範囲で、高い。しかし、混合断熱材の屋根裏の相対湿度のレベルは、基礎ケースよりよ、かなり低く、10%の混合率で、20%低下し、20%の混合率で、21%低下する。
結論
Technologies, Inc.が販売するMultisorb Drikette(登録商標)乾燥剤を紙に含ませたものでもよい。
spray foam)によって吹き付けられた断熱材と前述の吹きつけによる断熱材を組み合わせたものに、分散しもてよい。
Chemical (W. R. Grace & Co.-Conn.)社が製造するSyloid® 及び Sylox®粉、及びLudox® Colloidal Silica散布剤、表面変性を施した炭素をベースにした乾燥剤は、粒径が50から500ミクロンの間で、ニューメキシコ州、アルバカーキのNanoPore,
Inc.社が販売している。また、ニューヨーク州、バッファローのMultisorb Technologies, Inc.が販売するNatraSorb Sシリカゲル及び、Multisorb
NatraSorb Mモンモリロナイト粘土がある。
x 4"の木製スタッドを有する化粧漆喰、内側がプラスターボード)、各壁の内部空洞の断熱材306のタイプが異なるだけである。三角形は、乾燥剤が入らない断熱材306を有するサンプル(R13ファイバーグラスバット)の時間熱流束を示す。菱形は、噴霧された乾燥剤の粉が混ぜられた、ペンシルベニア州、フォージバレー(Valley
Forge)のCertainTeed Corporationが販売する"OPTIMA®"という、柔らかに束ねられたグラス断熱材が壁の空隙に詰められた形の断熱材306を有するサンプルであり、同じ期間の時間熱流束を示す。OPTIMAと噴霧された乾燥剤を含んだ断熱材の壁の熱流は、乾燥剤を有さない壁の熱流束よりも低い(約40%低い)。四角は、乾燥剤を染みこませたフェルトをその中央に配置したR13バットが空隙に充填された断熱材306を有する壁サンプルであり、同じ期間の時間熱流束を示す。これは、重量で10%の乾燥剤粉を有する"OPTIMA®"という柔らかに束ねられた断熱材と、重量で20%の、ファイバーグラスと乾燥剤フェルトを組み合わせたものからなる、28グラム/ft2の乾燥剤を染みこませたフェルトを用いたR13バットから構成される。熱流束は、乾燥剤を有さない壁の熱流束よりも低く、(約45%低い)更に、"OPTIMA®"という、柔らかに束ねられたファイバーグラス断熱材よりも、5%低い。実験は、分離した形で乾燥剤を染みこませたフェルト層が、乾燥剤を有さない壁や均一に散布された乾燥剤を有する壁よりも、熱流束が低くなることを示した(これは、冷房負担の減少につながる)。
Claims (15)
- 建物を冷房するのに必要な冷房エネルギーの量を減少させる方法であって、該建物は、壁、水平な上部敷桁及び該上部敷桁の上に配置された屋根裏スペースにより部分的に区分された囲まれた部屋を有し、前記屋根裏スペースは前記部屋の天井及び建物の屋根により区分されており、前記壁は、内部パネル、外部パネル及びそれらの間の壁スペースを有しており
前記方法は、以下のステップから構成される、
a)多孔性の断熱材料からなる第1の層と第2層を配置して、前記屋根裏スペースの天井及び前記壁スペース内の前記内部パネルからなるグループの少なくとも一つを、多孔性の断熱材料の第1の層と第2層の間に配置された乾燥剤材料からなる分離した層で被覆し、
b)前記乾燥剤材料からなる層に前記屋根裏スペース又は壁スペースからの水の湿気を吸収させ、
c)前記吸収された水の湿気を、前記乾燥剤材料からなる層から前記囲まれた部屋に放出させて、前記建物を冷房するのに必要な冷房エネルギーの量を減らす。 - 前記分離した層は、乾燥剤を染み込ませたフェルト層である、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記フェルト層は、ポリプロピレン紙に表面変性された炭素を有する、請求項2記載の方法。
- 前記第1の層、第2の層及び乾燥剤を有する分離した層は、前記壁スペース内で内部パネルに配置され、ステップc)で、建物の暖房に使用するエネルギーの量を減らすようにした、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記フェルト層は、ポリプロピレン紙内で表面変性された炭素を有するか、又は、モンモリロナイト粘土、又は合成ゼオライト(分子ふるい)、又は酸化カルシウム(CaO)、又は硫酸カルシウム(CaSO4)、又は分子ふるいカーボン、又は活性アルミナ、又はシリカゲルを、紙、フェルト、不織布に染みこませたものを有する、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記断熱材料は、柔らかに束ねられた断熱材料であり、前記乾燥剤は、表面変性された炭素、モンモリロナイト粘土、又は合成ゼオライト(分子ふるい)、又は酸化カルシウム(CaO)、又は硫酸カルシウム(CaSO4)、又は分子ふるいカーボン、又は活性アルミナである、請求項1記載の方法。
- ステップc)での、前記乾燥剤からの前記吸収された水の湿気の放出は、対流物質移動を介して行う、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記乾燥剤は、シリカゲルである、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記シリカゲルは、乾燥粉として配置される、請求項8記載の方法。
- 前記建物は、冷房が支配的な気候に位置しており、
前記建物は、空調されており、
前記屋根裏スペースは、前記部屋の相対湿度よりも高い相対湿度を有し、
前記建物は、72°F (22°C)よいりも高い外部温度に晒されている、
請求項1記載の方法。 - 前記建物は、前記上部敷桁上に、間隔を開けて設けられた屋根裏根太、及び前記建物の前記屋根の下に配置され、該屋根を支持する、間隔を開けて設けられた屋根の垂木を有する、
請求項1記載の方法。 - 前記乾燥剤を有する多孔性の断熱材料は、少なくとも前記根太の間に配置されている、
請求項11記載の方法。 - ステップb)は、前記屋根裏スペースの相対湿度レベルを低下させる、
請求項1記載の方法。 - 前記建物は、空調されており、冷房が支配的な気候中に配置されている、
請求項1記載の方法。 - 前記多孔性の断熱材料は、柔らかに束ねられた材料である、
請求項1記載の方法。
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- 2010-10-19 JP JP2012535289A patent/JP5952189B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
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US8820028B2 (en) | 2014-09-02 |
CA2778467A1 (en) | 2011-04-28 |
KR20120123252A (ko) | 2012-11-08 |
WO2011049903A1 (en) | 2011-04-28 |
EP2491193A4 (en) | 2014-11-26 |
EP2491193A1 (en) | 2012-08-29 |
CA2778467C (en) | 2018-07-10 |
JP5952189B2 (ja) | 2016-07-13 |
US20100107550A1 (en) | 2010-05-06 |
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